李之瑾. / "2006年9月" / 論文(哲學碩士)--香港中文大學, 2006. / 參考文獻(leaves 164-175). / "2006 nian 9 yue" / Abstracts in Chinese and English. / Li Zhijin. / Lun wen (zhe xue shuo shi)--Xianggang Zhong wen da xue, 2006. / Can kao wen xian (leaves 164-175). / Chapter 第一章： --- 硏究問題 --- p.9 / Chapter 1.1 --- 硏究介紹 --- p.9 / Chapter 1.2 --- 背景資料 --- p.15 / Chapter 1.3 --- 硏究問題 --- p.22 / Chapter 1.4 --- 論文結構 --- p.24 / Chapter 第二章： --- 文獻綜述 --- p.26 / Chapter 2.1 --- 代際關係 --- p.26 / Chapter 2.2 --- 社會支持 --- p.28 / Chapter 2.3 --- 傳統與現在的衝突 --- p.32 / Chapter 2.4 --- 子女性別分工 --- p.34 / Chapter 2.5 --- 配偶角色分工 --- p.37 / Chapter 2.6 --- 居住分離 --- p.39 / Chapter 2.7 --- 孤寡和高齢老人 --- p.40 / Chapter 2.8 --- 獨生子女政策下的家庭支持 --- p.42 / Chapter 2.9 --- 家庭撫養 --- p.44 / Chapter 2.10 --- 婆媳關係/婆家和娘家關係 --- p.47 / Chapter 第三章： --- 硏究方法 --- p.54 / Chapter 3.1 --- 個案選取 --- p.54 / Chapter 3.2 --- 樣本 --- p.57 / Chapter 3.3 --- 資料收集與硏究方法 --- p.58 / Chapter 3.4 --- 數據詳情 --- p.60 / Chapter 第四章： --- 撫養 --- p.65 / Chapter 4.1 --- 撫養內容 --- p.65 / Chapter 4.2 --- 撫養作爲贍養的一種投資 --- p.79 / Chapter 4.3 --- 撫養中，多子女與獨子女家庭的不同 --- p.84 / Chapter 4.4 --- 撫養中，婆家與娘家的不同角色，婆媳矛盾 --- p.90 / Chapter 4.5 --- 討論 --- p.93 / Chapter 第五章： --- 贍養 --- p.94 / Chapter 5.1 --- 贍養的主要內容及現狀 --- p.94 / Chapter 5.2 --- 養老的展望 --- p.101 / Chapter 5.3 --- 贍養中，多子女與獨子女的不同 --- p.110 / Chapter 5.4 --- 撫養中，婆家與娘家的不同角色 --- p.116 / Chapter 5.5 --- 討論 --- p.120 / Chapter 第六章： --- 權力關係 --- p.122 / Chapter 6.1 --- 生育意志 --- p.122 / Chapter 6.2 --- 生育照料以及第三代子女撫養照顧的選擇是一個重要的權力較量 --- p.128 / Chapter 6.3 --- 生育中，多子女與獨子女的不同 --- p.132 / Chapter 6.4 --- 婆家和娘家的權力鬥爭/婆媳矛盾 --- p.134 / Chapter 6.5 --- 家庭權利的其他表現 --- p.139 / Chapter 6.6 --- 婆媳矛盾的原因表現 --- p.143 / Chapter 6.7 --- 討論 --- p.149 / Chapter 第七章： --- 結論 --- p.151 / Chapter 7.1 --- 撫養、贍養以及權力關係的相互影響 --- p.151 / Chapter 7.2 --- 獨生子女和多子女家庭在三個方面的不同 --- p.157 / Chapter 7.3 --- 婆媳關係/婆家和娘家的關係 --- p.159 / Chapter 7.4 --- 其他需要補充的說明 --- p.161 / Chapter 第八章： --- 參考資料 --- p.164 / Chapter 8.1 --- English part --- p.164 / Chapter 8.2 --- 中文部分 --- p.172

The aim of this study was to explore and describe the experience of an only-child adolescent’s lived experience of parental divorce. Gestalt field and phenomenological theory in conjunction with current literature provided an overview of the theoretical underpinnings pertaining to the study. A qualitative research approach with a case study of an only-child adolescent dealing with parental divorce was conducted in an ethical manner by means of two face to face, one-on-one, in depth interviews. Two main themes were identified. The first being experienced feelings associated with grief and bereavement, which revealed feelings of anger in the notion that the participant’s childhood was lost as a result of the divorce and being caught between the parental conflicts. The participant seemed to take it upon herself to take care of those significant to her in fear that she would lose them and that the loss would continue to be repeated. It was further revealed that when the only-child adolescent felt a loss of her own identity she in turn felt out of control. The second theme identified was; experience pressure due to being an only-child. Pressure in being an only-child was very significant surrounding the participant. The participant shared a great deal of feelings pertaining to feeling lonely and longing for a sibling. As parents in divorce situations seem to be focussed on their divorce often the child suffers from stress and the unrealistic expectations parents often have surrounding their children. In this study the only-child could not seem to cope with the pressure and in times of despair made use of coping mechanisms, mainly that of cutting to compensate for the emotional pain experienced. The researcher is of the opinion that the study delivered new found awareness into the only-child adolescent’s lived experience of parental divorce and is in hope that the new found results are utilised as a platform for further studies about this vulnerable population. / MSW (Play Therapy), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2015

The aim of this study was to explore and describe the experience of an only-child adolescent’s lived experience of parental divorce. Gestalt field and phenomenological theory in conjunction with current literature provided an overview of the theoretical underpinnings pertaining to the study. A qualitative research approach with a case study of an only-child adolescent dealing with parental divorce was conducted in an ethical manner by means of two face to face, one-on-one, in depth interviews. Two main themes were identified. The first being experienced feelings associated with grief and bereavement, which revealed feelings of anger in the notion that the participant’s childhood was lost as a result of the divorce and being caught between the parental conflicts. The participant seemed to take it upon herself to take care of those significant to her in fear that she would lose them and that the loss would continue to be repeated. It was further revealed that when the only-child adolescent felt a loss of her own identity she in turn felt out of control. The second theme identified was; experience pressure due to being an only-child. Pressure in being an only-child was very significant surrounding the participant. The participant shared a great deal of feelings pertaining to feeling lonely and longing for a sibling. As parents in divorce situations seem to be focussed on their divorce often the child suffers from stress and the unrealistic expectations parents often have surrounding their children. In this study the only-child could not seem to cope with the pressure and in times of despair made use of coping mechanisms, mainly that of cutting to compensate for the emotional pain experienced. The researcher is of the opinion that the study delivered new found awareness into the only-child adolescent’s lived experience of parental divorce and is in hope that the new found results are utilised as a platform for further studies about this vulnerable population. / MSW (Play Therapy), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2015

作為世界上人口最多的國家，中國曾經是世界上人口增長速度最快的國家之一。為了減輕人口過快增長對經濟社會發展的不利影響，中國在20世紀70年代開始實施旨在減少人口數量增長和提高人口素質的人口和計劃生育政策，這項政策的實施以及經濟社會的快速發展，使得中國在短短20多年的時間內走過了發達國家幾百年才能完成的人口轉變歷程。 本研究評估過去中共人口政策的演變，以及對各方面的正負面影響。中國經濟改革開放以後，提倡一胎化政策的實施對中國的人口發展有著重大影響。其最直接的影響是加快了中國人口由高增長向低增長方式的轉變，促進了中國生育率的下降。隨著生育率的下降，給中國的經濟增長帶也來了很強的效應。另外，提高婦女地位、就業壓力的減緩、健康、教育方面也有一定程度的改善。本文透過對人口問題的深入探討，找出問題存在的癥結。對當前經濟和社會發展影響最大的人口問題主要包括幾個：一是人口性別比例失調問題；二是年齡結構變化相伴隨的人口老齡化問題：三是與前兩個問題有密切關係的獨生子女問題：四是四二一綜合症。 / Abstract China is not only the most populous nation in the world, the country was also among one of the fastest population growing countries. To reduce and minimize the negative impacts to economic and society from rapid population growth, China started implementing various population policies to elevate population superiority by decelerating population growth in the late1970’s, after 20 years such policies allowed China made swift and significant economic and society progresses, which is unprecedented among the developed nations, such changes and swiftness might take few hundred years to transform and accomplish. This research evaluates the evolution in China’s population policies, and focus on the positive and negative aspects from implementing such policies. After China opened its door to the world, the realization of “one-child” policy has affected China’s population growth drastically. The one-child policy has directly impacted on the transformation from previous high population growth, to current low growth rate, it also, deceased the birth rate in China. The result of the birth rate reduction also facilitated the current China’s robust economic growth. Furthermore, it elevated women’s social status and lightened the employment competitiveness, and there are significant improvement in health and education. This paper, thoroughly analyze the predicaments in population and attempt to seek the rationale for their existence. The current economic and society issues involved the following: 1. population unbalance in male and female proportions, 2. the change in age structures towards majority elderly population, 3. problems from one-child policy, 4. issues with “four-two-one” syndrome.

Abstract The aim of this present study was to investigate whether there is a relationship between birth order and the personality trait narcissism using 181 individuals from Finnveden High School in Värnamo (115 females, 60 males, mean age 17, sd=0,94), in the context of the proposal of Sulloway (1996) that personality is influenced by the specialized nich-es siblings adopt in the quest for access to parental resources. A questionnaire which in-cludes Narcissistic Personality Inventory test, Birth order test and also Rosenberg’s self-esteem test in order to investigate if it might has an impact on narcissistic personality trait, was used. Results showed that there was no significant relationship between birth order and narcissism, however, a significant relationship between narcissism and self-esteem was found. Furthermore, there was a significant relationship between narcissism and the individual’s relationship with the mother. In conclusion, there was no direct rela-tionship between birth order and narcissism. Our hypothesis was falsified and no support for Sulloways theory was found.

<p>Abstract</p><p>The aim of this present study was to investigate whether there is a relationship between birth order and the personality trait narcissism using 181 individuals from Finnveden High School in Värnamo (115 females, 60 males, mean age 17, sd=0,94), in the context of the proposal of Sulloway (1996) that personality is influenced by the specialized nich-es siblings adopt in the quest for access to parental resources. A questionnaire which in-cludes Narcissistic Personality Inventory test, Birth order test and also Rosenberg’s self-esteem test in order to investigate if it might has an impact on narcissistic personality trait, was used. Results showed that there was no significant relationship between birth order and narcissism, however, a significant relationship between narcissism and self-esteem was found. Furthermore, there was a significant relationship between narcissism and the individual’s relationship with the mother. In conclusion, there was no direct rela-tionship between birth order and narcissism. Our hypothesis was falsified and no support for Sulloways theory was found.</p>

中國為控制龐大的人口，自1979年開始實施計劃生育政策，一轉眼已經過了30年，一群1980年前後出生的獨生子女紛紛邁入婚姻、走入家庭，形成了獨生子女相互婚配的「獨生父母」，也同時造就了有別於傳統中國「發散型」家庭結構的「四二一家庭」。 本研究以此為出發，探究「四二一家庭」結構中的新型家庭關係，並挑戰結構功能論大師帕森斯關於現代化家庭之理論。本文認為，由於夫妻雙方皆為獨生子女，父母要協助子女分擔家務不再分身乏術，三代同堂的擴大家庭將成為中國城市的主要家庭模式，並非現代化理論所認為的核心家庭為主；而在四二一家庭中，親子關係也將居於核心地位，有別於帕森斯所認為的以夫妻軸為主。 筆者於2010年5月親赴北京對10位「獨生父母」進行訪談，深入了解獨生子女從擇偶、新婚、一直到四二一家庭成形所遇到的種種情況，包括夫妻家務分工上的不適應、為人父母後的角色轉換，以及在四二一家庭中獨一無二的天倫樂。 本文最後依據中國2010年第六次人口普查結果及獨生父母的訪談內容，結合各方專家意見，對計劃生育政策做出利弊分析，並探究生父母們在邁入家庭、準備「哺乳」的過程中，對父母的依賴，究竟「斷乳」了沒。 / Abstract In order to control the colossal population in China, the Chinese Communist Party have been implementing the birth control policy since 1979.Thirty years on, more and more children born under the one-child policy have arrived at nubile age. Marriage of only sons and only daughters compose the dual-core family which is different from the traditional Chinese family structure. This text focuses on the dual-core family, to explore the new family relationships and to challenge the Modernized theory of family proposed by T. Parsons. The text is of the opinion that the extended family model with three generations will become the main family structure in urban China as opposed to the nuclear family described in the Modernized theory; the focus of the family will be on the parent-child relationship rather than the conjugal relationship Parsons suggested. The author visited Beijing in May 2010 for interviews with ten “only-child parents”, This granted deeper understanding of the range of circumstances encountered during the process of partner selection, marriage and family formation by adult only-children. These include maladaptation in housework allocation, the role switch after becoming parents and the familial relationships and happiness unique to the extended family structure. In summation, the text combined findings from the sixth Chinese national census 2010, the conducted interviews and the opinions of various specialists and scholars to comment on the pros and cons of the birth control policy and to assess the level of parental dependence of adult only-children in China and their readiness for parenthood.

The thesis deals with the issue of singletons. Its main question is directed to the childhood of singletons and its importance for the whole life of a human. It wonders whether the childhood of singletons affects humans in adulthood, or in which areas and which way. The thesis is divided into two parts, theoretical and part of the research. In the first part basic terms are defined which constitute the basis for the second part of the work. The research part of the work is more extensive and forms the core of the thesis. It is a qualitative research. Biographical design, specifically the realistic biography, has been used as the most appropriate research plan. First, three interviews were made and processed - depth probes of the respondents who grew up as the singletons. The analysis of the probes divided the interview into three stages: childhood upbringing, the upbringing of their own children and self-education. After processing the individual parts of the research, the final synthesis revealed that the childhood of the respondents and the fact of being an only child had a significant impact on their overall life. It affected their childhood and also the following life stages. The biggest deficit of the singletons was in socialization, predominantly in the area of interpersonal relations and...

Die algemene persepsie bestaan dat dit 'n struikelblok is om 'n enigste kind te wees omdat hierdie kinders meestal sosio-emosionele probleme ervaar. Hulle word getipeer as onder andere selfsugtig, eensaam, afhanklik, ongelukkig, dominerend en bederf. Daar bestaan betreklik min navorsing omtrent die enigste kind as sodanig. Die meeste inligting wat omtrent hierdie kinders beskikbaar is, is verkry uit"'vergelykende studies waarvan enigste kinders toevallig deel gevorm het en waarin die invloed van veranderlikes soos geboorterangorde en gesinsgrootte op aspekte soos intelligensie, persoonlikheid en gedrag ondersoek is. Die gebruik van hierdie veranderlikes het wye kritiek uitgelok omdat dit aanleiding gegee het tot teenstrydige navorsingsresultate wat sowel negatiewe as positiewe persoonseienskappe uitgewys het. 'n Sterk pleidooi is gelewer vir 'n holistiese benadering tot die persoonlikheidsontwikkeling van die enigste kind met grater klem op die bepalende invloed van f aktore binne en buite die gesin. In hierdie studie word die invloed van ouerlike opvoedingsgedrag op die persoonlikheidsontwikkeling van die enigste kind ondersoek. Die vertrekpunt van die studie is 'n ondersoek na die rol wat gehegtheid en die gesin as sosiale sisteem as grondslag van 'n ouer-kind-verhouding speel. Albei ouers dra vanuit hul onderskeie ouerhuise bepaalde opvoedingsinhoude, gebaseer op die opvoedingsgedrag wat hulle as kinders ervaar het, in hul huwelik en gesin in. Dit dien as grondslag vir die opvoedingsgedrag wat hulle teenoor hul kind openbaar. Sodoende skep hulle 'n eie opvoedingskultuur. Die literatuur Die literatuur bevestig die regstreekse verband tussen ouerlike opvoedingsgedrag en die persoonlikheidsontwikkeling van die enigste kind. In hierdie studie word agt dimensies van - ouerlike opvoedingsgedrag beskryf, asook die invloed daarvan op die persoonlikheid van die enigste kind. In die empiriese ondersoek word die opvoedingsgedrag van vyf ouerpare, asook hul enigste kinders se betekenisgewing daaraan en belewing daarvan, aan die hand van vraelyste en ongestruktureerde onderhoude kwalitatief geevalueer. Op grond hiervan is bevind dat die populere stereotipering van die enigste kind ongegrond is en dat daar nie sprake is van 'n tipiese enigste kind nie. 'n Waardering van die persoonlikheidsontwikkeling van die enigste kind, trouens van enige kind, is eerder gelee in die kind se belewing van en betekenisgewing aan sy ouers se opvoedingsgedrag. / A general perception exists that it is an impediment to be an only child because these children frequently experience socio-emotional problems. They are typified as self-centred, lonely, dependent, domineering and spoit Little research exists to verify this description. Most of the available information has been obtained through comparative studies in which only children participated through sheer coincidence. These studies investigated the effects of variabl~ such as position in family and family size on aspects such as intelligence, personality and behaviour. The use of these variables elicited wide criticism since it resulted in contradictory research findings which indicated the presence of both negative and positive personality traits. This prompted a plea for a holistic approach to the personality development of the only child, with a greater emphasis on the determining influences of factors within and outside the family. This study investigates the influence of parental educational behaviour on the personality development of the only child. The point of departure is an inquiry into the roles played by the family as a social system and attachment in the foundation of the parent-child relationship. From their respective parental homes, both parents bring certain educational contents into their marriage, based on the educational behaviour that they experienced as children. This serves as a basis for the behaviour that they display towards their children. The literature establishes a linear relationship between parental educational behaviour and the personality development of the only child. In this study, eight dimensions of parental educational behaviour are described, as well as the influence of these on the personality of the only child. In the empirical investigation, the educational behaviour of five couples was quantitatively evaluated using questionnaires and unstructured int~rviews. The only child's attribution of meaning to and experience of this behaviour were also evaluated. Based on these results, it was found that the popular stereotyping of the only child is unfounded, and that there is no such thing as a typical only child. An appreciation of the personality development of the only child, and indeed any child, lies rather in the child's experience of and meaning attribution to his parents' educational behaviour. / D.Ed. (Psychology of Education)

This study explores the one-child policy as viewed by the present generation of single daughters who grew up in urban China, and the extent to which this policy has affected their family values. Through snowball sampling methods, semi-structured in-depth interviews were conducted with 12 unmarried only-child daughters from urban China now studying in Victoria and Vancouver. For purposes of comparison, 11 unmarried only-child daughters of the same generation were also interviewed in Hong Kong during the same time period. The findings revealed that some only-child daughters from urban China experienced low dissemination and enforcement of the one-child policy and expressed noncompliance and dissatisfaction towards the policy. A comparison between the China and Hong Kong samples indicates that the one-child policy has limited effect on the family values of the only-child daughters in urban China. By exploring the concept of governmentality, the demographic transition theory, and the concept of resistance, this thesis aims to address the dynamics between action of state power and the reaction of only-child daughters from urban China born under the one-child policy.