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Submitted by William Justo Figueiro (williamjf) on 2015-08-28T17:57:56Z No. of bitstreams: 1 39e.pdf: 533480 bytes, checksum: 943c1b81d4a73106f3fb3bdfa6e39887 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-08-28T17:57:56Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 39e.pdf: 533480 bytes, checksum: 943c1b81d4a73106f3fb3bdfa6e39887 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-08-30 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / O trabalho presente é um estudo bibliográfico das obras de Schopenhauer, com o intuito de pesquisar, dentro de sua filosofia, uma postura de vida enquanto prática. Através de uma leitura de sua obra, com auxílio de críticos e outros pensadores, o trabalho apresentará como a filosofia de Schopenhauer pode ser pensada em uma maneira prática. Por essa análise bibliográfica de seus estudos, conclui que a filosofia de Schopenhauer não pode ser considerada um simples pessimismo, mas, também, um otimismo prático. A visão quanto à filosofia de Schopenhauer vista como um filósofo pessimista será parcialmente desfeita, com as investigações deste trabalho, concluindo um novo olhar sob um conhecido autor, não mais atrelado à clássica visão do pessimismo, mas com uma nova perspectiva de sua filosofia enquanto prática, postura de vida, atribuindo importância atual, tanto a Schopenhauer quanto ao tema tratado nessa investigação. Ao fim do presente trabalho, estaremos diante de um Schopenhauer que nos aparece como um otimista às questões e aos problemas de nossa vida. / This work is a bibliographical study of the works of Schopenhauer, to search within his philosophy of life as a practice. Through a reading of his work, and with the help of critics and other thinkers this work will show how Schopenhauer's philosophy can be thought of in a practical way. By this bibliographical analysis of its studies this study will conclude that Schopenhauer's philosophy cannot be considered a simple pessimism, but also as a practical optimism. The view on the philosophy of Schopenhauer as a pessimistic philosopher will be partially undone with the investigations. Concluding a new look under a known author, no longer pegged to the classical view of pessimism, but with a new perspective of his philosophy as practice, posture. Assigning current importance both to Schopenhauer and the theme of this investigation. At the end of this study we will be faced with Schopenhauer that appears as an optimistic the issues and problems of our lives.

SammanfattningDenna studie har haft till uppgift att studera narcissism och aggression. Tidigareforskning har visat att låg självkänsla korrelerar med aggression. Senare forskning visarpå motsatsen att en hög instabil uppblåst självkänsla (narcissistisk) har ett samband medaggression. Detta eftersom personer med en narcissistisk personlighet är lätta attförolämpa och att de när de upplever att deras ego hotat, svarar med ett aggressivtbeteende. I studien undersöktes också om människor med höga narcissistiska värdenockså är orealistiskt optimistiska och har en orealistisk syn på sig själv och sin kontrollöver världen. Även skillnader mellan kön och narcissims undersöktes.Studien innehöll 26 kvinnor och 25 män. De fick fylla i formulär med påståenden sommätte narcissism och optimism. De fick skriva ett stycke om ett starkt ämne. Dessaessäer bedömdes senare av som de leddes att tro en person i ett annat rum. Här skeddemanipulationen av egot genom att undersökningsledaren fyllde i positiv kritik tillhälften av respondenterna och negativ till andra hälften. Efter att fått tillbaka det som deskrivit med antingen positiv eller negativ feedback fick de rätta ett glosprov som detrodde var gjort av den person som gett dem feedback. Detta glosprov innehöll felaktigaord, felstavade och helt rätta ord.Det som studien ville undersöka var om personer med höga narcissistiska värden skullerätta stängare och ge fel även åt ord som var felstavade. Denna studie är en replikationav ett experiment gjort av Baumeister och Bushman (1998). Deras experiment hadeinget glosprov utan innehöll en datorsekvens där respondenten kunde bestraffa denandre (som inte heller här existerade) med att bestämma hur länge den andre skulle höraett starkt ljud när denne svarat fel.Denna studie uppvisade inte ett likadant resultat som tidigare studier. Inget sambandåterfanns mellan ett hotat ego och aggression. Inga skillnader mellan kön ochnarcissism uppvisades. Studien visade inte heller på ett samband mellan optimism ochnarcissism.

The present study sought to examine optimism and hope as predictors of suicidal behaviors (viz., suicide ideation and suicide attempt) in a sample of 179 adult primary care patients. Furthermore, we aimed to determine if the combination of hope and optimism would account for additional variance in the prediction model for suicidal behaviors among this population. In this cross-sectional study, participants completed measures of hope (viz., agency and pathways), optimism, and suicidal behaviors, as well as a series of demographics questions. Hierarchical regression analyses were conducted to test the aforementioned hypotheses. Results indicated that hope and optimism were both significant and unique predictors of suicidal behaviors among adult primary care patients. However, the hope-by-optimism interaction terms were not found to be significant. Some implications of the present findings are discussed.

This study examined the relationship between parenting, adolescent personality, and adolescent optimism. Four hundred and eighty families with at least one adolescent child in the Seattle, Washington area completed a series of questionnaires assessing parenting style, personality, and optimism. Results from hierarchical regression analyses indicated that there is a small, yet significant, portion of the variance in optimism explained by parenting and personality individually, but that the relationship between optimism, parenting, and personality dynamics is far more complex than originally anticipated. Further research is needed to examine the nature of these relationships and to provide a more comprehensive understanding of the predictors of optimism.

This dissertation illuminates health inequalities by focusing on two motivational goods. One is expecting good things to happen: being optimistic, in other words. Another is feeling good, in terms of emotional well-being. While previous research has demonstrated the value of these psychological resources to understanding social inequality, basic questions remain about how and why these resources bring about health inequalities. In Chapter Two, I use data from the 2005 Survey of Midlife Development in the United States (MIDUS) to examine interactions between optimism and autonomy at work as they relate to psychological distress and positive emotion. I utilize my results to shed light on how autonomy matters to mental health: findings are consistent with autonomy as a lack of oppression or as a "strong" social situation, rather than autonomy as an opportunity to thrive. In Chapter Three, I test hypotheses about optimism in the context of relationship- and work-based crises, using data from the 2004 General Social Survey. I find that dispositional optimism is associated with increases in self-esteem and health; its effect on these outcomes intensifies around the time of relationship crises and is stronger for women than for men. In Chapter Four, I draw and build upon a capital activation perspective to argue that emotional well-being activates education. Using a representative panel sample of middle-aged adults (MIDUS: 1995-2005), I indeed find that emotional well-being activates education, leading to especially favorable gains in health, sense of control and voluntary association involvement - or, more strikingly, to no effect of education at low levels of well-being. Moreover, an auxiliary fixed-effects analysis of activation (based on the MIDUS 1995 Identical Twins sample) replicates these findings. In total, I find that capital activation is a powerful source of social stratification that rivals the importance of capital itself.

Expectations are a key aspect of human success and behavior that predict outcomes in a variety of settings, including academics. Trait expectations (e.g., hope and optimism) and previous experiences appear relevant to the formation of specific expectations. Specific expectations predict outcomes, with positive expectations predicting better outcomes. In academics, positive specific expectations predict improved academic performance; however, there are aspects of this relationship that are unclear. This study sought to examine the formation of specific academic expectations and the relationship between these expectations and academic performance. The current study aimed to replicate previous research about the unique influences of academic expectations, expand this knowledge by examining possible mechanisms of the relationship between academic expectations and academic performance, and test how previous academic experience affected this relationship. Results of this study showed that previous GPA and optimism, but not hope, predicted academic expectations. Academic expectations predicted academic performance, but this relationship was not mediated by study time or stress. Finally, previous GPA moderated the relationship between academic expectations and academic performance, such that the positive association between academic expectations and academic performance was stronger for those with poorer prior performance. <br>

<p><p>Syftet med den här studien har varit att undersöka lagidrottare och idrottsutövare som utför sin idrott individuellt och deras attityder gentemot olika typer av mål, samt att undersöka om det fanns något samband mellan attityden till målen och optimism. Som avgränsning valdes friidrottare och fotbollsspelare på elitnivå, och sex olika typer av mål. Studien som gjordes var en enkätstudie som analyserades med hjälp av SPSS 15.0. Resultatet visade att det fanns skillnader mellan fotbollsspelarna och friidrottarnas attityder gentemot målen, men att det inte gick att urskilja några mönster som att fotbollspelarna skulle vara mer resultatinriktade. Studien visade även att friidrottarna var mer optimistiska än fotbollsspelarna i avseende på LOT, men att både grupperna hade ett högt medelvärde på testet. Det visade sig även att det inte fanns något samband mellan idrotterna, attityden till målen och optimism.</p></p>

Thesis (M.A. (Industrial Psychology))--North-West University, Vaal Triangle Campus, 2008.

Syftet med den här studien har varit att undersöka lagidrottare och idrottsutövare som utför sin idrott individuellt och deras attityder gentemot olika typer av mål, samt att undersöka om det fanns något samband mellan attityden till målen och optimism. Som avgränsning valdes friidrottare och fotbollsspelare på elitnivå, och sex olika typer av mål. Studien som gjordes var en enkätstudie som analyserades med hjälp av SPSS 15.0. Resultatet visade att det fanns skillnader mellan fotbollsspelarna och friidrottarnas attityder gentemot målen, men att det inte gick att urskilja några mönster som att fotbollspelarna skulle vara mer resultatinriktade. Studien visade även att friidrottarna var mer optimistiska än fotbollsspelarna i avseende på LOT, men att både grupperna hade ett högt medelvärde på testet. Det visade sig även att det inte fanns något samband mellan idrotterna, attityden till målen och optimism.