Traditional retouching, where you make the body of a female model in a magazine thinner, has been common for a long time and is well known. Several studies indicates that showing ultra-thin images of female bodies in media can lower the body satisfaction of “ordinary” women which in some cases can lead to dangerous eating disorders. But in 2010 Swedish female magazine VeckoRevyn introduced a new type of retouching: Making some catwalk models bodies bigger instead, which we decided to call opposite retouching. This kind of retouching is aiming to widen the ideal picture that is sent out of how the female body should look like, and therefore having the readers reach a higher body satisfaction and becoming more at peace with the own body. This according to the magazine’s editor in chief, Linda Öhrn Lernstrom. In this attitude study we are looking to widen the knowledge about opposite retouching as a phenomenon by doing qualitative interviews with a number of young women in age 15 – 25 about their outlook on this new retouching. We later present as extensively as we can all these different outlooks, as well as by using Festinger’s social comparison theory, the social responsibility theory presented by Peterson and finally Hall’s representation theory, analyse these outlooks at a deeper level. Opposite retouching showed to be a controversial phenomenon among our respondents: Some of the women meant that the magazine takes their social responsibility and that this initiative is admirable, while some thought that it just makes some women’s body dissatisfaction even worse since even the thin catwalk models bodies weren’t “good enough”. The women in this study belong to the same age group and live in the same culture, which accordning to Hall is crucial for how one perceives media content, and had still such great differences of opinion when it came to the subject of opposite retouching. This indicates that this new retouching needs further investigation, and this attitude study strives to be a contribution to the research field.

This study approaches wood quality in young trees by very early screening – and consequent selection for propagation – on the basis of physical and mechanical properties. In chapter 1 corewood properties are reviewed and the importance and problems associated with early screening are discussed. Due to randomly distributed reaction wood in young trees it is advantageous to lean trees to avoid intermixing of the two wood types and minimise any uncertainty in the results. In chapter 2 physical and mechanical properties are described for opposite and compression wood in a population of Pinus radiata comprising of 50 families, at a young (<3 years) age. The dynamic stiffness was determined using the resonance acoustic technique. Density was measured using water displacement method, and longitudinal and volumetric shrinkage were measured from green to ~5% moisture content. The compression wood and opposite wood differ significantly in all the measured properties. Compression wood was characterised by high density and high longitudinal shrinkage. The mean stiffness of opposite wood was 3.0 GPa with a mean standard deviation of 0.39, and the mean longitudinal shrinkage of opposite wood was 0.99% with mean standard deviation of 0.31 across the samples examined. This variation in stiffness and longitudinal shrinkage in opposite wood can be exploited to screen for wood quality. The variation in stiffness and longitudinal shrinkage within a family was comparable to variation among families. In spite of large within site variability it was possible to distinguish between the worst and the best families in opposite wood at young age. In chapter 3 ranking of selected families of Pinus radiata was done based on microfibril angle, which is considered as the main factor influencing both stiffness and longitudinal shrinkage. The ranking was compared with ranking done using acoustic velocity which is more practical and fast method of screening trees. The mean MFA in opposite wood was 39° with a mean standard deviation of 3.7 and in compression wood the mean MFA was 44° with a mean standard deviation of 2.9. The variation in MFA in opposite wood offers opportunities to breed for trees with low MFA. A strong negative correlation (R=-0.68) between acoustic velocity squared and MFA in opposite wood suggested that the resonance technique can be used effectively to screen very young wood rather than using MFA. At high MFA, the cell wall matrix also plays an important role in determining the mechanical and physical properties of the wood. At present the chemical composition of wood samples is determined by wet chemical analysis, which is time consuming and laborious. Therefore, it is impractical to characterise large numbers of samples. Mechanical properties, particularly tanδ (dissipation of energy), which changes with temperature and frequency as the structure of the material changes at the molecular level, was studied using dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA). The idea was to assess if it can be used as a quality trait for tree screening instead of wet chemical analysis. Compression wood and opposite wood were characterised for storage modulus and tanδ at constant moisture content. In practice the instrument used, TA instrument Q800, was unable to provide the desired range of temperature and humidity so no glass transition at 9% moisture content in the temperature range of 10°C to 85°C at 1 and 10 Hz frequency was observed that might be attributed to the hemicelluloses (or lignin). In spite of the huge difference in chemical composition of opposite and compression wood, the difference in their mean tanδ at 25°C and 1 Hz values was just 7%. The positive correlation between MFA and tanδ in opposite wood suggested that MFA also plays a role in the dissipation of energy. The strong relationship between storage modulus and dynamic modulus (R=0.74) again justifies the reliability of resonance technique to screen young wood for stiffness. Concurrently eighty seven, two-year-old leant Eucalyptus regnans were studied for growth strains along with other physical and mechanical properties, independently in tension and opposite wood. The leant trees in Eucalyptus regnans vary in their average growth strain. Strong correlation between measured and calculated strain (R=0.93) suggests that the quick split method can be used to screen large populations for growth stresses. Tension wood was characterised by high density and was three times stiffer than opposite wood and twice as high in volumetric shrinkage. The high longitudinal shrinkage in opposite wood could be due to comparatively high MFAs in opposite wood of the young trees. There was no correlation between growth strain values and other measured properties in opposite wood. It is possible to screen for growth strain at age two, without any adverse effect on stiffness and shrinkage properties.

国立情報学研究所で電子化したコンテンツを使用している。

Yes / It is often assumed that exposure to nude stimuli in advertising influences consumer behavior positively. However, the empirical evidence concerning the effects of nudity on consumer reactions is inconclusive. The goal of this study is to disentangle the effects of opposite-gender and same-gender nudity on female and male consumers' reactions. This study, thereby, offers a framework for the appropriate choice of seminude or fully clothed human stimuli based on advertisers' objectives and consumer–model gender interactions. The empirical data were derived from a large-scale market research initiative from Germany with 61,399 consumer evaluations of 147 real ads from 16 product categories. Female consumers show positive same-gender results for both seminude and fully clothed female models, indicating strong homophily, but nonsignificant opposite-gender effects on information search, positive attitude change, integration of brand into consideration set, and purchase intentions. In contrast, male consumers demonstrate a significantly positive and equally strong influence of opposite-gender and same-gender seminude stimuli on all of the four variables.

Title: Influence of race of horse and speed of it's walk on timing of muscles in hippotherapy Purposes: The goal of study is to find out if race of horse and speed of it's walk approaches muscles timing in the reverse sitting position. We also pretend quadrupedal locomotion activation. That would substantiate hippotherapy with sitting-unable children. : Methods: Surface Electromyography, physiotherapeutic screening Results: Muscles timing was different with selected races as well as with different speed of walk. Quadrupedal locomotion was certified. Keywords: hiporehabilitation, hippotherpy, reverse sitting, quadrupedal locomotion, race of a horse, surface electromyography

Die Arbeit hat zwei Teile. Zuerst wird eine Analyse von drei großen Romanen Dostojewskijs vorgenommen: Der Idiot, Die Dämonen und Die Brüder Karamasoff. In jedem Roman werden verschiedene Themen in Betracht gezogen: die Schönheit in Der Idiot, die Liebe in Die Dämonen und das Opfer in Die Brüder Karamasoff. Durch diese Themen wird die Komplexität der dostojewskijschen religiösen Welt freigelegt. Im Werk des russischen Schriftstellers ist das religiöse Element wesentlich, wenn man die Handlung verstehen und interpretieren will. Das Drama der wichtigsten Figuren beruht immer auf einer Auseinandersetzung mit religiösen Themen. Die Religiosität ist auch das Hauptthema der Hermeneutik Guardinis in seinem Buch Religiöse Gastalten in Dostojewskijs Werk. Der zweite Teil der Doktorarbeit untersucht daher die guardinische Interpretation Dostojewskijs. Warum und wie hat der italienisch-deutsche Denker den russischen Schriftsteller gelesen? Welchen Beitrag haben die Romane Dostojewskijs dem guardinischen Denken geliefert? Welchen Beitrag leistet die Deutung Guardinis für die Kritik des dostojewskijschen Schaffens? Diese Fragen eröffnen die Grundzüge des zweiten Teils der Arbeit.

Malgré les encouragements visant à soutenir les PME, la création de ces entreprises demeure inférieure aux attentes ; nombre de celles-ci disparaissent. L'octroi de crédit est la ontrainte primordiale pesant sur le développement et la pérennité de ces entreprises puisque les banquiers accordent du crédit seulement lorsqu'ils s'assurent que les clients sont solvables et qu'ils sont aptes à honorer leur engagement. Cette politique financière discriminatoire des banques se justifie par la difficulté d'évaluer leurs risques et le manque de crédibilité de leurs systèmes d'informations puisque les informations sont insuffisantes et souvent unilatérales ; une des deux parties dispose d'une meilleure information ; il en sait davantage que l'autre. Ce phénomène est appelé asymétrie de l'information et pourrait engendrer l'aléa moral et la sélection adverse. Cependant, le contrat signé entre d'un côté, les emprunteurs, et de l'autre, les créanciers, pourrait se traduire par une information asymétrique conduisant, tout au plus, au rationnement de crédit, ou dans certains cas, à des taux d'intérêt élevé, freinant ainsi le développement de la relation banque-entreprise. Notre recherche s'appuie sur une enquête conduite auprès de 160 chargés de clientèle de deux banques tunisiennes, la Société Tunisienne de Banque (STB), et la Banque Internationale Arabe de Tunisie (BIAT), afin d'étudier leur comportement dans la décision d'attribution de crédit aux ppetites et moyennes entreprises (PME). L'utilisation de la méthode des équations structurelles montrent une diversité des comportements des banques privées par rapport à ceux étatiques. / Despite the encouragement to support the SMEs, the creation of these companies still bellow expectations, number of these disappears. The granting of credit is the essential constraint pressing on the development and the sustainability of these companies because the bankers provide credit only when they make sure that the customers are solvent and that they are capable of honoring their commitment. This discriminatory fisal policy banks is justified by the difficulty in assessing their risks and the lack of credibility of their information systems, since the information is insufficient and often unilateral, one of two parties has better information, he know more than the other. This phenomenon is alled asymmetric information and could cause moral hazard and adverse selection. However, the contract between the borrowers, on one hand, and creditors, on the other hand, the creditors ould be shifted by asymmetric information leading, at the most, rationing of credit, or in some cases, to high rate interest ; thus limiting the development of the relationship between banks and companies. Our research is based on a survey conducted among with 160 account managers of two Tunisian banks, Tunisian Banking company ("Société Tunisienne de Banque", STB) and the Arab International Bank of Tunisia ("Banque Internationale Arabe de Tunisie", BIAT) to study their behavior in the decision of allocation credit to small and medium enterprises (SMEs). The results, achieved through Structural Equations Analysis, show differences between private versus public banks in regard.

The main aim of my diploma thesis is to determine the position of newspaper called Pražský denník in context to other Czech newspapers of the second half of the sixties of the 19th century. That time was the period which represented the essential changes in development of the modern society and politics in Czech lands. Simultaneously, it is the period when the political journalism started to form. The activity of Pražský denník has not been studied in any research yet. This periodical is considered to be biased and insolvent because it is usually included into official pro- government newspapers. Such evaluation of this newspaper is done without any deeper content analysis. The interpretation of the Czech journalism, which is mainly focused on the effect of opposite newspaper (e.g. Národní listy) and had the main effect on the Czech national movement, does not pay attention to Pražský denník at all. Considering the fact that Pražský denník was published in cargo of 20 000 pieces we should not omit evaluating of this newspaper according to its effect on reader of that time. In my diploma thesis, I would like to focus on the content analysis of Pražský denník and to analyze the thematic composition and territorial focus of individual articles. My interest is also concentrated on the measure and...

本研究主要目的在探討外表、聲音與性別角色對異性吸引之影響，因此以呈現目標人物之照片、錄音帶及性別角色特質描述來操弄目標人物的外表吸引力（高、低）、聲音吸引力（高、低）及性別角色傾向（符合性別角色刻板印象、不符合性別角色刻板印象）三個獨變項，並以人際判斷量表為依變項，採用受試者間設計，請受試者對所呈現之目標人物作印象判斷，最後再將趼究結果進行統計分析，以了解受試者對異性吸引在此三項特徵上受影響的情形。 　　本研究之有效受試者為２８８位大專學生（包括政大與中國工商大專生，其男女生各１４４名），研究程序乃是請他們在看了目標人物的照片、聽了目標人物的聲音及看完同班同學對目標人物看法的描述後，以所發給的「人際判斷量表」對目標人物做一些印象判斷（實際目的則是測量其異性吸引程度）。 　　研究結果發現：（一）高外表吸引力或高聲音吸引力者較低外表吸引力或低聲音吸引力者顯著的引起男女生受試者較愉快的情緒經驗及較高的喜歡與交往的動機，亦即異性吸引程度較高。（二）「外表吸引力」與「聲音吸引力」有交互作用存在，且發現就男生受試者而言，「聲音吸引力」與「性別角色」二變項也有交互作用存在。（三）目標人物之不同性別角色特質描述對男女生受試者之情緒及異性吸引有不同的影響。就男生受試者而言，目標人物之性別角色特質描述符合性別角色刻板印象者較不符合性別角色刻板印象者引起受試者較愉快的情緒經驗及較高的喜歡與交往的動機；就女生受試者而言，則結果與男生正好相反，即目標人物之性別角色特質描述不符合性別角色刻板印象者較符合性別角色刻板印象者引起受試者較愉快的情緒經驗及較高的喜歡與交往的動機。（四）受試者的外表吸引力自評、聲音吸引力自評、性別角色刻板印象高低、是否已有男（女）朋友等干擾變項均不會影響目標人物之外表吸引力高低、聲音吸引力高低及性別角色傾向對異性吸引之影響效果。 　　本研究最後乃針對不符合假設之結之結果提出討論，並提出本研究之建議，以供未來研究、兩性關係的調適及教育輔導上之參考。 / This study examined the effects of physical attractive-ness,vocal attractiveness and sex-roles orientation on opposite-sex attraction. 288 subjects(144 male and144 female)were shown an opposite-sex target's photograph of high or low physical attractiveness,a tape of high or low vocal attractiveness,and a description of the target who appeared to be sex-role-congruent or incon-gruent in his(her) trait. Then subjects judged the target's attraction on the Interpersonal Judgment Scale. Result indicated that(1)high physically or vocally attractive evoked significantly more pleasant mood and greater attraction than low physically or vocally attractive target. (2)the interaction between physical attractiveness and vocal attractiveness was significant, and also found that the interaction between vocal attractiveness and sex-roles was significant for male subjects. (3)the target's different description of sex-roles evoked different effects for male and female subjects. For male subjects, the target's sex-role was congruous with sex-role stereotypes that evoked more pleasant mood and greater attraction than sex-role was not congruous with sex-role stereotypes. For female subjects, the target's sex-role was not congruous with sex-role stereotypes that evoked more pleasant mood and greater attraction than sex-role was congruous with sex-role ster-eotypes. (4)analysis did not reveal the impacts of self rating of subjects' own physical and vocal attractiveness, sex-role stereotypes, and whether had or not boyfriends (girlfriends) on opposite-sex attraction. The suggestions for further studies and implications of this study for our understanding of the effects of physical and vocal attrac-tiveness, and sex-roles on opposite-sex attraction are discussed.

Die Arbeit hat zwei Teile. Zuerst wird eine Analyse von drei großen Romanen Dostojewskijs vorgenommen: Der Idiot, Die Dämonen und Die Brüder Karamasoff. In jedem Roman werden verschiedene Themen in Betracht gezogen: die Schönheit in Der Idiot, die Liebe in Die Dämonen und das Opfer in Die Brüder Karamasoff. Durch diese Themen wird die Komplexität der dostojewskijschen religiösen Welt freigelegt. Im Werk des russischen Schriftstellers ist das religiöse Element wesentlich, wenn man die Handlung verstehen und interpretieren will. Das Drama der wichtigsten Figuren beruht immer auf einer Auseinandersetzung mit religiösen Themen. Die Religiosität ist auch das Hauptthema der Hermeneutik Guardinis in seinem Buch Religiöse Gastalten in Dostojewskijs Werk. Der zweite Teil der Doktorarbeit untersucht daher die guardinische Interpretation Dostojewskijs. Warum und wie hat der italienisch-deutsche Denker den russischen Schriftsteller gelesen? Welchen Beitrag haben die Romane Dostojewskijs dem guardinischen Denken geliefert? Welchen Beitrag leistet die Deutung Guardinis für die Kritik des dostojewskijschen Schaffens? Diese Fragen eröffnen die Grundzüge des zweiten Teils der Arbeit.:Einleitung ERSTER TEIL: DIE RELIGIÖSE WELT IN DOSTOJEWSKIJS GROSSEN ROMANEN I. Der Idiot 1. Die Figur des Fürsten Myschkin 2. Was ist das Schöne, das die Welt erlösen wird? II. Die Dämonen 1. Die Dämonen und die kluge Schlange 2. Das Böse und die Liebe III. Die Brüder Karamasoff 1. Vorwort 2. Das Weizenkorn 3. Die Empörung über das Opfer 4. Echtheit der Liebe durch das Opfer ZWEITER TEIL: ROMANO GUARDINIS INTERPRETATION VON DOSTOJEWSKIJ I. Methodologie 1. Die Einheit in der Spannung der Gegensätze 2. Die katholische Weltanschauung 3. Die guardinische Hermeneutik II. Genese und Entwicklung des Werkes über Dostojewskij 1. Guardinis Professur für katholische Weltanschauung in Berlin 2. Entwicklung des Werkes über Dostojewskij III. Romano Guardinis Interpretation von Dostojewskij 1. Vorwort 2. Glaube und Religiosität des Volkes 3. Die Religiosität am Ende der Neuzeit 4. Ein Christussymbol? IV. Die Gegensätze in Dostojewskijs Werk 1. Der Beitrag der guardinischen Methode zum Verständnis des Werkes des russischen Schriftstellers