L’objectif de cette étude est d’améliorer l’extension du logiciel de programmation hors-ligne RobotStudio™ existante et de développer une nouvelle stratégie pour générer la trajectoire du robot par rapport aux paramètres essentiels de projection thermique. Notamment, l’historique de la température par rapport à la trajectoire générée est prise en compte dans cette étude.L’extension logicielle Thermal Spray Toolkit (TST) intégrée dans le cadre de RobotStudio™ est spécialement développée pour générer la trajectoire du robot en projection thermique. L’amélioration de l’extension TST dans la nouvelle version de RobotStudio™ est mise au point sur deux modules principaux :PathKit : génération de la trajectoire sur des pièces complexes.ProfileKit : modélisation du cordon singulier du dépôt et prédiction de son épaisseur en fonction des paramètres opératoires.Les déficiences existantes de l’extension TST impliquent de mettre en œuvre une méthode plus avancée qui permettra de générer la trajectoire du robot en utilisant le maillage pour le calcul d’élément finis. Ainsi, l’opération de projection thermique pourra être menée. Dans cette étude, la méthodologie de maillage est introduite afin de fournir une stratégie de choix de points de trajectoire et l’obtention d’orientations de ces points de trajectoire sur la surface à revêtir. Un module dit MeshKit est donc ajouté dans l’extension TST afin de lui apporter ces fonctionnalités nécessaires.Un couplage entre la trajectoire du robot et la répartition de chaleur du substrat a été développé, ce qui permet d’étudier l’évolution de température pendent le processus de projection thermique. / The objective of this study is to improve the add-in package of off-line programming software RobotStudio™ and to develop a new strategy for generating the robot trajectory according to the kinematic parameters of thermal spraying. The computed temperature evolution relative to the generated robot trajectory on the coating surface is also considered in this study.The add-in package Thermal Spray Toolkit (TST) integrated in RobotStudio™ is developed to generate the robot trajectory for thermal spraying. The improved TST for new version of RobotStudio™ is composed of two principle modules:PathKit: generation of robot trajectory on the free-form coating surface.ProfileKit: modeling the coating profile and prediction the coating thickness based on kinematic parameters.The existing deficiency of TST leads to the development of an advanced robot trajectory generation methodology. In this study, the new approach implements the robotic trajectory planning in an interactive manner between RobotStudio™ and the finite element analysis software (FES). It allows rearranging the imported node created on the surface of workpiece by FES and in turns generating the thermal spraying needed robot trajectories.A coupling between the robot trajectory and the heat distribution on the substrate has been developed, which allows analyzing the temperature evolution during the thermal spray process, it helps to minimize thermal variations on the substrate and to select the appropriate execution sequence of trajectory.

Grouting is performed in order to decrease the permeability and increase the stiffness of the material, especially soil and rock. For tunnelling and underground constructions, permeation grouting is done where cement based materials are pumped inside drilled boreholes under a constant pressure, higher than the ground water pressure. The aim of permeation grouting is to reduce the water flow into tunnels and caverns and to limit the lowering of the surrounding groundwater table. Cement based materials are commonly used as grout due to their availability and lower costs. To obtain a proper water sealing and reduce the lowering of the ground water table, a desired spread of grout must be achieved and the rheology of the cement grout is the governing factor for estimating the required spread. Rheological properties of cement grout such as viscosity and yield stress are commonly measured off-line using laboratory instruments, and some simple tools are available to make field measurements. Although the rheological properties of the grout that is used play a fundamental role in design and execution, no method has yet been developed to measure these properties in-line in field work. In addition to the real time measurement, there is no standard method for determining the yield stress for grouting applications. Despite the common usage of Bingham model fitting to determine the yield stress, the range of shear rate is often not specified or is neglected.   In this work, an in-line rheometry method combining the Ultrasound Velocity Profiling (UVP) technique with Pressure Difference (PD) measurements, known as “UVP+PD”, was successfully tested for continuous in-line measurements of concentrated micro cement based grouts. A major obstacle of using the ultrasound based methodology was the transducers, which would be capable of emitting sufficient acoustic energy and can be used in field conditions. The transducer technology was developed in a parallel project and the Flow-Viz industrial rheometer was found to be capable of detail measurement of the velocity profiles of cement grout. The shape of the velocity profiles was visualized, and the change in the shape of the profiles with concentration and time was observed. The viscosity and yield stress of the grout were determined using rheological models, e.g. Bingham and Herschel-Bulkley. In addition, rheological properties were determined using the non-model approach (gradient method) and the tube viscometry concept and were compared with results obtained using the rheological models. The UVP+PD method was found to be capable of determining the rheological behavior of cement grout regardless of the rheological model. The yield stress of cement grout was investigated using off-line rheometry techniques and UVP+PD in-line measurements. Tests were performed applying different shear histories and it was found that two ranges of yield stress indeed exist. Therefore, the design value of yield stress should be chosen with respect to the prevailing shear rate at the grout front for the required spread of grout. In addition, an appropriate shear rate range should be used when a Bingham fitting is done to determine the yield stress. In order to estimate the shear rate, plug thickness and velocity for one dimensional and two dimensional geometry, a non- dimensional nomogram was developed. The advantage of using the nomogram is that it does not depend on the applied pressure and the rheological properties of the grout and can therefore, be used as a simple design tool. Analytical approaches were used for the estimation and good agreements were found with numerical calculations and experimental results. In conclusion, in this work, it was found that it is possible to continuously measure the velocity profiles and determine the change of the rheological properties of cement grout using the ultrasound based UVP+PD method under field conditions. The yield stress was also investigated and it was found that two range of yield stress exist depending on the prevailing shear rate of the grout, which should be used for designing the grouting time at different conditions. In order to decide the design value of yield stress for grouting applications, a non-dimensional nomogram was developed that can be used to estimate the plug thickness, shear rate and velocity of the grout. / <p>Funding for the project was provided by the Swedish Rock Engineering Research Foundation (BeFo), The Swedish Research Council (FORMAS) and The Development Fund of the Swedish Construction Industry (SBUF), who are gratefully acknowledged. QC 20151112</p>

La pratique physique a longtemps été perçue comme le déterminant premier de l’apprentissage du mouvement. Souvent exprimée par l’expression « Vingt fois sur le métier remettez votre ouvrage», cette idée se base sur l’observation qu’une grande quantité de pratique est nécessaire pour maîtriser un geste technique complexe. Bien que l’importance de la pratique physique pour l’apprentissage du mouvement demeure indéniable, il a récemment été démontré que les changements neurobiologiques qui constituent les bases de la mémoire prennent place après la pratique. Ces changements, regroupés sous le terme « consolidation », sont essentiels à la mise en mémoire des habiletés motrices. L’objectif de cette thèse est de définir les processus de consolidation en identifiant certains facteurs qui influencent la consolidation d’une habileté motrice. À l’aide d’une tâche d’adaptation visuomotrice comportant deux niveaux de difficulté, nous avons démontré qu’une bonne performance doit être atteinte au cours de la séance de pratique pour enclencher certains processus de consolidation. De plus, nos résultats indiquent que l’évaluation subjective que l’apprenant fait de sa propre performance peut moduler la consolidation. Finalement, nous avons démontré que l’apprentissage par observation peut enclencher certains processus de consolidation, indiquant que la consolidation n’est pas exclusive à la pratique physique. Dans l’ensemble, les résultats des études expérimentales présentées dans cette thèse montrent que la consolidation regroupe plusieurs processus distincts jouant chacun un rôle important pour l’apprentissage du mouvement. Les éducateurs physiques, les entraineurs sportifs et les spécialistes de la réadaptation physique devraient donc planifier des entrainements favorisant non seulement l’acquisition de gestes moteurs mais également leur consolidation. / Physical practice has long been regarded as the single most determinant factor of motor skill acquisition. Often expressed by the old adage “practice makes perfect,” this idea easily relates to the common observation that extensive practice is necessary to master complex motor skills. Although the importance of physical practice for motor skill learning is undeniable, recent evidence demonstrates that the neurobiological changes that constitute the foundation of memory occur after physical practice. Regrouped under the term “consolidation”, these changes are essential for the memory storage of motor skills. The objective of this thesis was to identify factors that influence motor skill consolidation. Using a visuomotor adaptation task with two levels of difficulty, we showed that a good performance must be attained during practice to trigger certain consolidation processes. In addition, our results indicate that the learner’s subjective evaluation of his/her own performance can also modulate consolidation. Finally, we showed that observation triggers consolidation processes, indicating that consolidation is not exclusive to physical practice. Together, the results presented in this thesis demonstrate that consolidation regroups several distinct processes that each plays an important role for motor skill learning. Physical education teachers, athletic coaches and rehabilitation specialists should therefore plan training schedules favoring not only motor skill acquisition but also motor skill consolidation.

BPL technology is quite widespread nowadays and the public is also somewhat aware of it. This technology can be used as a means of communication without the need to install additional media and thus use the existing infrastructure. In an effort to use the full potential of the technology, BPL communication began to be used to monitor the current state of cables in distribution networks online. Where the technology is already fully implemented, the distributor can use the data to evaluate the current situation. In this way, BPL technology can be used as a diagnostic tool to test the quality of a cable connection on which not only time but also humidity and other external influences could have a significant effect.

Knowlege of elektric power, power dissipation and voltage conditions in every single segments and elektric power system nodes is necessary for operations control and designing of another elektric power system expansion. In this Thesis, we will handle with steady state of system calculation using PAS-DAISY-OFF LINE software, solving various power network configurations and their verification.

Surprise is an important component of serendipity. In this research, we address the problem of measuring the capacity of a recommender system at embedding surprise in its recommendations. We show that changes in surprise of an item owing to the growth in user experience, as well as to the increase in the number of items in the repository, are not taken into account by the current metrics and evaluation methods. As a result, in so far as the time elapsed between two measurements grows, they become increasingly incommensurable. This poses as an additional challenge in the assessment of the degree to which a recommender is exposed to unfavourable conditions, such as over-specialisation or filter bubble. We argue that a) surprise is a finite resource in any recommender system, b) there are limits to the amount of surprise that can be embedded in a recommendation, and c) these limits allow us to create a scale up in which two measurements that were taken at different moments can be directly compared. By adopting these ideas as premises, we applied the deductive method to define the concepts of maximum and minimum potential surprises and designed a surprise metric called \"normalised surprise\" that employs these limits. Our main contribution is an evaluation method that estimates the normalised surprise of a system. Four experiments were conducted to test the proposed metrics. The aim of the first and the second experiments was to validate the quality of the estimates of minimum and maximum potential surprise values obtained by means of a greedy algorithm. The first experiment employed a synthetic dataset to explore the limits to surprise to a user, and the second one employed the Movielens-1M to explore the limits to surprise that can be embedded in a recommendation list. The third experiment also employed the Movielens-1M dataset and was designed to investigate the effect that changes in item representation and item comparison exert on surprise. Finally, the fourth experiment compares the proposed and the current state-of-the-art evaluation method in terms of their results and execution times. The results obtained from the experiments a) confirm that the quality of the estimates of potential surprise are adequate for the purpose of evaluating normalised surprise; b) show that the item representation and comparison model that is adopted has a strong effect on surprise; and c) indicate an association between high degrees of surprise and negatively skewed pairwise distance distributions, and also indicate a significant difference in the average normalised surprise of recommendations produced by a factorisation algorithm when the surprise employs the cosine or the Euclidean distance / A surpresa é um componente importante da serendipidade. Nesta pesquisa, abordamos o problema de medir a capacidade de um sistema de recomendação de incorporar surpresa em suas recomendações. Mostramos que as mudanças na surpresa de um item, devidas ao crescimento da experiência do usuário e ao aumento do número de itens no repositório, não são consideradas pelas métricas e métodos de avaliação atuais. Como resultado, na medida em que aumenta o tempo decorrido entre duas medições, essas se tornam cada vez mais incomensuráveis. Isso se apresenta como um desafio adicional na avaliação do grau em que um sistema de recomendação está exposto a condições desfavoráveis como superespecialização ou filtro invisível. Argumentamos que a) surpresa é um recurso finito em qualquer sistema de recomendação; b) há limites para a quantidade de surpresa que pode ser incorporada em uma recomendação; e c) esses limites nos permitem criar uma escala na qual duas medições que foram tomadas em momentos diferentes podem ser comparadas diretamente. Ao adotar essas ideias como premissas, aplicamos o método dedutivo para definir os conceitos de surpresa potencial máxima e mínima e projetar uma métrica denominada \"surpresa normalizada\", que emprega esses limites. Nossa principal contribuição é um método de avaliação que estima a surpresa normalizada de um sistema. Quatro experimentos foram realizados para testar as métricas propostas. O objetivo do primeiro e do segundo experimentos foi validar a qualidade das estimativas de surpresa potencial mínima e máxima obtidas por meio de um algoritmo guloso. O primeiro experimento empregou um conjunto de dados sintético para explorar os limites de surpresa para um usuário, e o segundo empregou o Movielens-1M para explorar os limites da surpresa que pode ser incorporada em uma lista de recomendações. O terceiro experimento também empregou o conjunto de dados Movielens-1M e foi desenvolvido para investigar o efeito que mudanças na representação de itens e na comparação de itens exercem sobre a surpresa. Finalmente, o quarto experimento compara os métodos de avaliação atual e proposto em termos de seus resultados e tempos de execução. Os resultados que foram obtidos dos experimentos a) confirmam que a qualidade das estimativas de surpresa potencial são adequadas para o propósito de avaliar surpresa normalizada; b) mostram que o modelo de representação e comparação de itens adotado exerce um forte efeito sobre a surpresa; e c) apontam uma associação entre graus de surpresa elevados e distribuições assimétricas negativas de distâncias, e também apontam diferenças significativas na surpresa normalizada média de recomendações produzidas por um algoritmo de fatoração quando a surpresa emprega a distância do cosseno ou a distância Euclidiana

Dans cette thèse, nous développons une nouvelle méthode de détection de ruptures "Off-line", appelée Dérivée Filtrée avec p-value, sur des paramètres d'une suite de variables aléatoires indépendantes, puis sur le paramètre de Hurst d'un mouvement Brownien multifractionnaire. Cette thèse est composée de trois articles. Dans un premier article paru dans Sequential Analysis nous posons les bases de la méthode Dérivée Filtrée avec p-value (FDpV) en l'appliquant à une suite de variables aléatoires indépendantes. La méthode a une complexité linéaire en temps et en mémoire. Elle est constituée de deux étapes. La première étape utilisant la méthode Dérivée Filtrée détecte les bons instants de ruptures, mais également certaines fausses alarmes. La deuxième étape attribue une p-value à chaque instant de rupture potentiel détecté à la première étape, et élimine les instants dont la p-value est inférieure à un certain seuil critique. Nous démontrons les propriétés asymptotiques nécessaires à la calibration de la méthode. L'efficacité de la méthode a été prouvé tant sur des données simulées que sur des données réelles. Ensuite, nous nous sommes attaqués à l'application de la méthode pour la détection de ruptures sur le paramètre de Hurst d'un mouvement Brownien multifractionnaire. Cela s'est fait en deux phases. La première phase a fait l'objet d'un article à paraitre dans ESAIM P&S où nous avons établi un Théorème Central Limite pour l'estimateur du paramètre de Hurst appelé Increment Ratio Statistic (IRS). Puis, nous avons proposé une version localisée de l'IRS et démontré un TCL local pour estimer la fonction de Hurst d'un mouvement Brownien multifractionnaire. Les preuves sont intuitives et se distinguent par leur simplicité. Elles s'appuient sur le théorème de Breuer-Major et une stratégie originale appelée "freezing of time". La deuxième phase repose sur un nouvel article soumis pour publication. Nous adaptons la méthode FDpV pour détecter des ruptures sur l'indice de Hurst d'un mouvement Brownien fractionnaire constant par morceaux. La statistique sous-jacent de l'algorithme FDpV est un nouvel estimateur de l'indice de Hurst, appelé Increment Zero-Crossing Statistic (IZCS) qui est une variante de l'IRS. La combinaison des méthodes FDpV + IZCS constitue une procédure efficace et rapide avec une complexité linéaire en temps et en mémoire. / This Ph.D dissertation deals with "Off-line" detection of change points on parameters of time series of independent random variables, and in the Hurst parameter of multifrcational Brownian motion. It consists of three articles. In the first paper, published in Sequential Analysis, we set the cornerstones of the Filtered Derivative with p-Value method for the detection of change point on parameters of independent random variables. This method has linear time and memory complexities, with respect to the size of the series. It consists of two steps. The first step is based on Filtered Derivative method which detects the right change points as well as the false ones. We improve the Filtered Derivative method by adding a second step in which we compute the p-values associated to every single potential change point. Then we eliminate false alarms, i.e. the change points which have p-value smaller than a given critical level. We showed asymptotic properties needed for the calibration of the algorithm. The effectiveness of the method has been proved both on simulated data and on real data. Then we moved to the application of the method for the detection of change point on the Hurst parameter of multifractional Brownian motion. This was done in two phases. In the first phase, a paper is to be published in ESAIM P&S where we investigated the Central Limit Theorem of the Increment Ratio Statistic of a multifractional Brownian motion, leading to a CLT for the time varying Hurst index. The proofs are quite simple relying on Breuer-Major theorems and an original freezing of time strategy.The second phase relies on a new paper submitted for publication. We adapted the FDpV method to detect change points on the Hurst parameter of piecewise fractional Brownian motion. The underlying statistics of the FDpV technology is a new statistic estimator for Hurst index, so-called Increment Zero-Crossing Statistic (IZCS) which is a variation of IRS. Both FDpV and IZCS are methods with linear time and memory complexities, with respect to the size of the series.

<p>Due to the hydrophobic nature of integral membrane proteins (IMP) they give rise to several difficulties concerning handling and analysis, which is not the case for the most water soluble proteins. New analysis methods are needed, where the insolubility problems of the hydrophobic proteins due to aggregation and adhesion are tackled. Those problems also affect digestion performance and equipment compatibility for the analysis.</p><p>Protocols for analysis and separation specified for IMP are presented in <b>Paper I</b> and<b> III</b>.</p><p>The instrumentation used in this work was capillary electrophoresis (CE) and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (MALDI-MS). Both instruments are suitable for peptide/proteins analysis.</p><p>In <b>Paper I</b>, protocols for a CE separation of bacteriorhodopsin (BR) peptides as model IMP peptides are established. Also, a partially automated manufacturing procedure of a concentration MALDI-target is presented, suitable for fractions from CE. The MS analysis detected 9 out of 10 cyanogen bromide (CNBr) digested BR peptides. A novel technique for the off-line integration of CE to MALDI-MS using a closed-open-closed system is presented in <b>Paper II</b>, where the open part is a microcanal functioning as a MALDI target window. Investigation of the microcanal electro-osmotic flow (EOF) properties and band broadening characteristics was performed. A protein separation was obtained and detected with MALDI-MS analysis in the microcanal. Different protein digestion methods were evaluated using BR in <b>Paper III</b> through MALDI-MS. Several digestion methods as well as MS media were investigated alongside different MALDI matrices. For example, matrices as the hydrophobic 2,6-dihydroxyacetophenone (DHAP) and 2-Hydroxy-3-methoxybenzoic acid (2H3MBA) or 2-Hydroxy-5-methoxybenzoic acid (2H5MBA) mixed with DHB, appeared to be promising matrices for analysis of BR.</p> / <p>Med anledning av integrala membranproteiners (IMP) hydrofoba egenskaper uppstår flera svårigheter vid hantering och analys av IMP, vilket inte är fallet för vattenlösliga proteiner. Nya analysmetoder krävs, som löser löslighetsproblemen för de hydrofoba proteinerna som tex flockning och adsorbtion. Dessa problem påverkar även klyvningsgrad och kompatibilitet med analysutrustningen.</p><p>I <b>Artikel I</b> och <b>Artikel III</b> presenteras protokoll för analys och separation specifikt för IMP. Instrumenteringen som har använts i detta arbete är kapillärelektrofores (CE) och matris-assisterad laserdesorptions-joniserings-masspektrometri (MALDI-MS). Båda instrumenten är lämpade för peptid/protein analyser.</p><p>I <b>Artikel I</b>, presenteras protokoll för en CE separation av peptider från bacteriorhodopsin (BR), som användes som modellpeptider för IMP. En delvis automatiserat tillverkningsprocedur för en koncentrerande MALDI-platta, som är anpassad för CE fraktionerna beskrivs också. MS-analysen detekterade 9 av 10 BR-peptider från cyanobromid-klyvning (CNBr). En ny teknik för off line-integrering av CE till MALDI-MS genom ett slutet-öppet-slutet system presenteras i <b>Artikel II</b>, där den öppna delen är en mikrokanal som fungerar som detektionsfönster i MALDI. Undersökning av mikrokanalens egenskaper som tex det elektroosmotiska flödet (EOF) och bandbreddningen utvärderades. En proteinseparation genomfördes och detekterades med MALDI–MS i mikrokanalen. Olika proteinklyvningsmetoder för BR undersöktes i <b>Artikel</b> <b>III</b> med MALDI-MS. Flera proteinklyvningsmetoder samt MS-medier utvärderades tillsammans med olika MALDI-matriser. Den hydrofoba matrisen 2,6-dihydroxyacetophenone (DHAP) och 2-Hydroxy-3-methoxybenzoic acid (2H3MBA) eller 2-Hydroxy-5-methoxybenzoic acid (2H5MBA) blandade med DHB, visade sig exempelvis vara lovande matriser för BR-analyser.</p>

La première partie de ce travail de thèse est une revue de la littérature portant toutd'abord sur les origines du concept de métacognition et sur les différentes définitions etmodélisations du concept de métacognition proposées en sciences de l’éducation etpsychologie développementale. Sont ensuite abordées les expérimentations proposées dans lechamp de la psychologie cognitive et les études menées dans le domaine spécifique de lamétamémoire. L’utilisation en psychologie cognitive du concept de métacognition estégalement évoquée, à travers la littérature portant sur les liens existants entre métacognition etconscience de soi. Enfin, le dernier point abordé dans cette revue de la littérature porte surl’utilisation en pratique clinique du concept de métacognition, notamment concernant lesaltérations métacognitives dans la schizophrénie.La deuxième partie de la thèse est consacrée aux études expérimentales réalisées.L’objectif de ces études était de développer et d’explorer dans une population non clinique lescaractéristiques d’un outil de mesure de la conscience métacognitive sur la mémoire à courtterme, la mémoire de travail, la mémoire épisodique verbale, les fonctions exécutives, et lacognition sociale. Nous avons évalué dans une première étude l’impact de cette procéduremétacognitive sur les performances cognitives. Une deuxième étude avait pour objectifd'explorer la pertinence de l’utilisation de l’évaluation « on-line » de la consciencemétacognitive, pendant la tâche neuropsychologique, comparativement à une procédure «end-line », juste après la passation du test neuropsychologique, ainsi que l’impact des mesuresd’estime de soi, anxiété et symptomatologie dépressive sur les scores de consciencemétacognitive « on-line ».Dans la troisième partie de cette thèse, les résultats sont discutés, et mis enperspectives avec l’objectif, à savoir utiliser cet outil de mesure de la consciencemétacognitive auprès d’une population de sujets souffrant de schizophrénie. / The first part of this thesis is a literature review focused on the origin, the differentdefinitions and models of the concept of metacognition in educational science anddevelopmental psychology. This literature review focused also on the cognitive psychologyexperiments, in the specific area of metamemory. The use of cognitive psychology concept ofmetacognition, through the literature on the links between metacognition and self-awarenessis then discussed. Finally, the last point in this literature review focused on the clinical use ofthe concept of metacognition, particularly concerning metacognitive alterations inschizophrenia.The second part of the thesis is devoted to experimental studies. The aim was todevelop and explore the characteristics of a metacognitive awareness measurement tool onshort-term memory, working memory, episodic memory verbal, executive functions andsocial cognition in a non-clinical population. The impact of this metacognitive process oncognitive performance, the relevance of an "on-line" metacognitive awareness measure(during the neuropsychological task), and an "end-line" metacognitive awareness measure(just after the award of neuropsychological testing) were explored. The impact of measures ofself-esteem, anxiety and depressive symptoms on metacognitive awareness scores "on-line"were studied.The third part of this thesis proposed to discuss the different results found and theappropriateness of using metacognitive awareness assessment tool with persons sufferingfrom schizophrenia.

Le test à base de modèles des systèmes réactifs est le processus de vérifier si un système sous test (SUT) est conforme à sa spécification. Il consiste à gérer à la fois la génération des données de test et le calcul de verdicts en utilisant des modèles. Nous spécifions le comportement des systèmes réactifs à l'aide des systèmes de transitions symboliques temporisées à entrée-sortie (TIOSTS). Quand les TIOSTSs sont utilisés pour tester des systèmes avec une interface centralisée, l'utilisateur peut ordonner complètement les événements (i.e., les entrées envoyées au système et les sorties produites). Les interactions entre le testeur et le SUT consistent en des séquences d'entrées et de sortie nommées traces, pouvant être séparées par des durées dans le cadre du test temporisé, pour former ce que l'on appelle des traces temporisées. Les systèmes distribués sont des collections de composants locaux communiquant entre eux et interagissant avec leur environnement via des interfaces physiquement distribuées. Différents événements survenant à ces différentes interfaces ne peuvent plus être ordonnés. Cette thèse concerne le test de conformité des systèmes distribués où un testeur est placé à chaque interface localisée et peut observer ce qui se passe à cette interface. Nous supposons qu'il n'y a pas d’horloge commune mais seulement des horloges locales pour chaque interface. La sémantique de tels systèmes est définie comme des tuples de traces temporisées. Nous considérons une approche du test dans le contexte de la relation de conformité distribuée dtioco. La conformité globale peut être testée dans une architecture de test en utilisant des testeurs locaux sans communication entre eux. Nous proposons un algorithme pour vérifier la communication pour un tuple de traces temporisées en formulant le problème de message-passing en un problème de satisfaction de contraintes (CSP). Nous avons mis en œuvre le calcul des verdicts de test en orchestrant à la fois les algorithmes du test centralisé off-line de chacun des composants et la vérification des communications par le biais d'un solveur de contraintes. Nous avons validé notre approche sur un cas étude de taille significative. / Model-based testing of reactive systems is the process of checking if a System Under Test (SUT) conforms to its model. It consists of handling both test data generation and verdict computation by using models. We specify the behaviour of reactive systems using Timed Input Output Symbolic Transition Systems (TIOSTS) that are timed automata enriched with symbolic mechanisms to handle data. When TIOSTSs are used to test systems with a centralized interface, the user may completely order events occurring at this interface (i.e., inputs sent to the system and outputs produced from it). Interactions between the tester and the SUT are sequences of inputs and outputs named traces, separated by delays in the timed framework, to form so-called timed traces. Distributed systems are collections of communicating local components which interact with their environment at physically distributed interfaces. Interacting with such a distributed system requires exchanging values with it by means of several interfaces in the same testing process. Different events occurring at different interfaces cannot be ordered any more. This thesis focuses on conformance testing for distributed systems where a separate tester is placed at each localized interface and may only observe what happens at this interface. We assume that there is no global clock but only local clocks for each localized interface. The semantics of such systems can be seen as tuples of timed traces. We consider a framework for distributed testing from TIOSTS along with corresponding test hypotheses and a distributed conformance relation called dtioco. Global conformance can be tested in a distributed testing architecture using only local testers without any communication between them. We propose an algorithm to check communication policy for a tuple of timed traces by formulating the verification of message passing in terms of Constraint Satisfaction Problem (CSP). Hence, we were able to implement the computation of test verdicts by orchestrating both localised off-line testing algorithms and the verification of constraints defined by message passing that can be supported by a constraint solver. Lastly, we validated our approach on a real case study of a telecommunications distributed system.