Le contrôle de l’équilibre contractuel constitue l’un des marqueurs du droit des contrats contemporain. Plusieurs fondements président à l’instauration d’un tel contrôle. Certains auteurs évoquent la morale, d’autres la justice contractuelle et d’autres enfin son utilité économique. Appliqués aux déséquilibres entre professionnels, les outils mis en œuvre pour assurer ce contrôle trahissent l’existence d’un contrôle objectif de l’équilibre attendu du contrat. L’équilibre subjectif voulu par les parties n’est pas écarté, mais il se trouve concurrencé par la détermination d’une forme d’équilibre objectif motivé tant par la volonté de protéger la partie faible que par celle de promouvoir une certaine vision de l’économie, et des échanges commerciaux. Le droit des pratiques restrictives se présente à cet égard comme une discipline intégratrice permettant d’allier protection de la partie faible et protection du marché. L’influence que cette discipline exerce sur le droit commun des contrats, et la « civilisation », à l’inverse, du droit de la concurrence sous l’influence du droit commun, permettent d’éclairer les rouages de ce contrôle objectif de l’équilibre contractuel. Cette étude propose de décrire l’objectivation des critères d’identification du déséquilibre contractuel et celle des remèdes qui lui sont réservés. Pour ce faire, le droit commun des contrats et celui des pratiques restrictives de concurrence seront mis en miroir afin d’éclairer les implications de ce contrôle sur l’une et l’autre des matières. Plus exactement, cette thèse propose de déjouer les phénomènes de superposition et de concurrence des dispositifs de contrôle objectif de l’équilibre contractuel existant dans ces deux disciplines par une identification précise de leurs champs d’applications et de leurs objectifs respectifs. Elle tend enfin à décrire les fonctions de ce contrôle objectif tant à l’égard des parties qu’à celui du marché, en insistant sur la nécessité d’envisager conjointement les dimensions micro et macro-économiques des contrats étudiés. / Control of contractual balance is one of the markers of contemporary contract law. Such control is grounded in several basic concepts: some authors refer to morality, while others invoke contractual justice or its economic relevance. Applied to imbalance between professionals, the tools implemented to ensure this control reveal the existence of objective control of the contracts’ expected balance. Although the subjective balance sought by the parties is not set aside, it is overshadowed by the determination of a kind of objective balance motivated by a will both to protect the weaker party and to promote a certain vision of the economy, and commercial exchanges. In this respect, restrictive practices law is an integrative discipline in which it is possible to combine protection of the weaker party with protection of the market. The influence of this discipline on common contract law and, conversely, the “civilization” of competition law under the influence of common law help better understand the mechanism of such objective control of contractual balance. This research aims to describe the objectification of identification criteria for contractual imbalance and the ways of remedying it. To this end, common contract law and law governing restrictive competition practices will be compared to shed light on such control in both these areas. More specifically, this thesis proposes to thwart phenomena of superimposition of and competition between existing systems for the objective control of contractual balance in both these disciplines through precise identification of their fields of application and their respective purposes. It also aspires to describe the functions of such objective control for both the parties and the market by emphasizing the need to examine these contracts by taking into consideration together both their micro and macroeconomic dimensions.

This thesis analyzes how the news blogs Daily Kos and Power line construct news presented from an ideological viewpoint. Specifically the types of evidence used by the blogs to assert their viewpoints and their intended audiences were analyzed. This thesis utilized theory from Jean Francois Lyotard to explain how images and text were used by the blogs to legitimate their ideological narrative. Edwin Black's theory of second . ' persona was used to analyze the intended audience of the blogs. The ideology of the two blogs was described by the political spectrum developed by Barry Clark. The analysis of the two blogs found that both blogs utilized various sources to legitimize their narratives. The two blogs constructed news stories in stylistically similar manners. News constructed in this manner reinforces ideological viewpoints and manifests itself in a partisan electorate and partisan politicians unwilling to be flexible with their political positions. This inflexibility is not beneficial in a democracy that needs compromise in order to function.

The present study seeks to identify if journalistic objectivity is compromised in the coverage of the Russian-Ukrainian war and how the various media bias practices are incorporated into news reports. It provides a critical analysis of the portrayal of conflicting sides of the conflict in Western mainstream media, examining how the "us" versus "them" narratives were constructed and how the produced discourse aligns with the principles of peace journalism. The study uses a combination of critical discourse analysis, semiotic, and narrative analysis methods as well as quantitative content analysis to achieve its objectives. Analyzing the content of twelve articles sourced from BBC and CNN, published across two distinct time frames, reveals that Western media coverage disproportionately represents the Ukrainian perspective, with the Russian standpoint largely marginalized or stereotypically characterized. The findings indicate that Western media also normalize or trivialize the role of neo-Nazi organizations in the conflict while downplaying potential war crimes committed by the Ukrainian side. Quantitative content analysis of 99 articles according to criteria adapted from Galtung's model finds a discernible dominance of war journalism over peace journalism, thus propagating divisive narratives. Comparative findings for each digital outlet suggest that the BBC adopts a more aggressive war journalism modality than CNN. The research advocates for a critical reflection on media coverage, the challenging of media biases, and a strive for a more balanced, peace-oriented portrayal of conflicts.

Title: Objectivity of gymnasts' achievements judging in relation by Code of Points Men's Artistic Gymnastics changes The problem of our work is an objectivity of gymnastics way of ranking or judging. Analysis of results reached at chosen men's artistic gymnastics competition and also a method of gymnastics judging was used for solving purpose of our thesis. The evaluation of gymnasts achievements are realized by referees according to Code of Points (CoP) Men's Artistic Gymnastics (MAG), which are periodically changed. The purpose was verify possibility of determination degree of objectivity judging gymnastic performances in relation to changes rules of men's artistic gymnastics realized in years 2006, 2009, 2013 through analysis of gymnastics results in seniors and juniors categories reached on important international competitions. We used methods and techniques of statistical description for ordinal data; Sign test; Wilcoxon test; contingency table and sign diagram for contingency table. For evaluation rate of interrater concordance referees of panel "B" or "E" we used ICC and Pearson's correlation coefficient. For evaluation of bilateral discriminability of reached gymnastics results we used SEM and calculation of Critical Differences. In connection with changes of CoP MAG on monitored period...

This study examines the similarities in the historical development and stated values of the American literary journalism and modern storytelling movements within the framework of communication and narrative theory. In addition, the techniques and subjects of oral storytelling and literary journalism, as described in professional publications and manuals for storytellers and reporters, are compared for similarities. Storytelling and literary journalism have grown apart and come together to peak again during times of social upheaval, first at the turn of the century and again in the 1960s. In addition, the two professions are related by the common goal of celebrating individual experience, the life of the common folk, and the birth of interactive communities that offer an alternative to mass media and mass culture. Overlapping techniques include the use of simple slots, the personal "voice" of the narrator, character development through dialogue and scenes, and an emphasis on theme.

Syftet med studien var att undersöka hur socialsekreterare hanterar de yrkesmässiga kraven på att vara både empatiska och objektiva i klientnära arbete. Målet med uppsatsen var även att ge insikt i hur empati och objektivitet används i arbetet med klienter. Det empiriska materialet samlades in genom åtta intervjuer som genomfördes med socialsekreterare i två kommuner i Mellansverige. Empirin bearbetades genom en fenomenografisk analysmodell för att tematisera resultatet utifrån forskningsfrågorna. Resultatet analyserades med stöd i rollteori, kommunikationsteori och humanistisk praktik. I resultatet framkom det att empati är betydelsefullt för yrkesutövningen och att det främst används för att skapa och vidmakthålla relationer till klienterna. Dessutom visade resultatet att objektivitet används i beslutsfattandet och myndighetsutövningen och att den ofta påverkas och säkerställs av kollegorna på arbetsplatsen. Det framkom även i resultatet att det är möjligt att kombinera ett empatiskt förhållningssätt med att vara objektiv genom att ha en myndighetsdistans mellan socialarbetaren och klienten. Resultatdiskussionen fokuserades kring de centrala delarna i resultatet och hur vi tolkat dessa. Metoddiskussionen fördes kring för- och nackdelar gällande vald metod fram i syfte att stärka studiens trovärdighet och tillförlitlighet. En slutsats som framfördes var att empati används som verktyg för ett specifikt ändamål, nämligen byggandet av klientrelationer. En annan slutsats som framkom var att socialsekreterarna strävar efter att vara objektiva men att det inte alltid är möjligt. / The purpose of the studies was to investigate how social workers handle the professional demands of being both empathetic and objective in client-related work. The goal of the essay was to provide insight and a deeper understanding of the use and importance of empathy and objectivity in working with clients. The empirical material was collected through interviews conducted with social workers in two municipalities in Central Sweden. The empirical work was processed through a phenomenographic analysis model to thematize the results based on research questions. The result was analyzed with support in role theory, communication theory and humanistic practice. The results showed that empathy is important for professional practice and that it is primarily used to create and maintain relationships with clients. In addition, the result showed that objectivity is used in decision-making and exercise of public authority, and that it is often influenced and ensured by colleagues in the workplace. It also emerged in the results that it is possible to combine an empathic approach with being objective by having an authority distance between the social worker and the client. The results-discussion focuses on the central parts of the results and how we interpret them, and in the method discussion the pros and cons of the selected method were brought forward in order to strengthen the credibility and reliability of the study. One conclusion that was put forward was that empathy is used as a tool for a specific purpose, namely the building of client relationships. Another conclusion that emerged was that the social workers strive to be objective but that this is not always possible.

In order to maintain a democratic society, journalism as a third state power plays a major role. Impartial journalism is therefore important to preserve a well-functioning democracy, which is what this study is about. The purpose of the thesis is to investigate whether Aftonbladet's party leader debate in 2022 was biased or unbiased based on the following research questions: - How biased has Aftonbladet been during their party leader debate in 2022? - In that case, which parties/blocks has Aftonbladet benefited through a biased party leader debate? The study aims to contribute to increased understanding of media's impartial role in a well-functioning democracy and to provide information about Aftonbladet's reliability and impartiality. In order to see whether the media presents a political debate biased or unbiased we have chosen to limit ourselves to Aftonbladets Party Leader Debate 2022. In the study, we carry out a quantitative content analysis where bias is an important and recurring concept that is central to the entire study. Based on Kent Asp's previous reports on the same subject (2003 and 2006) we have created our own analytical schemes, code instructions, codebook and codeschemes which we have used for our analysis of the debate. The study uses Agenda Setting Theory and Objectivity Theory to increase reliability. Our aim with this study is to analyze how Aftonbladet contributes to a democratic society and if they fulfill the ideal of objectivity. The results of our study shows how Aftonbladet during their party leader debate 2022 led a partisan debate in the favor of the left liberal and green parties. They did this by rhetorically asking more critical questions to the moderate, conservative and nationalist parties. They also chose to actively select biased journalists as moderators and commentators which influenced the debate. They also chose to silence the right moderate, conservative and nationalist parties many times during the debate which caused arguments between party leaders and moderator.

The essay aims to empirically examine which public administration values that are used when recruiting municipal directors, with a focus on whether job advertisements contain a comprehensive picture of this important public mission, which can contribute to suitable people applying for this type of position. The purpose is limited to the following questions, which we intend to construct a theoretical framework around in order to be able to answer at a later stage: • Which public values are prominent in job advertisements for the recruitment of municipal directors and which values appear to a limited extent or not at all? • How are public values formulated in job advertisements for municipal directors in the form of word choice and reasoning? • What does the process look like in the creation of job advertisements for municipal directors? Recruiting well in terms of presenting from the beginning a comprehensive picture of the values and tasks of the position is important; especially in public administrations as employment affects the social-, political-, and economic parts of society. The issue of recruitment becomes interesting, as we can study to what extent democratic and economic values that managers need to relate to emerge already in the initial phase of recruitment. The municipal director becomes particularly relevant because he/she works in an organization that manages several welfare services within a broad spectrum with a large turnover. Through an empirical analysis of a quantitative and qualitative nature of job advertisements and e-mail interviews, we can conclude that it is economic values that primarily appear in the job advertisements. The descriptive study has managed to produce data which indicates that there is a local variation of values, that the complexity of the role does not emerge, it focuses to a large extent on economic values. This data may be useful for future studies that may conceivably investigate potential institutional change in public management or if party affiliation affects the content of the advertisement.

This qualitative study investigated recruiters’ attitudes towards the use of artificial intelligence (AI) in the recruitment process. The purpose of the study was to gain a deeper understanding of how recruiters perceive the use of AI in the recruitment process based on three aspects: efficiency, objectivity, and quality. Ethical issues were also considered in relation to each of all aspects. The study is built upon previous research highlighting opportunities, challenges, and the relevance of ethics related to AI use in recruitment. The theoretical framework of the study was based on D. Davis’s Technology Acceptance Model and Everett M. Rogers’s Innovation Diffusion Theory, which were applied in the analysis. To address the study’s research questions, semi-structured interviews were conducted with six recruiters with professional experience ranging from two to eleven years. A thematic approach was used to analyze the empirical material. The results regarding objectivity indicated skepticism among the recruiters. AI, being created by humans, may contain programmed errors and thus may not be entirely objective. However, there was also optimism about AI as a tool to increase objectivity by eliminating the human factor. Concerning efficiency, it was found that recruiters largely believed AI could streamline their work, although there were opinions that AI might hinder efficiency. In terms of the quality aspect, the importance of maintaining human interaction in recruitment for both the recruiter and the candidate was emphasized. Recruiters’ trust in AI as a tool varied, but the overall result suggested a predominantly positive view of AI as a decision-maker in the future. Regarding ethics, the recruiters identified issues with using AI, such as privacy concerns and the impact of different data inputs on an AI system. However, the study also revealed the idea that AI use in recruitment could be ethically justifiable as AI is considered more objective than a human. The study’s conclusion showed that the recruiters hold diverse attitudes toward the use of AI in recruitment. There was a clear openness to AI and a belief that AI has the potential to improve recruitment work in the future. However, it was emphasized that current AI use is characterized by a loss of the human factor, ethical issues, and uncertainty about whether AI is truly objective. / Denna kvalitativa studie ämnade att undersöka rekryterares attityder till användningen av artificiell intelligens (AI) inom rekryteringsprocessen. Studiens syfte var att skapa en djupare förståelse för hur rekryterare förhåller sig till AI-användning inom rekryteringsprocessen utifrån tre aspekter; effektivitet, objektivitet och kvalitet. Etiska överväganden integrerades i samtliga aspekter. Studien utgick från tidigare forskning som belyser möjligheter, utmaningar och etikens relevans kopplat till AI-användning i rekrytering. Teorierna Technology Acceptance Model av D. Davis och Innovation Diffusion Theory av Everett M. Rogers utgjorde studiens teoretiska referensram och tillämpades vid analysen. För att besvara studiens tre frågeställningar genomfördes semistrukturerade intervjuer med sex rekryterare vars yrkeserfarenhet sträckte sig från två till elva år. För att analysera materialet tillämpades en tematisk analys. Resultatet beträffande objektivitet visade på en skepticism hos rekryterarna. AI kan, eftersom det skapats av människor, innehålla inprogrammerade fel och därmed inte vara fullständigt objektivt. Däremot fanns även en optimism till AI som hjälpmedel för att öka objektiviteten då den mänskliga faktorn försvinner. Avseende effektivitet framkom att rekryterare till största del hade en tro på att AI kan effektivisera deras arbete även om åsikten att AI kan hämma effektiviteten fanns. I aspekten kvalitet betonades vikten av att behålla den mänskliga interaktionen i rekrytering, både för rekryterarens och kandidatens skull. Rekryterarnas förtroende för AI som verktyg varierade, resultatet antydde dock en övervägande positiv syn på AI som beslutfattare i framtiden. Resultatet vad gäller etiken visade att rekryterarna både såg problem med att använda AI i form av sekretessfrågor och att ett AI- system påverkas olika beroende på vilken data som matas in. Däremot framkom även tanken att AI-användning i rekrytering kan vara etiskt försvarbart då AI är mer objektivt än en människa. Studiens slutsats visade att rekryterarna besitter skilda attityder till AI-användning i rekrytering. Det fanns en tydlig öppenhet mot AI och en tro på att AI potentiellt kommer att kunna förbättra rekryteringsarbetet i framtiden. Dock betonades att dagens AI-användning präglas av förlust av den mänskliga faktorn, att etiska problem uppstår och en osäkerhet kring om AI verkligen är objektivt.

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