ABSTRACT This dissertation describes and critiques the Darwinian proposal for morality constructed by Professor Michael Ruse. Chapter 1 outlines Ruse's background and Darwinian worldview while also depicting some inherent obstacles to the Darwinian worldview. Chapter 2 describes the moral anti-realism of Professor Ruse and illustrates his position as Hume updated by Darwin. Ruse's ethical skepticism denies genuine objectivity in morality, but he also rejects traditional subjectivism. Ruse describes himself as a subjectivist of a distinct kind. Chapter 3 examines the central and most controversial tenet of Ruse's moral proposal: the illusion of objectivity. Analysis and critique is offered of Ruse's proposal that objectivity is an illusion foisted upon all humans by natural selection. Chapter 4 describes how Ruse defines altruism and illustrates the fundamental problem that genuine altruism is for Darwinism. A charge is offered that Darwinism only supports pseudo-altruism and cannot successfully justify the common practice of authentic altruism. Chapter 5 concludes the dissertation and offers an argument that the nature of God serves as a far superior foundation for morality than Ruse supplies in his proposal. The doctrine of the imago dei provides a robust account of human dignity and morality.

O conceito de objetividade é central na epistemologia de Gaston Bachelard (1884-1962). O problema que a pesquisa busca solucionar é a definição de objetividade na filosofia bachelardiana, o que implica na necessidade de explicitar a relação entre a objetividade e a matemática. A partir da leitura e da análise da obra epistemológica de Bachelard que trata da questão da objetividade, é demonstrado que o filósofo utiliza dois diferentes conceitos de objetividade: o primeiro é o de objetividade como reconhecimento e afastamento dos obstáculos epistemológicos que se apresentam como imagens subjetivas na prática científica; o segundo conceito é o de objetividade como o processo de retificação do conhecimento científico. Apresenta-se um exemplo de objetivação: o conceito de substância, no sentido realista ingênuo, desaparece nas ciências físicas do século XX, e surge o conceito complexo de um átomo não substancial, mas matemático. A partir desse exemplo, é demonstrado que, para Bachelard, o processo de objetivação do conhecimento é sincrônico ao processo de matematização do objeto. e a razão para essa relação entre a matematização e a objetivação é explicada. / The concept of objectivity is central in the epistemology of Gaston Bachelard (1884-1962). The problem that the research intends to solve is the definition of objectivity in the Bachelardian philosophy, what implies that it must be showed the relation between objectivity and mathematics. From the reading and analysis of the Bachelard`s epistemological works that approaches the objectivity issue, it`s demonstrated that the philosopher uses two different concepts of objectivity. The first is the objectivity as recognizing and removing the epistemological obstacles presented as subjective images into the scientific practice. The second concept is the objectivity as process of rectification of scientific knowledge. An example of objectification is presented: the concept of substance, in the naïve realist sense, disappears in the physical sciences of 20th century, and emerges the complex concept of the non substantial, mathematic atom. From this example, it`s shown that, for Bachelard, the process of knowledge objectification is synchronic to the process of object mathematization, and the reason for this relation between mathematization and objectification is explained.

Orientador: Luci Banks Leite / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Educação / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-06T08:59:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Oliveira_SabrinaMoreiradeMorais_M.pdf: 921393 bytes, checksum: 41e73d2a8d15605c8d67ae2078c3e4d4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006 / Resumo: A partir da compreensão dialética e histórica acerca da linguagem e do conhecimento, esse trabalho analisa as perspectivas assumidas com relação a esses conceitos pelas propostas teóricas que definem o que é o jornalismo e que constam na bibliografia do programa da disciplina Redação e Expressão em Jornalismo do curso de Comunicação Social - Jornalismo da Universidade Federal de Goiás (programa que vigorou até 2003). Procurou-se mostrar como essas teorias definem a maneira pela qual o jornalismo influencia a sociedade e como é discutido, em enfoques por vezes antagônicos, o papel que a ideologia desempenha na linguagem e na constituição do conhecimento. De fato, essas posições ou propõem que o jornalismo apenas manipula o público de acordo com os interesses das classes hegemônicas, ou apenas veiculam formas de conhecimento social, que como todas as outras formas de conhecimento, são parciais, ou seja, não compreendem a totalidade dos fenômenos sociais. Além disso, as respostas de alunos do 4º ano de jornalismo (ano 2001) da referida Universidade à pergunta ¿o que é jornalismo?¿ também foram analisadas, o que tornou possível evidenciar a aceitação das principais idéias veiculadas pelos livros do programa / Abstract: Based on a dialectic and historical perspective in relation to language and knowledge, this research analyses the views which underlie these concepts in the theoretical proposals that define what Journalism is, as found in the recommended bibliography of the subject ¿Redação e Expressão em Jornalismo¿ in the Social Communications ¿ Journalism course of the Universidade Federal de Goiás (such a program lasted until 2003). Our aim is to show how those theories define the way through which Journalism influences society and how it discusses - sometimes with opposing focuses -, the role which ideology plays in language and knowledge construction. In fact, those conflicting positions either propose that Journalism merely manipulates the public according to the interests of the hegemonic classes, or simply conveys forms of social knowledge, which as any other way of knowledge, are partial, that is, they do not apprehend the full spectrum of social phenomena. Adding to that, the answers of 4th year Journalism students (year 2001) of the aforementioned University to the question ¿What is Journalism¿ were also analysed, making it possible to illustrate the acceptance of the main ideas conveyed in the textbooks adopted by the course / Mestrado / Educação, Sociedade, Politica e Cultura / Mestre em Educação

sustentar um discurso na notícia, com a quantificação da informação através desse recurso ajudando a construir a versão que se quer do fato, com o consentimento dos processos produtivos do Jornalismo. O referencial teórico parte do binômio Comunicação e Trabalho por considerar que as rotinas de trabalho e as práticas produtivas permitem, e até incentivam, ao jornalista usar os números na interpretação dos fatos sociais. A partir da análise de reportagens publicadas no jornal O Estado de S. Paulo sobre as manifestações de Junho de 2013 e também durante a Copa do Mundo de 2014, a pesquisa relaciona os conceitos de linguagem e confronta-os com a fala dos jornalistas, autores das matérias. As entrevistas realizadas mostram a naturalização que se faz de todo o processo de produção da notícia, com os números sendo usados para simular um sentido de verdade no texto jornalístico, servindo como argumento para construção da objetividade. Esse estudo está contextualizado no paradigma materialista, que vê a razão como argumento para apreensão da realidade, e considera ainda as obras de Mikhail Bakhtin e seu Círculo, para o qual o sujeito tem uma relação com o meio ao seu redor e seus discursos. / This dissertation seeks to understand how numbers are used to hold a speech at news, with the quantification of information through numbers helping to build a version of the fact, with the consent of the productive processes of Journalism. The theoretical framework is based on the Communication and Labor binomial, considering that work routines and production practices allow, and even encourage, journalist to use numbers in the interpretation of social facts. From the analysis of articles published in the newspaper O Estado de S. Paulo on the protests of June 2013 and also during the World Cup in 2014, both in Brazil, the survey lists the language concepts and confronts them with the speech of journalists, authors of the reports. The interviews show the naturalization that makes the entire news production process, with the numbers being used to simulate a sense of truth in the news text, serving as an argument for construction of objectivity. This study is contextualized in the materialistic paradigm, which sees the reason as an argument for apprehension of reality, and considers the works of Mikhail Bakhtin and his Circle, for which the subject has a relationship with the environment around him and his speeches.

Orientador: Isabella Tardin Cardoso / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Estudos da Linguagem / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-23T14:30:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Alves_DiogoMartins_M.pdf: 1909699 bytes, checksum: 6568a7fe36c5be97cd12c62ef79bd815 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / Resumo: A relevância da obra "Fábulas" (Fabulae), atribuída a um certo Higino, tende a ser cada vez mais reconhecida nos estudos mitográficos, embora estudiosos divirjam quanto ao valor da obra em si, considerada desde uma mera e medíocre tradução de um único compêndio grego, hoje perdido, até o mais importante manual de mitologia legado pela Antiguidade greco-romana. Esta pesquisa, que tem como corpus as fábulas I a CXXV (os quatorze primeiros ciclos mitológicos e a fábula Odisséia) não tem por pretensão qualificar a obra naqueles termos: o intuito é, antes, observar seu texto (com destaque a características relacionadas a sua língua, estilo e gênero), investigando, inclusive, a relevância de tais aspectos para o estudo mais geral dos mitos ali referidos (entre eles, inclusive, mitos para os quais hoje Higino é a única fonte antiga). Para tanto, o texto do primeiro ciclo mitológico (Fab. I a VI) é cotejado com a narrativa que Ovídio faz dos mesmos mitos (Met. IV. 512-542; 563-603; Fast. III. 853-876 e VI. 473-562). Analisa-se, em seguida, a fabula CXXV. Odisséia e suas relações com a obra homônima de Homero. A partir da tradução do corpus anotada para a língua portuguesa (inédita, ao que saibamos, no Brasil), elencamos aspectos do estilo "objetivo" que caracteriza a obra Fabulae como um compêndio mitológico / Abstract: The relevance of the work Fabulae, assigned to a certain Hyginus, tends to be more and more recognized in the mythographical studies, although scholars mostly disagree about the value of the work itself. The text is considered either as a simple and poor translation from one single Greek compendium, today lost, or as the most important mythological manual left by the Greco-Roman Antiquity. This study, whose corpus is composed by the fabulae I to CXXV (i.e. the first 14 mythological cycles and the fabula Odisseia), does not have the intention to qualify the Fabulae in those terms. The intention is, above all, to observe the text (by focusing its language and style), as well as to investigate the importance of such aspects to the general study of the myths there presented (including those myths to which Hyginus is the only ancient source). Therefore, the text of the first mythological cycle (Fab. I to VI) is compared to Ovidian's narrative of the same myths (Met. IV. 512-542; 563-603; Fast. III. 853-876 e VI. 473-562). Then, Fabula CXXV. Odisseia and its relations to Homer's homonymous epic are appreciates. Finaly selected aspects of the "objective" style that characterizes Hyginus's work as a mythological companion, that were identified during the translation to Brazilian Portuguese, are appreciated / Mestrado / Linguistica / Mestre em Linguística

The central problem addressed in this thesis has two parts. First, how can an educator respect the developing autonomy of a student's rational capacities while nurturing'the development of particular moral sensibilities and a particular moral perspective? Second, if a moral educator challenges a group of students to consider an alternative moral position, how can she or he be justified in presenting the new perspective as superior to the old one? My argument, in summary, is that an ideal of strong objectivity, as it is conceived by Sandra Harding in the context of feminist standpoint theory, works as a set of standards against which to evaluate the adequacy of one's moral perspective, and it offers a valuable means for comparing this perspective to others. Strong objectivity is an ideal which employs a set of standards including respect, reflexivity, and critical evaluation of social situations to challenge inquirers to maximise their objectivity. They do this through recognising and testing not only the content of their knowledge claims but also the purpose these claims play in the development of research programs, A commitment to strong objectivity entails attempting to understand the partiality of one's own perspective and recognising how that partiality distorts one's perception. The process of learning from others' perspectives is central to revising and enriching one's own perspective, and this revision and enrichment is an . ongoing responsibility for any teacher. Through the application of strong objectivity to moral theory building, a moral educator can be justified in believing that her or his own moral perspective is the most adequate one available. If a moral educator understands Harding's conception of strong objectivity, and embraces it as an ideal, the result will be a more justly equitable learning environment and a more complete understanding of the moral perspective which is being developed within the classroom. These are fundamental to the legitimacy of the work of a moral educator. / Education, Faculty of / Educational Studies (EDST), Department of / Graduate

Between the years of 1919 and 1933, the Weimar Republic was a world leader in art and entertainment. However, it was also torn apart by severe economic depressions and political violence. This intense atmosphere provided a powerful context for the art and films of the period. As the political and economic tides shifted, the style of painting and filmmaking changed, as well. The idealistic Expressionist art of the years immediately following the optimistic revolution subsided as a sober realism emerged. This New Objectivity was both evident in the paintings of artists such as Otto Dix and George Grosz, as well as in the films of G.W. Pabst. However, within the changing artistic and social climate of Weimar Germany, Pabst has received little attention by scholars. This thesis contextualizes G.W. Pabst, one of Weimar's leading film directors, within the artistic transitions and social climate of the era, specifically analyzing issues of class and gender within his silent features. / Master of Arts

This dissertation is structured in such a way as to gradually home in on the true theory of welfare. I start with the whole field of possible theories of welfare and then proceed by narrowing down the options in a series of steps. The first step, undertaken in chapter 2, is to argue that the true theory of welfare must be what I call a partly response independent theory. First I reject the entirely response independent theories because there are widely-shared intuitions suggesting that some psychological responses are indeed relevant to welfare. Then I reject the entirely response dependent theories because there are other central intuitions suggesting that our welfare is not determined solely by our psychological responses. Thus I reach the preliminary conclusion that welfare must involve some response independent (or objective) component. The next step is to consider the most promising theories in the partly response independent category. In particular, I formulate, refine and ultimately reject what seem to be the main monistic theories that have been proposed in this category. In chapter 4, I reject the Adjusted-Enjoyment Theories of Welfare because they cannot account for the claim that a life containing no pleasure or pain can still contain a positive amount of welfare (e.g. if it’s a particularly successful life). Then in chapters 5-7, I discuss Desire Satisfaction theories of welfare. I argue that even the most promising of these theories – e.g. Worthiness Adjusted Desire Satisfactionism – are problematic because they cannot accommodate the claim that a life containing no success with respect to worthwhile projects can still contain a positive amount of welfare (e.g. if it’s a particularly pleasant life). Finally, I suggest that in order to accommodate the intuitions that led to the rejection of all these other theories of welfare, what is needed is a multi-component theory. In the final chapter, I formulate a multi-component theory that is particularly promising. Not only does it avoid the problems of the monistic theories discussed earlier, but, by incorporating a number of novel mathematical devices, it avoids problems that undermine several other initially promising multi-component theories of welfare.

This study excavates the history of the American reporter to explicate the development of journalistic independence from the 1890s to 1980s. During the late 19th and 20th centuries, American reporters fought in wars, assisted U.S. intelligence, engaged in secret diplomacy, shaped domestic policy, and extended the arm of police and federal agencies, monitoring U.S. citizens, solving crimes, and testifying in court. Before 1945, reporters traveled multiple routes into this “state work,” including during the War of 1898, the Mexican Revolution, the presidencies of Theodore Roosevelt and Woodrow Wilson, the two world wars, and domestic reform efforts. From the early Cold War to the 1980s, however, reporters increasingly sought, and mostly achieved, separation from the state. In the nineteenth century, a nonpartisan editorial stance and autonomy from party organizations defined journalistic independence. By the late 1960s, independence had evolved to prohibit reporters from engaging in military action and other forms of state collaboration, including espionage, court testimony, and propaganda, radically revising the acceptable limits of reporters’ activity to define the ideal of a modern independent reporter, which human rights groups began exporting globally in the late 1970s. Taking the form of a collective biography, each chapter of the dissertation spotlights a famous, infamous, or previously unknown reporter whose career exposed the usually submerged question of state collaboration and revealed wider changes within journalism at home and abroad. Expanding the scope of U.S. political and journalism history to document the hidden ways reporters served as instruments of national power, State Work challenges the idealized folk theory of the free press – which casts the fourth estate as a fully autonomous check on private and public power. In so doing, this study undermines the stubbornly persistent myth of a historically weak U.S. state. By exposing the reporter as a hidden agent of governance, State Work adds a new thread to the scholarship on public-private collaboration in American political development. Based on more than a dozen archives, including the papers of Sylvester Scovel (Missouri Historical Society), William Bayard Hale (Yale University), the New York Times Company and the Committee of Fourteen (New York Public Library), the New York World (Columbia University), Lorena Hickok, Ruby Black, and Harry L. Hopkins (Franklin D. Roosevelt Presidential Library), Woodrow Wilson (Library of Congress), Office of Strategic Services (National Archives), the Associated Press (AP headquarters in New York City) and others, State Work contributes to the ongoing reinterpretation of U.S. political and journalism history. / 2026-06-30T00:00:00Z

No description available.