I considered on initial public offerings in my thesis. The thesis describes signification of initial public offerings including its advantages and disadvantages, informs about its specifications and recommends to investors, what they should focus on, if they think of such type of investment.

This essay analyzes the concept of blot (offerings), places where it´s been held, how it was performed and why it is performed according to literature sources. The literature is often based on Icelandic sagas and storytelling originating from the Christian period, and even though, the storys should be told with some truthful facts, the conclusion is, that these are not trustworthy sources. The question regarding the sagas veracity is therefore discussed from an archaeological viewpoint. Can we find proof in the archaeological material that will give us answers if blot is an individual happening, that actually existed? The answer is no, because there is no actual evidence available that can guarantee that blot as a specific event did occur. The archaeological sources reveal that sacrifices and offerings was made outdoors and in halls. This essay has been investigating three places in Sweden, Bollstanäs in Uppland, Skedemosse on Öland and Helgö in Mälaren. All of these places have proof of sacrificial offerings but their relation to the blot mentioned in saga literature is uncertain. My conclusion is that blot is a subject that is difficult to find as an event in the archaeological material.

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本篇研究專注於首次公開發行公司上市櫃初始交易日之異常報酬與新聞情緒兩 者間之關係。本研究建立情緒字典以判別新聞之正負情緒,並過濾出與首次公開發 行有關之新聞,利用本研究建立之情緒字典以過濾出正負情緒之詞組。利用正負情 緒詞組數量計算出三種新聞情緒變數,並採實證研究方法檢測三種新聞情緒變數與 首次公開發行公司之初始交易日之異常報酬兩者間之關係。根據本研究之實證結果, 發現初始交易日之前的新聞能影響首次公開發行之異常報酬,而相關新聞之情緒語 調亦和異常報酬有關。此外,本研究亦檢測三種情緒變數和三種傳統變數之交乘項 對異常報酬之影響,發現公司規模大小與首日交易量與情緒變數之交乘項會對初始 交易日之異常報酬有影響。總言論之,本研究對新聞會影響首次公開發行初始交易 日之異常報酬提供了實證證據。 / This study focuses on the relation between IPOs’ abnormal returns on initial trading days and news sentiment. To identify the tone of news, sentiment dictionary was established for this study, and news regarding IPO firms was picked out to count positive and negative words and phrases based on the sentiment dictionary. Using quantities of positive and negative words and phrases, three news variables were adopted and calculated. And linear regression was utilized to investigate the relation between IPOs’ abnormal returns on initial trading days and news sentiment. According to empirical results, I find that news prior to the IPO’s initial trading day can affect IPOs’ abnormal returns. The number of negative words and phrases is negatively related to the abnormal returns; the tone of news is positively related to the abnormal returns. Furthermore, I also investigated whether interaction terms of news variables and three control variables are related to abnormal returns on IPOs’ initial trading days. I find that interaction terms of the natural logarithm of firm size and two news variables and interaction terms of the natural logarithm of first-day trading volume and two news variables are related to abnormal returns. Overall, there is evidence that news can influence IPOs’ abnormal returns on initial trading days.

本研究以民國94年至96年曾採私募增資之上市、上櫃公司為研究對象，探討私募增資決策是否影響企業之經營績效，並比較企業在採取私募或現金增資之不同增資方式下之經營績效。 實證結果發現，企業私募增資兩年後其經營績效顯著優於增資前一年；增資前私募企業之經營績效比現金增資企業之經營績效差，但其差距在增資後顯著縮小。綜合而言，私募後企業本身之經營績效不但有顯著的改善，相對於現金增資企業之經營績效，在增資後也有顯著的改善。 此外，私募普通股占原已發行普通股股數之比例越高的公司，其累計異常報酬大；而參考價格與私募實際價格間的差異，亦會影響投資人對於股價的反應，其差距越大，累計異常報酬越小。 / This study examines the effects of private placement or seasoned equity offerings on performance. Three main findings are as follows. In general, the corporate performance of firms with private equity offering is worse than that of firms with public offering, but the difference lessens after the fund raising. The evidence shows that the firm performance is improved after private placement. Moreover, the change of performance after private placement is better than public offering. The evidence also shows that the volume of private equity offering is positively associated with cumulative abnormal return, but the difference between the actual price and consultative price is negatively associated with cumulative abnormal return.

Denna studie undersöker huruvida nyemissioners bakomliggande motiv påverkar hur det emitterande företaget värderas efter tillkännagivandet. Fenomenet undersöks på den svenska marknaden, då majoriteten av tidigare forskning bedrivits på utländska handelsplatser. Effekten av olika motiv analyseras för ett urval bestående av 203 observationer under en 14-årsperiod, mellan år 2005-2018, där samtliga nyemissioner genomförts på Nasdaq OMX Stockholm. Studien omfattar både riktade och företrädesmissioner. Avvikande avkastning beräknas på kort och lång sikt i samband med nyemissionernas tillkännagivande med hjälp av tre olika metoder (CAR, BHAR samt FF3M). Således mäts både den kortsiktiga annonseringseffekten såväl som företagets långsiktiga prestation mot index (OMXSPIoch SIXRX). Vidare används även multipel regressionsanalys för att undersöka om samband går att återfinna mellan motiven och avvikande avkastning.  Studien finner signifikanta bevis för att underprestation i regel följer nyemissioners tillkännagivande. Negativt avvikande avkastning återfinns i de fall motivet uppges vara antingen rekapitalisation eller generella ändamål. Däremot förekommer ett positivt samband mellan avvikande avkastning och motivet investeringar, vilket indikerar på att dessa företag snarare överpresterar marknaden. Således argumenterar studien för att nyemissioners motiv har betydelse för hur företaget presterar, både på kort och lång sikt, vilket indirekt påverkar företagets värdering. / The purpose of this thesis was to examine if the stated motive for a seasoned equity offering (SEO) affects company valuation, post-SEO. This was accomplished by calculating abnormal returns for a sample containing 203 SEOs over a 14 year period between 2005 and 2018. All companies being listed on Nasdaq OMX Stockholm during the time of their respective equity offering. By providing three different measurements for abnormal return (CAR, BHAR, and FF3M) as well as performing multiple regression analysis, the study finds significant evidence for general underperformance following the SEO. This is true for when the motive is stated as recapitalization or general corporate-related purposes. When the motive is stated as investment, the study finds significant evidence for post-SEO overperformance.

本研究的主旨在探討台灣證卷交易市場之上市公司辦理現金增資時採用不同承銷配售方式下各種資訊內涵差異，研究樣本包括民國八十四年至民國八十六年間，曾在台灣證卷交易市場宣告辦理現金增資之 278 家公司，其中又區分為 201 家採公開申購配售方式及 77 家採詢價圈購配售方式之現金增資公司樣本。本研究鑑於民國 84 年新版承銷配售制度施行以來，現金增資採行詢價圈購配售方式之公司股價出現特定人套利現象，甚至引發立法院於民國 86 年底，提出修正法案欲將詢價圈購提撥比率之但書規定廢除事件，故本研究目標將著重於探討公開申購配售與詢價圈購兩種不同承銷配售方式來現金增資之公司間其財務屬性及其對股價之影響是否有差異，以檢驗現行的詢價圈購制度是否有缺失。 實證結果顯示：採兩種不同承銷配售方式現金增資之公司，其財務變數並無顯著差異，顯示公司的財務特質並不影響其承銷配售方式的選擇。經由股價反應的驗證則發現採公開申購配售及詢價圈購承銷配售方式之現金增資之公司，其發行宣告首次見報時對股價異常報酬均有顯著正面的影響。但兩者對股價異常報酬之影響於統計上卻發現有顯著差異。至於在首日申購（圈購）日時之股價異常報酬反應，採公開申購配售者為顯著正股價異常報酬反應，採詢價圈購者股價異常報酬則為顯著負反應，因此兩者在首日申購日時對股價之反應有顯著差異，採公開申購配售公司之股價異常報酬反應明顯優於採詢價圈購配售公司。而於發行日時之價格異常報酬反應，採公開申購配售公司並不顯著，採詢價圈購配售方式公司卻有正向股價異常報酬反應，兩種承銷配售方式於發行日時顯示顯著的股價異常報酬反應差異。 兩種承銷配售方式為公司以現金增資向股東或投資大眾取得資金的途徑，其最終目的均相同，因此不同配售方式對股價異常報酬之影響應不會有太大差異，但本研究卻發現在首次宣告日、首日申購日及發行日時三種不同事件日下，兩種配售方式之股價異常報酬反應卻出現顯著差異的情形。由於此一差異與公司的財務特質無關，所以顯示詢價圈購配售方式可能存有缺失，造成特定人可藉由現行制度的漏洞來進行套利或取得比以往更多的新股，因此對於無法進行套利或取得新股的股東而言，現行的詢價圈購制度並不公平，確實有改善之必要。 / The study is based on a sample, consisting of 278firms, of the announcements of SEO(seasoned equity offerings) in Taiwan stock market during the period from Jan. 1996 to Dec. 1997, to detect whether the current circling system in TW is not proper. There are two major SEO underwriting procedures in TW: by offer=for-sales and by circling. The paper focuses on two types of firms which adapt different SEO underwriting. By comparing the both firms' financial characteristics and stock price responses, we know if the existing system is fair. The evidence shows that 89% financial ratios (in the research) of firms, adapting different underwriting procedures, don't have statistically significant positive abcdrmal returns for both underwriting procedures and the reaction levels for both are different. During the circling procedure, circling firms' stock price response is significantly negative but is significantly positive for offer-for- sales firms'. It's very clear that the latter firms have the better stock price performance than the former. During the days of offerings, circling firms' stock price response is significant positive but is not significant negative for offer-for sales firms'. In the research, we can be sure that these two SEO underwriting procedures are significantly different in all of three event days. Since the different market responses are not associated with firms' financial characteristics, we now can be sure that current circling system exist some problems. The system may provide some big stockholders having chances to arbitrage and to get more newissuing shares then they should have. To the other stockholders who can't engage in arbitraging and get new issuing shares, the existing circling system is unfair.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Missouri-Columbia, 1998. / Typescript. Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 380-396). Also available on the Internet.

本研究旨在探討家族企業及非家族企業兩種不同的公司治理型態，其董事會各組成區塊與企業進行實質盈餘管理之間的關聯性。實質盈餘管理係以異常營運活動現金流量、異常生產成本及異常裁決性費用為衡量指標，並以2004年至2011年間我國初次上市櫃(IPO)的電子產業為樣本範圍。 實證結果發現，在家族企業中：(1)最終控制者控制席次過半及經理人董事席次比率愈高，愈可顯著抑制企業進行實質盈餘管理。(2)外部董事席次比率愈高，對企業進行實質盈餘管理有反向助長之傾向。(3)獨立董事席次愈多，愈能顯著監督企業進行實質盈餘管理，唯在企業以裁決性支出方式操弄盈餘方面較無監督能力。在非家族企業中：(1)最終控制者控制席次過半及外部董事席次比率的增加，對抑制企業從事實質盈餘管理無顯著效果。(2)獨立董事席次的增加可顯著抑制企業操弄盈餘。(3)經理人董事席次比率愈高，愈顯著助長企業進行實質盈餘管理。 / This thesis aims to discuss the relationship between board composition and real earnings management (hereafter, REM) under family business and non-family business. This study uses abnormal cash flow from operations, abnormal production costs, and abnormal discretionary expenses as a measure of real earnings management. Data is collected from electronics industry in Taiwan which applied for Initial Public Offerings (IPO) from 2004 to 2011. The empirical results show that in family business: (1) If the ratio of board seat-control of ultimate controller is over 50 percents, or the ratio of board seats of manager is higher, it is helpful to restrain firms from manipulating earnings by REM.(2) Once the ratio of board seats of outside directors is higher, it is prone to promote firms to do REM.(3) Once the board seats of independent directors are more, it is significant to reduce the degree of REM. However, they seem to have no abilities to restrain firms from manipulating earnings by varying discretionary expenses. In non-family business: (1) The board seat-control of ultimate controller over 50 has nothing to do with decreasing the degree of REM. Also,the increase of the ratio of board seats of outside directors is not significantly to suppress the degree of REM. (2)The increase of board seats of independent directors is effectively to reduce the extent of REM. (3) If the ratio of board seats of manager is higher, it will push firms to manipulate earnings by REM.