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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

Kalkylmetoder vid offentliga investeringar : en jämförelse mellan fyra kommuner / Capital budgeting for public investment : a comparison between four municipalities

Eriksson, Hanna, Ståhl, Emma January 2021 (has links)
Idag finns det 290 kommuner i Sverige som har ett stort ansvar för samhällsservicen invånarna nyttjar. För att utveckla samhället och dess funktioner krävs det investeringar varje år. Ett beslutsunderlag som ligger till grund för investeringarna är investeringskalkyler. Privata företag har tydliga mål där vinst står i centrum medan kommunala verksamheter har svårare att identifiera målet och syftet med investeringarna.  Syftet med studien är att utforska investeringskalkylering inom den offentliga sektorn samt att få en förståelse för hur och varför specifika kalkylmetoder används vid investeringar av materiella anläggningstillgångar. Syftet är också att skapa en större förståelse för vilka osäkerheter som uppkommer vid kalkylering av investeringar och hur dessa hanteras. Studien är en explorativ undersökning med en kvalitativ karaktär. Den teoretiska referensramen baseras framförallt på litteratur och vetenskapliga artiklar. Den insamlade empirin grundar sig på semistrukturerade intervjuer från sex stycken personer med olika befattningar från fyra olika kommuner i södra Sverige.  Resultatet visar att kommunerna använder sig av enkla investeringskalkyler som de själva har utformat. Kalkylerna innehåller både finansiella och icke-finansiella aspekter och används som argument för att en investering ska genomföras. Det förekommer ett flertal osäkerheter vid genomförandet av investeringar. Osäkerheter fångas upp genom konsulthjälp, risk- och möjlighetsanalyser eller genom tekniska undersökningar. Samtliga kommuner hanterar osäkerheter genom en osäkerhetsfaktor i kalkylen. Studien bidrar med kunskap om och förståelse för kalkyler i kommunala investeringar. På så sätt kan både invånare och de som jobbar inom kommunala verksamheter påverka och utveckla kalkylerna till det bättre. / Today, there are 290 municipalities in Sweden that have a responsibility for the community service the inhabitants use. In order to develop society and its functions, investments are required every year. One basis on which the investments are based is investment calculations. Private companies have clear goals where profits are at the center, while municipal companies have more difficulty identifying the goal and purpose of the investments.  The aim of the study is to explore investment calculation in the public sector and to gain an understanding of how and why specific calculation methods are used when investing in tangible fixed assets. The purpose is also to create a better understanding of the uncertainties that arise when calculating investments and how these are handled. The study is an exploratory study of a qualitative nature. The theoretical frame of reference is primarily based on literature and scientific articles. The collected empirical data is based on semi-structured interviews from six people with different positions from four different municipalities in southern Sweden.  The results show that the municipalities use simple investment calculations that they have designed themselves. The calculations contain both financial and non-financial aspects and are used as arguments for an investment to be carried out. There are a number of uncertainties in the implementation of investments. Uncertainties are captured through consulting assistance, risk and opportunity analyzes or through technical investigations. All municipalities handle uncertainties through an uncertainty factor in the calculation. The study contributes with a knowledge and understanding of calculations in municipal investments. In this way, both residents and those who work in municipalities can influence and develop the calculations for the better.
2

Lugn och ro i politiken : Hur påverkas offentliga investeringar av låg grad politisk tävlan?

Jönsson, Johan January 2019 (has links)
How does political competition affect investments in local governments? Previous research and theories suggests that less political competition increases public investments. Theory suggests that due to political parties feeling safer in their seats, they can plan more long-term without losing elections. However, this paper suggests that the opposite might be true; by using multiple regression analysis on a dataset containing 288 Swedish municipalities and examining the correlation between political competition and investments controlling for differences between municipalities, I’ve gotten results pointing in the opposite direction. My findings suggest that less political competition correlates with lower investments overall and in strategically chosen sub-categories. On investments in water and sanitation the effect was a 33 percent decrease in municipalities with low political competition, this is however the only statistically significant result. Total investments were down about 8 percent, investments in specifically targeted programs were 35 percent lower and investment in local politics where 67 percent lower. More research is needed to know if these findings are genuine, but as they contrast previous findings, further work should prove interesting.
3

The Catalysing Effect of Public Fund-of-Fund Investments

Tollén, Louise January 1900 (has links)
The amount of public money invested in the venture capital industry has increased sub-stantially over the last few decades. The goal is, in general, to facilitate growth in highly in-novative small and medium sized enterprises (SMEs) by securing their supply of capital in early stages. Hence, an important aspect of the effectiveness of public investment is wheth-er it increases the investees’ ability to attract additional funding. The process through which public investments can contribute to a better supply of capital to SMEs by more than just their own investment is commonly known as the catalysing or leverage effect of public in-vestment. In order to increase understanding of how this effect can be maximized, this study com-pares the amount of capital attracted to Swedish SMEs as a result of public fund-of-fund (FoF) investment to that of direct public investments. This study shows that: - FoFs are more effective in increasing the capital supply to SMEs in the market. - Public investments have a higher catalysing effect on the fund level than on the enterprise level. Hence, EUR 1 invested at the fund level has a larger positive impact for SMEs than EUR 1 invested at the enterprise level. - The investment quality of private venture capital (VC) investments is generally higher than that of direct public investments. Hence, FoFs allows public inves-tors to "free ride" on the skills of private VCs rather than setting up own struc-tures. / Masters Thesis
4

Investeringsbedömning av ett offentligt megaprojekt: En fallstudie av Region Kronoberg / Investment decision of a public megaproject: A case study of Region Kronoberg

Andersson, Ellen, Borg, Julia January 2022 (has links)
Bakgrund och problem: Investeringar inom offentliga verksamheter skiljer sig mot privata verksamheter vilket grundar sig i dess icke-vinstdrivande karaktär. Detta påverkar även investeringsbedömningen. Tidigare forskning har visat att offentliga verksamheter inte använder företagsekonomiska investeringskalkyler. Istället prioriteras kvalitativa aspekter vid beslutsfattandet, trots att investeringskalkyler benämns som viktiga för välgrundade beslut. Vidare finns det inte heller några specifika kvalitativa faktorer som är särskilt framträdande i offentliga verksamheter.  Syfte: Syftet studien är undersöka och få förståelse för investeringsbedömning i offentliga verksamheter. Studien syftar därtill att identifiera vilka beslutsunderlag som användes vid beslutet av att investera i megaprojekt.  Metodval: Studien är av ett kvalitativ slag med en abduktiv forskningsansats. Vidare är det en enfallsstudie av Region Kronoberg där den empiriska insamlingen framförallt baseras på semistrukturerade intervjuer men även dokumentgranskning.  Slutsatser: Investeringskalkyler används inte som ett beslutsunderlag i offentliga verksamheter. Istället anses icke-finansiella aspekter viktigare där kvalitativa beslutsunderlag som omfattar säkerhetsaspekter, tillväxtrelaterade behov och förbättring av service visat sig vara avgörande. / Background and problem: Investments in the public sector are different from the private sector because of their nonprofitable character. This further affects the evaluation of capital investments. Previous research has proved that public organizations do not use traditional investment calculations. Instead they prioritize qualitative aspects in decision-making, despite the methods being considered essential for making good decisions. However there are no specific qualitative factors that are particularly prominent. Purpose: The purpose of the study is to understand the use of capital budgeting techniques in the public sector. Moreover, the study aims to identify what the decision of investing in megaprojects is based on.   Method: The study is of a qualitative nature, with an abductive research approach. Furthermore it is a case study of Region Kronoberg where the empirical material primarily is based on semi-structured interview but also from document review. Conclusions: Traditional capital budgeting methods proved not to be used in the public sector. Insted, simple calculations where used in order to evaluate if it was possible to finance the investment. Additionally, the study proved that the public sector prioritized qualitative aspects such as healthy and safety issues, growth-related needs and service enhancement.
5

The Impact of Swedish Public Finance Factors on the Local Real Estate Market : Based on the GMM PVAR Approach / De svenska offentliga finansernas inverkan på den lokala fastighetsmarknaden : Baserat på GMM PVAR-metoden

Zhang, Jiayu January 2022 (has links)
Real estate market prices have proven to be influenced by many driving factors. As suggested by Tiebout's (1956) model, the level of public services was believed to influence people's decision to move geographically, which was called "voting with their feet". The panel data used in this paper were the market price of one- or two- dwelling buildings and the per capita cost of public investment factors in 290 municipalities in Sweden for the period 2011 to 2020. The principal component analysis method was firstly performed to dimensionalize the data and create new index variables. A panel vector autoregressive model based on the GMM estimator was developed, and cluster robust standard errors were used to address autocorrelation and heteroskedasticity. The empirical results showed that in addition to demographic variables, the principal components of government investment variables in traffic infrastructure, youth education and comprehensive health care, had a positive stimulating effect on real estate prices. The results of Granger causality tests showed a positive effect of the increment in house prices on investment in public activities. The IRF plots and variance decomposition of the first-order difference in real estate prices over the next ten periods showed that despite the presence of positive stimulus for public investment, house prices were more independent in the future, which indicated the dominant factor in the movements was itself. / Priserna på fastighetsmarknaden har visat sig påverkas av många faktorer. Enligt Tiebouts (1956) modell trodde man att nivån på de offentliga tjänsterna påverkade människors beslut att flytta geografiskt, vilket kallades "rösta med fötterna". De paneldata som används i denna artikel är marknadspriset på en- eller tvåbostadshus och kostnaden per capita för offentliga investeringsfaktorer i 290 kommuner i Sverige för perioden 2011-2020. Först utfördes PCA-metoden för att dimensionera data och skapa nya indexvariabler. En auktoregressiv panelvektormodell baserad på GMM-estimatorn utvecklades, och klusterrobusta standardfel användes för att hantera autokorrelation och heteroskedasticitet. De empiriska resultaten visade att förutom demografiska variabler hade huvudkomponenterna i de statliga investeringsvariablerna i trafikinfrastruktur, ungdomsutbildning och omfattande hälsovård en positiv stimulerande effekt på fastighetspriserna. Resultaten av Granger-kausalitetstesterna visade att ökningen av huspriserna har en positiv effekt på investeringar i offentlig verksamhet. IRF-plottarna och variansdekompositionen av första ordningens skillnad i fastighetspriserna under de följande tio perioderna visade att trots positiva stimulansåtgärder för offentliga investeringar var huspriserna mer oberoende i framtiden, vilket tydde på att den dominerande faktorn i rörelserna var sig själv.

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