The purpose of the study was to explore the use of certain psychometric procedures and to study their value in relation to the problems of selection and prediction of prison personnel. The tests selected were the Wesman Personnel Classification Test, the Kuder Preference Record, form CH, the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory, and the Manson Evaluation. The criterion used to evaluate the tests was supervisors' ratings based on a forced distribution rating scale which measured only one trait, namely job proficiency. The total sample consisted of 100 employed prison officers and all were rated for job proficiency. Sub-samples from the main sample were formed from the extreme ratings of the whole group. Thus, the top 27 per cent represented the successful group and the bottom 27 per cent the unsuccessful group. The tests were analyzed individually. Mean profiles for the total sample were computed for all test variables and were compared with the published norms for each test. Mean scores and standard deviations for both groups of officers were computed and these data were examined for significant differences between the two groups. From an analysis of the mean scores 14 out of 35 test variables significantly discriminated between the two groups. The best predictor proved to be the Social Service scale of the Kuder Preference Record. The next best predictor was Part I (verbal) of the Personnel Classification Test. Biserial correlation coefficients from widespread classes were also computed. These coefficients were generally of a low order, ranging from .04 to .49. Fourteen coefficients were significantly greater than zero. A scattergram analysis of all tests and subtests was also undertaken to determine the best critical scores. This analysis revealed that, for practical purposes, six scales yielded effective cutting scores. The six scales in descending order of effectiveness for selection purposes were Part I, Personnel Classification Test, the Kuder Social Service scale, the MMPI Psychasthenia scale, the MMPI Depression scale, the MMPI Hostility scale, and the Manson Evaluation Total score. In general, the results indicate the psychometric tests have value for the screening of prison officers. However, it is indicated that the results must be employed with caution until a further validation study is carried out on a sample of officers that is more representative of the population upon which it is intended to use the tests, viz., a sample of job applicants. / Arts, Faculty of / Philosophy, Department of / Graduate

This study consists of literature research providing background and basic knowledge on layoff-related issues, and analysis of data obtained through a survey of human resources professionals in 30 mid-size Southern California cities. The survey provided information on the layoff experiences of respondents' cities and the current state of affairs pertaining to layoff policies, procedures and perceptions.

This thesis investigates two Swedish municipalities that have vocalised a discontent with Sweden’s recent “Settlement Act,” arguing that they would like to receive more refugees than the national policy allows. Making it an interesting case of decision-making processes within governance studies. In the center of this thesis, public officials’ influence in the policy process of migration and refugee settlement is investigated, given that this focus has previously been neglected in studies concerning migration policy. As such, the primary purpose of this study is to describe and analyse how public officials potentially influence the policy process, alongside a secondary task of investigating how municipalities react towards a more restrictive national policy regarding refugee settlement and what governance arrangements this can lead to. The study uses a qualitative research method, drawing upon documents from the municipalities and twelve interviews with both public officials and politicians. The study finds that public officials influence the policy process within two dimensions of power: agenda-setting and decision-making. Furthermore, it is found that local governments react towards the more restrictive national policy with a localist approach, by formulating policies of their own, using “vertical venue shopping” to influence upper levels of government, and arguing that local problems need local solutions. Nonetheless, the thesis demonstrates that these attempts to influence upper levels of government do not succeed, with no signs of the national government changing its policy in response. Thus, it is argued that with specific regards to refugee settlement, it seems as though Swedish policy-making is becoming increasingly top-down, with limited opportunities for local governments to influence national policy.

Thesis (M. Dev.) -- University of Limpopo, 2015 / Recent changes in the Department of Sport and Recreation have placed new external pressures and challenges on Sport officials to change their ways of managing School Sport Mass Participation Programme in their sphere of operation. The above challenge prompted the researcher to investigate the Management and Implementation of School Sport Mass Participation Programme (SMPP) in selected secondary schools at Malamulele East Education Cluster in the Limpopo Province. The study is concerned with the development of effective strategies that will enhance the capacity of sport officials and change their perception; and that of other stakeholders on the management and implementation of the School Sport Mass Participation Programme. This study used the context of Malamulele East cluster as its spring board in engaging in the daunting subject of the School Sport Mass Participation Programme. Surely, with all the changes that are involved in the implementation of the above programme, there is a need to review the way the School Sport Mass Participation Programme should be implemented, hence this study. The literature review established the relationship between Sport Management and the implementation of School Sport Mass Participation Programme. In this regard, the study showed that managers who apply the principles of management, motivation, participation in decision making, management by objectives and delegation can enhance the management and implementation of School Sport Mass Participation Programme in the area of the study. In this study, a mixed research design approach was employed to investigate the factors that promote and hinder the management and implementation of the School Sport Mass Participation Programme in Malamulele East cluster. Both questionnaires and structured interviews were employed to collect data from the respondents. The main findings of the study confirmed that there are challenges associated with the management and implementation of the School Sport Mass Participation Programme in Malamulele East cluster. Challenges such as lack of managerial skills, clear delegation of powers, lack of clarity on policy guidelines, inadequate resources, lack of cooperation vi and shortage of financial resources hampered the successful implementation of the School Sport Mass Participation Programme in Malamulele. In conclusion, the study also led to suggestions of strategies and recommendations that can improve the management and implementation of School Sport Mass Participation Programme in Malamulele East Education Cluster in the Limpopo Province.

The prevalence of bribery in Ghana has increased significantly since the mid-2000s and has received considerable attention in both local and international media, as well as among empirical researchers. Although researchers have examined factors that influence the giving and acceptance of bribes in Ghana, limited theoretical research exists concerning the ways public officials in Ghana defend their corrupt behavior. The purpose of this study was to examine ways bribees in Ghana defend their illegal actions, using Sykes and Matza’s neutralization theory. Data were collected from telephone interviews with 11 Ghanaian public officials who have served sentences for bribery; their statements of defense were analyzed through qualitative content analysis to establish whether they used techniques of neutralization. The findings of this study indicate that public officials accused of accepting bribes apply all 5 techniques in Sykes and Matza’s neutralization theory to neutralize the guilt associated with their actions. The findings also indicate that participants believe that bribery has become part of the Ghanaian culture. Legislators, organizational leaders, and criminal justice administrators could use the findings of this study to enact appropriate laws to manage the issue of bribery in Ghana and to design effective and comprehensive ethics policies and programs to prevent its occurrence. Implications for positive social change include reducing the negative economic implications of bribery and improving trust in public officials.

For an effective, fair, just and equitable tax system to be established, certain fundamental principles have to be enforced to ultimately achieve a balance between government interests and taxpayers’ interests. The government is conferred with the power to tax which is derived from the Constitution. At first glance the government’s power to tax seems wide, but upon an analysis of the Constitution, one can note that the government’s power to tax is limited by certain structural, procedural and substantive limitations. By way of the Bill of Rights, the Constitution confers taxpayers with numerous rights which serve as the substantive limitations to the government’s power to tax. One of these fundamental taxpayers’ rights is the right of just administrative action, which is the sole focus of this dissertation. A right without a remedy to enforce same is of no consequence, and therefore the available remedy analysed is the remedy of judicial review which is regulated by the Constitution read together with PAJA and the Constitutional common law principles. The executive authority to tax vests in SARS, being an organ of state, which is headed by CSARS. Empowering legislation confers SARS, CSARS and other delegated SARS officials with the power to take decisions/exercise discretions. There are three types of empowering provisions which are differentiated, based on whether the remedy of objection and appeal is available to the taxpayer. Despite the availability of the remedy of objection and appeal, most decisions taken/discretions exercised by SARS and its delegated officials may amount to administrative action. The question which arises is whether taxpayers are equipped with a right and remedy to protect their interests from unlawful, unreasonable, and procedurally unfair exercise of such administrative action. S33 of the Constitution confers taxpayers with the fundamental right of just administrative action, and to enforce this right, taxpayers would have to implement the remedy of judicial review. The mere availability of a right and remedy does not provide taxpayers with protection; thus in order for the right and remedy to provide taxpayers with protection against the administrative action taken by SARS and its delegated officials, taxpayers would have to prove that the right and remedy is applicable and enforceable in the circumstances. The aim of this dissertation is to determine whether the right of just administrative action and the remedy of judicial review is applicable and enforceable in the tax arena. For the right and remedy to be applicable and enforceable, certain substantive and procedural requirements must be satisfied, and therefore those requirements are analysed in the tax arena in this dissertation. The substantive requirements which need be complied with are: (a) the administrator must be subject to the provisions of PAJA; (b) the conduct of the administrator must constitute “administrative action” as defined in PAJA; (c) the “administrative action” must materially and adversely affect taxpayer’s rights or legitimate expectations and have a “direct, external legal effect”; and (d), the “administrative action” must be found not be “lawful, reasonable and procedurally fair”, and if so, a ground as contemplated in s6 of PAJA must be applicable. The procedural requirements which needs be complied with are: (a) locus standi to institute judicial review proceedings; (b) time limitations in which judicial review proceedings must commence; (c) the exhaustion of all available internal remedies prior to the commencement of judicial review proceedings (unless there are exceptional circumstances); (d) that Rules regulating proceedings in terms of PAJA be established and determination of such Rules which will regulate judicial review proceedings until new Rules are promulgated. If, in the circumstances, the taxpayer can prove that he or she complies with all substantive and procedural requirements, then the right of just administrative action and remedy of judicial review is applicable and enforceable. It then needs to be established which forum would have the necessary jurisdiction to adjudicate upon the remedy of judicial review in the tax arena. There are two relevant Courts, namely the Tax Court and the High Court. The Tax Court has been established to adjudicate upon tax-related matters, whereas the High Court has inherent jurisdiction. It has been determined that in terms of the Constitution read together with PAJA, only a High Court or court with similar status may adjudicate upon judicial review. The Tax Court is a creature of statute and it has been held that the Tax Court does not have a similar status as the High Court. Case law has, however, previously held that the Tax Court has jurisdiction to review administrative action by SARS and its delegated officials. The leading case in this regard was, however, adjudicated upon in 1985, prior to the Constitution and PAJA having been promulgated. It therefore seems that the case law should be re-evaluated in light of the current Constitutional dispensation in which the Constitution is the supreme law. Finally, this dissertation provides a concise analysis of the powers which the forum having jurisdiction to adjudicate upon judicial review has to make orders. It is prudent to emphasise that this dissertation focuses on the position prior to 1 October 2012. On 1 October 2012 the Tax Administration Act 28 of 2011 (the TAA) came into force and effect. The TAA is relevant to some of the issues discussed in this dissertation. Where the TAA influences the issues, mention is made of the provisions of the TAA, but these are not discussed. Therefore a recommendation for further research is that this dissertation be re-evaluated in light of the provisions of the TAA. The most relevant provisions which the TAA caters for, which may influence the topic of this dissertation, is the establishment of the Tax Ombud and the conferring of a limited remedy of review upon SARS and its delegated officials, in addition to the remedy of objection and appeal. / Dissertation (LLM)--University of Pretoria, 2013. / Mercantile Law / unrestricted

- 1 - Roman officials during the Republic Abstract This thesis was created with the aim to provide a comprehensive look into the problematics of Roman magistracies in the republican times. Appart from the listing of individual republican offices and their powers, which constitutes the crux of this thesis, it also grapples many questions closely connected to the concept of Roman republican magistracies, including questions of sociopolitical and legal nature. Attention is also given to historical and societal circumstances that have led to the creation of individual magistracies, rules governing holding these offices, their acquisition and resignation and furthermore the relationship between individual magistracies regarding the course of offices. The opening chapter deals with the term Roman magistracy itself and later with the principles governing magistracies as a whole as well as the division of offices into groups based on certain criteria. Likewise, the Roman course of offices - cursus honorum is an important part of the chapter as well as the insignia and privileges of the office that distinguished Roman magistrates from the ordinary citizens. The next two chapters deal with candidacy, campaigning for office and the criteria, that each candidate had to successfully fulfil to be voted into office. The...

I Sverige är retention, alltså kvarhållandet av anställda, relativt outforskat. Därför är syftet medstudien att undersöka vilka faktorer i arbetet som bidrar till att individer väljer att stanna kvar hossamma arbetsgivare under en längre tid. Studien syftar även till att bidra till en djupare förståelseför vad som motiverar anställda i det dagliga arbetet. För att kunna förverkliga syftet har vi använten kvalitativ metod och intervjuat sex tjänstemän från olika företag som alla vid intervjutillfälletvarit anställda i minst sju år hos sin arbetsgivare. Resultatet analyserades med hjälp av en tematiskanalysmetod samt teorier och tidigare forskning. Den tematiska analysen innebär att studiensresultat har analyserats efter de faktorer vi valt att grunda frågeställningarna på; lärande ochutvecklingsmöjligheter, socialt stöd, work-life balance och lönenivå.Resultatet visar att respondenterna upplever att vad som bidrar till retention och vad som motiverardem i arbetet varierar. Vilken faktor som upplevs som mest motiverande skiftar beroende påexempelvis anställningstid och förändringar i privatlivet. Vidare visar resultatet att samtligafaktorer ständigt är av betydelse för respondenternas motivation och retention, däremot i varierandeomfattning över tid.Nyckelord: retention, motivation, medarbetarperspektiv, tjänstemän

The purpose of this bachelor's thesis in sociology is to understand and reflect on how blue-light professions such as police, ambulance, emergency services and other professions such as social services and leisure leaders work with young people based on the project the Man behind the uniform. The sociological problem being studied is the disbelief young people can create towards the blue light professions as well as professions such as social services and leisure leaders. The study is based on the theories of social ties, organizational culture, shame and pride, over-, under- and optimal differentiation, habitus and segregation. Through a qualitative method in the form of eight interviews, the purpose has been to answer our question: In what ways can the project The Man Behind the Uniform strengthen the relationship and mutual trust between young people and those who work in the blue light profession? The result indicates that the attitude towards uniformed officials as well as professions such as social services and leisure leaders may be disturbed by many young people and that this is due to the ongoing negative effect of society on, among other things, vulnerable areas. The segregation that exists in the vulnerable areas is also a factor of the prevailing circumstances against officials.

The purpose of this study was to determine if extended periods of time out of the training environment has an effect on the retention of training. The rationale for conducting this study was based on the fact that little research has been done in this area. The findings of the study indicated that extensive periods of time out of training do significantly influence the amount of training retained fromone loadmaster course to the other. Additionally, there was a significant relationship between the number of days out of training and the posttest scores. The optimum training break between courses appears to be between 10 and 20 days. Training retention is apparently affected by time.