This thesis sets out to examine the claims to objective reality and authentication in New critical and Structuralist literary theories, concentrating on their claims to "objectivity" and "scientific validity." It examines the nature of these claims in the light of the original ideas proposed by some of the major New critics and structuralists in the development of their respective "sciences" of literary theory. Taking direction from the nature of reality and objectivity shown by the theorists, the thesis then attempts an assessment of the validity of some of the original perceptions and presuppositions concerning scientific objectivity and reality. It proposes that inconsistencies within the literary theories resulted from the theorists' inability to grasp the complexity and fluctuating nature of the borrowed terminology and principles that they were using. It does so by taking a closer look at the development of some of the more influential physical theories and the philosophical ideas raised by these developments. It then uses Feyerabend's work on paradigms, dominance and ideology to attempt an assessment of the reasons for the literary theorists' perceptions and presuppositions regarding objectivity and reality. This amounts to accounting for the specific scientific models chosen as bases, and also to accounting for the desire for the "scientific approach" at all. Its conclusions give an indication of the extent to which these original errors contributed to the theories' necessary adaptations of perspective and eventual loss of influence, and emphasises the need for the total understanding of concepts in one field by researchers in other fields, especially if those concepts are to be used by the researchers with any degree of precision.

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / A tese pretende estabelecer o que estaria o mais próximo possível de uma lógica da descoberta para as ciências sociais. A narrativa dessas disciplinas não seria neutra nem objetiva, mas procuraria produzir, retoricamente, os efeitos de neutralidade e objetividade, evitando a heroicização, a vilanização e a vitimização dos agentes. Isso decorreria da necessidade de o cientista social validar sua narrativa perante um auditório ideal ou potencialmente universal, abrigando, em princípio, todo o tipo de valores. Essa pluralidade de visões de mundo não permite que os agentes sejam ingenuamente tratados como heróis, vilões ou vítimas. Com isso, o autor do texto de ciências sociais procuraria simular um ponto de vista de Deus, como ironista supremo, que tudo vê, acima dos participantes imperceptivos de seu relato. Foi feito um estudo de caso a partir do debate sobre populismo no Brasil, no qual foram identificados quatro pontos básicos em torno dos quais girou a controvérsia: o das estruturas prototípicas, o da estruturação imaginária, o da estrutura intersubjetiva e a dinâmica da relação entre grande teoria e pesquisa empírica. / The aim of this thesis is to get as close as possible to a logic of discovery for the social sciences. Those disciplines do not have a neutral and objective narrative, but try to achieve, rhetorically, neutrality and objectivity effects, avoiding to portrait agents as heroes, villains or victims. It follows from the need to validate scientific narratives in face of an ideally or potentially universal auditory, withholding, in principle, all kinds of values. Such plurality of world visions makes it difficult to naively treat agents as heroes, villains, or victims. As a consequence, the social scientist simulates a Gods Eye view, placing himself in a Supreme Ironist perspective, who sees everything from above, whose vision reaches beyond what nonperceptive agents can see. To make my point, I took as case study the Brazilian controversy over populism. Based on it, four main topics of development were identified: one refered to the prototypical theoretic structures, other to its imaginary structuration, another to its intersubjective structure, and a last one to the relationship of empirical research to grand theory.

The thesis called ``Illegible foreigners{\crqq} deals with the way Českobudějovické listy (renamed Českobudějovický deník in October 2006) presents minorities living in the Czech Republic. The thesis focuses on Romanies, the most frequently mentioned minority in this south Bohemia daily. The thesis consists of two parts. The first part outlines important theo-retical concepts that should explain the current situation of minorities as pre-sented in the south Bohemia daily. The main indicator of the relationship be-tween the media, minorities and the majority society are stereotypes, which can be positive or negative. The thesis lists the main stereotypical attributes as-cribed to minorities by the media and discusses the degree of objectivity in articles that mention minorities.The second part of the thesis uses specific arti-cles on minorities published from 1 January 2004 to 31 July 2006 in the south Bohemia daily to document whether minorities are depicted in a negative or positive way and whether the articles (journalists) are objective.

Orientadores: Eni de Lourdes Puccinelli Orlandi, Cristiane Pereira Dias / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Estudos da Linguagem / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-17T13:31:08Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Cantori_WagnerRobertoLopes_M.pdf: 3000758 bytes, checksum: 30a5e7bc9b9bd06aa3508f544a502e6d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010 / Resumo: As palavras objetividade, isenção, verdade e imparcialidade são sempre evocadas quando se trata de jornalismo e de ciência. O jornalista busca ser objetivo, assim como o cientista. O jornalista busca a objetividade dos fatos e o cientista a objetividade do conhecimento. Jornalistas e cientistas na interseção das duas áreas - a divulgação científica - pensam materializar suas utópicas "objetividades". Numa relação menos ingênua com a língua sabemos que não há discurso sem sujeito e não há sujeito sem ideologia: o individuo é interpelado em sujeito pela ideologia e é assim que a língua faz sentido (Orlandi, 2005). O que nos leva a considerar que o que se produz nisso que foi chamado objetividade, seja um efeito de objetividade, na subjetividade real do jornalista e do cientista. Tendo como arcabouço teórico a análise do discurso, dita francesa, a investigação parte da preocupação com a constituição, formulação e circulação da notícia de ciência (divulgação científica) no rádio, levando em consideração o modo como é significada a identidade e a construção do que é designado ciência no radiojornalismo. Ao falarmos nos filiamos a redes de sentidos, mas não temos controle sobre isso. O presente projeto não propõe comprovar que o discurso jornalístico-científico por suas condições de produção é subjetivo e, sim, sabendo que ele o é, mostrar como funcionam na/pela língua as marcas e propriedades discursivas que produzem um efeito de objetividade tanto para quem produz, quanto para quem recebe. É também finalidade deste trabalho mostrar, pela análise de discurso, questões presentes na divulgação científica de rádio, tais como: a questão do tempo/espaço como urgência na mídia, as posições-sujeito jornalista/cientista, os mecanismos de antecipação e encenação, o papel da voz no processo de divulgação, assim como, o tratamento do método científico e o que é designado como ciência no radiojornalismo. Compõem o corpus de análise algumas notas, reportagens e entrevistas da editoria ciência da Rádio CBN, umas das emissoras de maior circulação nacional / Abstract: The words objectivity, exemption, truth and impartiality are always evoked when it comes to journalism and science. The journalist tries to be objective and so is the scientist. The journalist searches for objectivity of the facts, while the scientist looks for objectivity of the knowledge. So journalists and scientists in the intersection of both fields- scientific reveal - think they will materialize they're utopist "objectivities". In a less ingenious relationship with the language, we know that there's no speech without subject and no subject without ideology: the individual is interpolated subject by ideology and so the language makes sense (Orlandi, 2005). What makes us considerate that what has been made the product of what is called objectivity is as like an effect of objectivity in the real subjectivity of the journalist and scientist. Having a theory structure the French discursive analysis the investigations runs from worrying about constitution, formulation and circulation of the science's news on radio, considering the meaning of the identity and construction of what consists the science of the radiojornalism. As we express ourselves by talking we connect to a net sense without holding control of it. This project does not propose to proof that the journalistic-scientific speech is subjective by its production's condition, but, knowing that it is subjective, show how it works with/for the marks and discursive proprieties that produces an objectivity effect for both who produces and who receives. It is also our goal to show, by discursive analysis, questions that are present on the scientific publicize on radio such as: the issue of time/space as a media urgency, the subject-positions of journalist/scientist, the mechanicals of anticipation and put on, the role of the voice on the publicize process as well as the treatment of the scientific method and what is specified of science on radiojournalism. The corpus of analysis consist of a some notes, reports and interviews of the science editor of CBN Radio, a station with one of the majors national circulation / Mestrado / Divulgação Científica e Cultural / Mestre em Divulgação Científica e Cultural

Desde a publicação de Angústia, em 1936, tem-se observado que a crítica dedicoulhe uma atenção desigual, não a colocando em realce como se pretende neste trabalho. O intuito da análise da obra de Graciliano Ramos, (1892 AL 1953 RJ), é destacar sua importância e singularidade no cenário da Literatura Brasileira, distinguindo-a das obras produzidas na década de 1930; aproximando-a daquelas que são símbolo de modernidade, obras essas, marcadas pelo distanciamento do realismo presente, na literatura, até o final do século XIX (Hauser); observando o pensamento de Graciliano quanto a seu projeto político e literário, presentes em Angústia. Esta análise faz aproximações com a estética expressionista e com a Nova Objetividade; no caso do Expressionismo, associando-o às imagens grotescas encontradas com freqüência nessa obra de Graciliano e, quanto a Nova Objetividade, esta se aproxima da visão crítica às instituições sob o olhar do protagonista; observa também a construção da personagem, um homem solitário, isolado, segundo Fehér, em uma sociedade social. / Since Angústia was published in 1936 it has been observed that the critic has devoted uneven attention to it by not highlighting it as this present work attempts. The aim of this analysis of the work of Graciliano Ramos (1892 AL 1953 RJ) is to emphasize its importance and singularity in the Brazilian Literature scenario, by distinguishing it from other works produced in the 1930s and approaching it to the ones that are symbols of modernity and therefore, are marked by the distancing of realism that was present in literature until the end of the 20th century (Hauser) and also observing Gracilianos political and literary project present in Angústia. This analysis makes relations with the expressionist aesthetics and with the New Objectivity. Expressionism is associated to the grotesque images frequently found in this work by Graciliano whereas the New Objectivity is related to the critical view of institutions in the eyes of the protagonist. It also observes the construction of the character, a lonely man, isolated, according to Fehér, in a social society.

This study examines the construction of news texts on peace and the peace process in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) in Sunday Times articles dating from August 1998 to January 2001. Peace is an ideological frame that is applied to a complex process that Muller (2000) argues involves and employs a variety of dynamics: diplomacy, economics, force/military intervention and propaganda. As a consequence, different interest groups and nations define peace in different ways. But whatever the definition, the common objective is to restore normalcy via a ceasefire. Peace as a phenomenon has been heightened and sustained by repetitive media attention, thus effectively separating it from international politics (i.e. colonialism of the mind, economy and land), and firmly locating it as a matter of not just public concern, but of international public concern. Using the cultural studies approach to a study of media texts provides a rich foundation for this study. Textual analysis of the articles explores themes and participation and places emphasis on the display of patterns of belief and value that are encoded in the language. What results is a sustained examination of media texts within their socio-cultural and historical context. This study s findings challenge the claim that the media report peace objectively and on its own terms. In particular, the study denies that the Sunday Times objectively, fairly and truthfully reported the experience and process in the DRC between August 1998 and January 2001. Instead it finds that the newspaper constructed a particular understanding of peace, peace talks and the peace process, characterised by repetition, ritualisation and personalisation. Furthermore, this study proposes - and echoes the call for - an alternative news reporting model that will enhance audiences understandings of conflict and its resolution, thereby enhancing the quality of their life.

Today, employees are considered as the company's largest assets. Recruiting and attracting employees with the right competence provides competitive advantages. However, a recruitment can be quite costly. According to Langhammer (2013) there is a correlation between recruitment in research and how recruitment takes place in practice. The aim of this study is to investigate how recruitment takes place in practice, the recruiters approach to objectivity and subjectivity, and if recruitment to the own group are managed differently. Intotal, eight respondents have been interviewed through semi-structured interviews and all respondents are working with recruitment as their main task. Interview material were analysed from psychometric and social approaches, Kahneman's systems 1 and 2, wheresystem 1 is linked to the recruiter's gut feeling (Kahnemans, 2013) while recruitment into their own workgroup, is analysed from a principal agent perspective. The results showed that respondents strive to work based on a standardized recruitment process in line with the psychometric approach. However, factors that belong to the social approach are being practiced. Seven out of eight respondents indicated an awareness of subjectivity and that feeling of power could affect the assessment of the candidates. The impact on subjectivity could derive from the recruiter but also from the contracting company. The interview itself was raised by several respondents as a situation influenced by the recruiter. Among otherthings, the recruiter's communicative qualities were of importance for the interview and thereby, for the overall assessment of the candidate. Regarding recruitment to the own group, the respondents answered that subjective values such as personality and whether the candidate would fit to the team, weighed more than recruiting to an external company.

In this work we study peridynamics, a non-local model in continuum me- chanics introduced by Silling (2000). The non-locality is reflected in the fact that points at finite distance exert a force upon each other. If, however, these points are more distant than a characteristic length called horizon, it is customary to assume that they do not interact. We compare peridynamics with elasticity, especially in the limit of small horizon. We restrict ourselves, concerning this vanishing non-locality, to variational formulation of time- independent processes. We compute a Γ-limit for homogeneous and isotropic solid in linear peridynamics. In some cases this Γ-limit coincides with linear elasticity and the Poisson ratio is equal to 1 4. We conclude by clarifying why in some situation the computed Γ-limit can differ from the linear elasticity. 1

This thesis examines the extent to which optimism has a bearing on objectivity in scientific inquiry. It is not, however, a psychological level examination into objectivity. Rather, the discussion focuses on collective attitudes, whether in the form of science or a more general public opinion. In essence, sources of optimism at the fundamental level of scientific inquiry are articulated with a careful attempt to differentiate between attitudes about the subject (methodology) and the object of study. The antithetical thread of optimism versus pessimism is teased out with the use of a joint case study of liberalism and Stalinism. The idea of antithesis, however, is contrasted by the fact that, although mirror image ideologies, these collective attitudes share a common faith in progress (albeit through different social mechanisms). This faith in progress provides the basis for the crux of the thesis as it moves to discuss scientific methodology. There is general agreement on what good science should look like and the possibility of progressive science can be articulated. However, it is also possible to highlight the conditions for degenerative science and to further link this to a degenerative social totality in which democracy and social progress are undermined. Economics is used as a case study and it is argued that dogmatic notions on progress have proved to be a major stumbling block to objectivity in the discipline. Furthermore, the implications on the real world are serious.

Cette investigation anthropologique touche aux types de relations qu'entretiennent les scientifiques, et plus particulièrement les biologistes, avec ceux que l'on a coutume de nommer leurs "objets de recherche". Partant du constat que l'usage de catégories comme la rationalité ou l'objectivité, ou encore les dichotomies sujet/objet et nature/culture ne peuvent que nuire à un rendu de l'expérience scientifique qui tienne compte de ce qui importe réellement aux chercheurs, cette thèse se déploie autour d'un laboratoire et de l'observation minutieuse des interactions entre les deux espèces dominantes qui le définissent : l'Homme et la levure Saccharomyces cerevisiae, et interroge ainsi sous un autre angle des notions comme le réductionnisme, l'objectivité ou encore l'universalité des connaissances produites par les sciences occidentales. / This anthropological investigation concerns the types of relationships between scientists, and more specifically biologists, with those actually called their “research object”. From the assessment that the use of categories such as rationality or objectivity, or the dichotomies subject/object and nature/culture can only be prejudicial to a rendition of the scientific experiment which considers what really matters to the researchers, this PhD takes place around a laboratory and around meticulous observation of the interactions between the two prevailing species which define it : the Man and the Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast, and question therefore with a different perspective notions such as reductionism, objectivity or universality of knowledge made from western sciences.