A pressão pela publicação e divulgação de mais dados governamentais produzidos pelos governos tem contribuído não só para aprimoramento dos níveis de transparência pública, mas também como forma de potencializar o desenvolvimento de serviços públicos digitais por meio de novas plataformas TIC. Em São Paulo, a criação de um ambiente de inovação, pautado pela criação de ferramentas e soluções digitais do tipo, desenvolvidas através da coparticipação entre o governo municipal e demais partes interessadas, se baseou essencialmente na utilização de dados abertos de transporte e mobilidade urbana. Dessa forma, nasceu o MobiLab, um laboratório vivo (living lab), pautado pela copartipação de setor público, empresas, universidades e demais potenciais usuários que juntos, passaram a direcionar seus esforços para a criação de soluções digitais voltadas para solucionar problemas de locomoção presentes hoje no cotidiano do município de São Paulo. Esta dissertação, portanto, buscou lançar um olhar para o MobiLab, de modo a poder realizar um estudo de caso que contemplasse as questões envolvendo a utilização de dados governamentais abertos, a partir da utilização de um living lab, o MobiLab, como catalisador de diferentes oportunidades e desafios que governos, empresas e a sociedade podem enfrentar engajadas no uso de novas tecnologias criadas a partir do uso de dados abertos. Como forma de melhor analisar as atividades realizadas no MobiLab, a pesquisa realizou um estudo de caso junto à startups participantes de um programa de residência, onde foi possível acompanhar parte do processo de criação de aplicativos digitais e a percepção dos usuários do laboratório a respeito da utilização de um ambiente de inovação tecnológica, caracterizado pelo uso de dados abertos e a forma como ele incide no desenvolvimento das soluções propostas / The pressure for the publication and dissemination of more government-produced government data has contributed not only to improved levels of public transparency, but also as a way of leveraging the development of digital public services through new ICT platforms. In São Paulo, the creation of an innovative environment, based on the creation of digital tools and solutions of the kind, developed through the co-participation between the municipal government and other interested parties, based on the use of open transport data and urban mobility. MobiLab was born, a living lab, based on the co-participation of the public sector, companies, universities and other potential users, who together began to direct their efforts towards the creation of digital solutions aimed at solving problems of Urban mobility present today in the daily life of the municipality of São Paulo. This dissertation, therefore, sought to look at MobiLab, as a case study that contemplated the issues involving the use of open government data, focused on urban mobility, and guided by the use of a living lab, the MobiLab, as a catalyst for different opportunities and challenges that governments, startups and society may face while using new technologies created from the use of open government data. As a way to better analyze the activities developed at MobiLab, the research carried out a case study with startups participants of a residence program, where it was possible to follow part of the creation process of the applications and the perception of the users regarding the use of an environment of technological innovation, based on the use of open data and the way in which it focuses on the development of the proposed solutions

A presente investigação tem como objetivo identificar tipos de usos que podem ser agregados aos dados governamentais abertos por prestadores de serviço, para oferecer produtos e serviços através de aplicativos para smartphones ou através de páginas web. O foco desta pesquisa buscou explorar modelos de negócios que utilizam bases de DGA, as quais devem estar organizadas em sítios, com objetivos de dar transparência, podendo ainda utilizar bases de dados construídas a partir da captura de dados públicos e de dados pessoais. Os modelos de negócio em questão têm como objetivo reorganizar e combinar esses dados de forma que produzam um produto ou serviço que crie valor para o cliente do modelo de negócio. Foi realizado um estudo explorado para identificar qual a participação desses prestadores de serviços na cadeia de valor dos dados abertos, como estão sendo estruturados os modelos de negócio que suportam o funcionamento dessas ferramentas e quais as dificuldades que esses prestadores de serviço têm encontrado no acesso as bases de dados governamentais, que possam ser utilizadas como fonte de dados para produzir informação com valor agregado. Neste estudo estão apresentados sete casos que foram elaborados através de entrevistas semiestruturadas, realizadas com auxilio do software Skype, quando a distância geográfica impossibilitou a entrevista presencial. Os casos foram então submetidos à análise de conteúdo, através da codificação aberta onde, buscou-se identificar fenômenos ou características que poderiam ser replicadas e encontradas em novos casos. Elaborou-se, para cada caso, uma proposta de interpretação do modelo de negócio adotada com a representação gráfica da ferramenta Canvas Também foram analisados o posicionamento de cada caso na cadeia de valor dos DGA e as bases de dados utilizadas. / The following research aims to identify types of uses that can be aggregated to open government data by service providers, to offer products and services using smartphone applications or web pages. The main focus of this research was to explore business models that use DGA databases, which are organized in sites aiming to give transparency, and to optionally use databases built from the capture of public and personal data. These business models intend to reorganize and combine these data in order to produce a product or service that create value to the business models\'s client. A research has been made to identify what is the participation of these service providers in the open data value chain, how are structured the business models that support these tools and what are the problems that these service providers have been found trying to access government databases that can be used as data sources to produce value aggregated information. In this study, seven cases are presented , which were developed using semistructured interviews, carried out using Skype software when the physical distance made it impossible to make a face interview. The cases were subjected to content analysis through open source coding , in order to identify phenomena or characteristics that could be found or replicated in new cases. For each case, a business model interpretation proposal using Canvas tool has been made, together with the position of each case in the DGA value chain and in the used databases.

Det huvudsakliga syftet med denna studie är att öka förutsättningarna för Örebro kommun att bedriva ett framgångsrikt arbete med öppna data. Genom att analysera nuläget med avseende på öppna data, dels nationellt, dels inom kommunen, ämnar studien att presentera ett antal rekommenderade strategiska åtgärder som bedöms vara lämpliga för att förbättra arbetet med öppna data i Örebro kommun. Rapporten ska, förutom att fylla ett utbildande syfte internt, utgöra ett underlag för framtida beslut angående öppna data centralt inom kommunen och i kommunens förvaltningar. Två workshopar och intervjuer med interna och externa aktörer genomfördes för att identifiera utmaningar, potentiella målbilder och aktiviteter relaterade till öppna data inom Örebro kommun. Dessa analyserades utifrån tidigare forskning om öppna data i offentliga organisationer. Resultaten visar att kommunen i Örebro bör öka den organisatoriska förmågan, skapa engagemang hos medborgare och underhålla en mer målorienterad strategi för öppna data. / The release of public sector information as open data is expected to bring various benefits such as citizen participation, transparency and innovation. In recent years’ open government data has been getting more attention at various levels of government causing several frameworks and manuals to be published. These publications aim to help local governments by providing guidance on how open data efforts should be organized and implemented in practice and a common to these reports is that they contain general descriptions and guidelines that are addressed to all public organizations working with open data. This demands that the proposed practices must be customized when adapted by a specific organization. The municipality of Örebro has an ongoing commitment to open data. Since the interest in open data started to take off in Sweden, the municipality has periodically released new open data sets and on three occasions conducted hackathons with an open data theme. However, the recent introduction of a new municipal management, as well as the loss of an open data key figure, has impeded the continued work with open data in Örebro. Therefore, there is reason to examine what measures should be taken to improve the efforts of open data release in the municipality. In this study interviews and workshops were conducted to identify barriers, goals and activities related to open data in order to bring forward empirically supported recommendations that help the organization to overcome barriers and work towards a more streamlined open data process. The results suggest that the municipality in Örebro should make efforts to increase organizational capabilities, nurture citizen engagement and support a more goal-oriented strategy for open data.

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The thesis discusses the participatory governance establishment in Georgia and Ukraine with a focus on the elements of deliberative public participation. Through the analysis of the established practices of citizen engagement, the research attempts to find out whether Georgia and Ukraine managed to construct the system of the inclusion of the people in policy-making and set up the opportunities for deliberative public participation. The thesis contains the analysis of the legislative frameworks and the implemented Open Government Partnership initiatives in Georgia and Ukraine to find out which platforms of citizen engagement are set up in both countries and identify their character: do these platforms include the elements of deliberative public participation? If yes, to what extent? Each of the main mechanisms of citizen engagement is analysed according to the four categories defined in the evaluation framework. After identifying the level of deliberative public participation in both countries, the thesis discusses the environments both in Georgia and Ukraine to understand which factors underpinned the process of the development of deliberative public participation, and also, which factors held back the progress.

As part of its quest to become the first digital African city, in 2014 the City of Cape Town adopted an open data policy, which was later coupled with an open data portal to make government data available for public access. This was touted as a novelty initiative as the City of Cape Town was the first African city to implement a policy of this nature. This open data initiative aimed at enhancing transparency and accountability as well as promoting inclusive economic participation for its citizens. Open data project managers from the city and external industry experts working on open data initiatives were interviewed to understand the current the state of open data within the city and how it worked with other stakeholders. The study draws on these interviews to present the current challenges experienced by the city from the city’s official point of view as well as from open data experts working closely with the city. To understand the practical experiences of how the city publishes data in its platforms, the study also extensively explored the city’s open data portal, as well as examining and commenting on the documented open data policy guidelines contrasted and compared to current practical experiences. To guide the objectives and analysis of the study, four key themes were adopted from literature; context, use, data and impact. Context focused on the overall context or environment at which open data in the city is provided as a public service, while use focused challenges on the uses of open data as well as it is users, data focused on the types of datasets published on the portal as well as the technical challenges in publishing them. Lastly impact looked at the expected benefits and goals of the city’s open data policy. The study through the themes highlighted the ongoing challenges at various levels that the city experience as they implement and develop the open data policy. Overall it was noted that open data was not a goal but continuous challenges were arising daily while implementing and developing the policy- while it was noted that various stakeholders within and outside government had to collaborate to effectively meet the required open data standards.

The engagement of citizens in governmental actives is the future of publicsector reforms. The private sector has already started to leverage onlinetechnology to innovate and to reinvent businesses. The move towards servicesexchange instead of goods exchange is making producers, providersand users cooperate to recognize and exploit value co-creation opportunities.The degree to which collective intelligence is leveraged could be correlatedto the value an initiative generates in the public sector. Thereby open governmentimplies a focus on value co-creation in the public sector. This thesisargues that an important purpose of opening up governments towards citizensand private business is to leverage the potential of value co-creation in asimilar fashion to that already being explored in the private sector. To explorethis phenomenon this thesis addresses the following research question:How can local government use IT services to become more open and leveragethe potential of public value co-creation?Utilizing a design science approach with interpretive philosophical assumptions,the thesis contributes to knowledge on open government and value cocreationby designing artifacts that support open government in the form ofe- and m-services. It also investigates inhibitors of public value co-creationthat may arise from the design of the artifacts.

Open Government Data, an initiative of the open government movement, is believed to have the potential to increase government transparency, accountability, and citizens' participation in government affairs. It is also posited that they will contribute to economic growth and value creation. The Canadian federal, provincial, and local governments have been actively opening and releasing open datasets about multiple subjects of interest to the public. However, evidence of the benefits of using open datasets is scant, with no empirical research undertaken to understand how the data are used and what value is being created. This study, based on a qualitative, grounded theory method, focuses on the works and experiences of 17 Canadian open data intermediary firms to discover patterns and themes that explain how the data were used, what resources were needed, the value created, and the challenges faced. The data collection is based on semi-structured interviews conducted virtually with the founder or company's executives. The data analysis provided insights into how open government data were used, the organizational challenges the open data intermediaries faced, the state of open government data, and the economic value created. The findings highlighted the key similarities and differences in the activities the open data intermediaries performed and the importance of resources and capabilities in developing products/services that contribute to economic value creation. The study concluded by listing five challenges impacting the use of open government data: (a) awareness, (b) quality of open government data, (c) competencies of users, (d) data standards, and (e) value creation.

The main purpose of this study is to assess the factors of library readiness in Indonesian government agencies for implementing and using linked open government data (LOGD). The studies investigated readiness factors in the context of TOE framework: technology, compatibility, complexity, relative advantage, organization: top management support, internal readiness, environment: competitive pressure, external support, peer pressure. This study employed a mixed-methods approach, encompassing surveys and interviews, to gather data from a representative sample of libraries inside Indonesian government organizations. The quantitative research design results indicates that compatible technology, external support and peer pressure are significant factors in the readiness level to implement LOGD in Indonesia perceived by librarians. The qualitative design research employed to explore the quantitative research design found that in the technological perspective are data quality policy, metadata standard policy, privacy and security policy are the main factors to make LOGD compatible in the library. From the environmental perspective are government agency libraries in Indonesia needs law and legal policy and technical policy in LOGD for bibliographic data. The external support also needs commitment and support engagement to ensure the government agencies library in Indonesia is ready to implement LOGD. Indonesian government librarians should consider the peer communication among other librarian as essential factors in LOGD implementation. To increase readiness of LOGD implementation in the government agencies library across Indonesia, the Indonesian government should create compatible technology policies for government agencies library, creating national policy to support LOGD in technical aspect, and creating peer partnership among government agencies library in Indonesia.

政府資料開放(Open Government Data, OGD)已成為全球電子治理趨勢之一，其帶來開放透明、參與和創新的潛在價值。資料開放幾乎己經是一種不可抵抗的趨勢，資料開放行動不應僅有中央視角，更應緊密聯結於城市規劃，以用於解決城市問題。地方政府推動資料開放政策仍面臨眾多挑戰，採取的行動策略會影響政策推展。為了順利推動並減少阻礙，找出影響地方政府在推動資料開放的關鍵成功因素，是目前地方政府首要思考的課題。 是以本研究旨在瞭解政府資料開放政策之成功因素，建構地方政府資料開放之關鍵成功因素架構雛型。新北市由於其在系統整合的經驗以及資料釋出態度的轉變，故本研究以新北市作為個案，以實務觀點與經驗更為適切地提出政府資料開放之關鍵成功因素架構。藉由文獻回顧國內外影響政府資料開放的因素，建立政府資料開放關鍵成功因素的初步架構，並以深度訪談方式瞭解新北市政府資料開放政策脈絡，蒐集受訪者對於政府資料開放關鍵成功因素之建議，以此為基礎進行架構的修正。最終本研究提出以政策環境基礎作為支持的政府資料開放循環流程，該流程包括資料開放計畫、資料開放準備、資料開放、資料使用、回饋與檢討等5個階段。針對政府資料開放循環流程中不同階段的目標，每階段下有各自相對應的關鍵因素，共計28項因素的政府資料開放關鍵成功因素架構，並針對各項關鍵因素提出之說明與建議，提供地方政府推動資料開放政策之參考。 基於前述研究過程與訪談結果，本研究發現新北市政府推動仍面臨許多挑戰，影響資料開放所帶來的成效不清。這些挑戰來自於政策路徑與規劃、組織管理以及民間溝通與聯結面向，彼此間相互有所關聯，也反映出所需強化之關鍵成功因素。本研究也從新北市推動經驗，提出對地方政府強化資料開放政策之建議，並給予後續研究發展的相關建議。 / Open Government Data (OGD) has become one of the main tendencies for E-governance in the world. OGD offers tremendous potential value for transparency, participation and innovation. Open data has almost become an inexorable trend. In addition, Open data initiatives are not only for central government but also local government, and it should be closely linked with city planning and used to solve city issues. However, local government faces many challenges in open data initiatives. Due to the influence on policy implementation from adopting strategies, it is important for local government to find out Critical Success Factors (CSFs) for open data initiatives in order to promote open data initiatives and remove barriers. This article presents a case study of the open data initiatives in the New Taipei City area, where the government has experience with system integration and the rapid release of open data. The main purpose of the research is to explore the phenomenon of empowering through open data at the local level and propose a holistic framework of CSFs for open data which assist the local government identifies the key issues. By reviewing related literatures and conducting interviews, the study proposed a framework of CSFs for open data with five stages (in terms of planning, readiness, disclosure, use and feedback) and resulted in a list of 28 success factors. The ranking of the success factors is taken into account by the order in which they are presented, mapped onto the Open Data Process. Also, the list of success factors might be helpful for local government to have an indication of what they should focus on. Based on the interviews, there are still some barriers need to be overcome and the results of open data remain unclear in New Taipei City. These challenges come from three major facets: policy roadmap, organizational management and civic communication. Besides, these challenges correlate with each other, and they also reflect on the necessity of strengthen CSFs by local government. Based on the experiences from New Taipei City, the final section of the study provides ways of advancing the open data initiatives with recommendations and researcher reflexivity.