Von Kooperationen zwischen Unternehmen erhoffen sich Wirtschaftspolitiker, dass sie als neue Organisationsform die Vorteile von Markt und Hierarchie in sich vereinen und kleine und mittlere Unternehmen durch zeitweilige Zusammenschlüsse größere Wettbewerbsfähigkeit gewinnen. Sie subventionieren Unternehmensverbünde (z. B. Innoregio, 1999 und Kompetenznetzwerke.de, 2000 durch das BMBF, Verbundprojekte auf den Gebieten FuE und Mikroelektronik durch das Land Sachsen) und vergeben zu ihrer Unterstützung Fördermittel für Forschungsprogramme (hier: @virtu im Rahmen der Ausschreibung zur „Arbeitsgestaltung in virtuellen Unternehmen“ durch das BMBF, 2001), aber die ökonomische Bedeutung dieser Organisationsformen ist bisher gering. Umfassende quantitative Befragungen des Zentralverbandes des Deutschen Handwerks (2002) und des Bundesverbandes Deutscher Unternehmensberater (2004) ergaben, dass Kooperationen sich häufig als sehr aufwändig erweisen und leicht zerbrechen bzw. nicht wiederholt werden. Es gilt herauszufinden, warum trotz des großen Nutzens, der durch Zusammenarbeit entstehen kann, Kooperationen nur zögernd eingegangen werden.

The Master thesis "Teaching Prosocial Skills at Primary Schools" deals with the theory related to the prosocial behaviour and further aims to describe present possibilities and methods of teaching prosocial skills at primary schools. The author, in the theoretical part, characterizes and analyses prosocial behaviour, according to its types and forms, outlines basic theories of prosocial behavior and its determinants. The author further gives examples of how schools are able to incorporate teaching prosocial skills in school curricula. The author, in the empiric part, introduces opinions, attitudes, ideas and previous experiences of teachers and students with this education, using interviews and analyses of school curricula and minimum preventive program.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-15T19:25:41Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Ricardo Presz Palmaka.pdf: 1143013 bytes, checksum: c432292cad770577bf08db44878294e5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-02-15 / Fundo Mackenzie de Pesquisa / Classifying things in groups is basic to study differences between these things; it is a way to store data and retrieve information. This happens in biology, the area of study where the classification of organisms is unquestionable important. Inspired by biology, Organizational Ecology theory has been concerned with the classification of organizations too. Much of the organizational research relies primarily on a firm classification which separates them by type of industry they belong to or by the type of product they offer to certain markets (HANNAN, HSU, 2005). This is not a surprise, since these are the criteria adopted by the official statistics in the classifications of economic activities, both nationally and internationally. Grouping companies by products they offer is also a commonly used way to target potential customers in marketing strategies, to create more effective sales processes, communication or promotion actions, for example. This kind of classification, however, is not always adequate, especially from an organizational point of view. It brings the risk of putting together different companies within a group: a large multinational company could share the same economic activity of a small business and both, although so different, be classified into a common group, since they offer the same types of products or services. The main goal of this dissertation is, using the concept of organizational form proposed by the Organizational Ecology, identify different groups in the software market. Similarly to the gene in biology, the organizational form serves as a set of instructions for the creation and conduction of collective action within the organization. This paper sought to show that within a group of software companies it possible to classify them according to their organizational form, taking into consideration not only their activities, but other attributes that form a company. To identify those attributes, the definitions of the form in Organizational Ecology were used, with a survey of 100 Information Technology companies, which generated five groups of companies, using objective characteristics of the organizational forms. / Classificar coisas é a base para que seja possível estudar as diferenças entre estas coisas; é uma forma de armazenar dados e permitir as buscas pelas informações. Assim ocorre na biologia, área de estudo em que a classificação de organismos é de indiscutível importância. Inspirada na biologia, a teoria de Ecologia Organizacional tem se preocupado com a classificação de organizações. Muitas das pesquisas sobre organizações utilizam predominantemente uma classificação de empresas que as distingue por tipo de indústria as quais pertencem ou pelo tipo de produto que oferecem a determinados mercados (HANNAN; HSU, 2005). Isso não é surpreendente, visto que estes são critérios adotados pelas estatísticas oficiais nas classificações das atividades econômicas, tanto em nível nacional quanto internacional. A classificação por produto supõe que em um grupo existam empresas homogêneas e é comumente usada para segmentação de potenciais clientes nas áreas de marketing das empresas para criar ações mais efetivas de vendas, comunicação ou promoção, por exemplo. Esta classificação, entretanto, não é adequada, sobretudo do ponto de vista organizacional. Corre-se o risco de juntar empresas diferentes entre si dentro de um mesmo grupo: uma grande empresa multinacional pode compartilhar a mesma atividade econômica de uma microempresa e as duas, tão diferentes entre si, serem classificadas dentro de um grupo comum, pois oferecem os mesmos tipos de produtos ou serviços. O principal objetivo desta dissertação é, usando o conceito de forma organizacional proposto pela Ecologia Organizacional, identificar os segmentos de empresas de serviços de informática. Analogamente ao gene na biologia, a forma organizacional funciona como um conjunto de instruções para criação e condução das ações coletivas no âmbito da organização. O trabalho procurou mostrar que dentro de um grupo de empresas de software é possível classificá-las de acordo com a sua forma organizacional, levando em consideração não apenas suas atividades, mas outros atributos que dão forma a uma empresa. Para a identificação desses atributos foram utilizadas as definições de forma na Ecologia Organizacional em uma pesquisa em 100 empresas de Tecnologia da Informação, em que foram encontrados cinco grupos de empresas, usando características objetivas de forma organizacional.

Bakgrund: Ur den kritik som sedan 50-talet formulerats mot den byråkratiska “mekaniska” organisationsformen har en utveckling mot mer “organiska” organisationsformer skett. Detta har tillsammans med den tekniska utvecklingen, som under de senaste årtiondena fortskridit, kommit att förändra många verksamheter. Begreppet post-byråkrati har i många sammanhang blivit ett samlingsnamn för dessa nya organisationsformer. Även om organisationer i mångt och mycket framhålls som mer post-byråkratiska, alltså flexibla, nätverkande och decentraliserade, finns det argument för att särskilt mellanchefers arbete och roll inte har förändrats i samma utsträckning och att byråkratin upprätthålls. Det talar för att det förekommer ett glapp mellan föreställning och verklighet. Syfte: Syftet med studien är att beskriva hur ett post-byråkratiskt chefsbeteende gestaltas i organisationer som utger sig för att vara post-byråkratiska. Metod: Studien har genomförts med utgångspunkt i en kvalitativ forskningsansats där semistrukturerade intervjuer och observationer har tillämpats. Detta eftersom syftet var att studera fenomenet på djupet snarare än att producera numerisk data och se samband. Respondenterna utgjordes av sex mellanchefer från två olika organisationer, tre chefer från respektive organisation. Urvalet av organisationerna baserades på ett antal uppställda kriterier. Resultat/slutsats: Studiens resultat visar att ett post-byråkratiskt chefsbeteende gestaltas som en hybrid mellan byråkratiska och post-byråkratiska kännetecken. Denna kombination gör sig synlig i alla studerade områden inom chefsbeteendet, såsom kommunikation, kontroll/styrning, beslutsfattande, ledarskapsstil och det interpersonella. Dock visar studien att beteendet hos de studerade mellancheferna tenderar att vara övervägande post-byråkratiskt. / Background: From the criticisms that have been formulated against the bureaucratic "mechanical" organizational form since the 1950s, there has been a development towards more "organic" forms of organization. This has along with the technological development, which has continued in recent decades, changed many enterprises. The concept of post-bureaucracy has in many contexts become a collective name for these new organizational forms. Although organizations are widely regarded as more post-bureaucratic, for example being flexible, networking and decentralized, there are arguments that the work and role of middle managers has not changed in the same extent and that bureaucracy is maintained. A gap between assumption and reality seems to occur. Purpose: The purpose of this study is to describe how a post-bureaucratic managerial behavior is embodied in organizations claiming to be post-bureaucratic.Method: The study has been carried out on the basis of a qualitative research approach. Semi-structured interviews and observations have been applied, since the purpose was to study the phenomenon in depth rather than produce numerical data and compare different results with each other. The respondents consisted of six middle managers from two different organizations, three managers from each organization. The selection of organizations was based on a number of criteria. Results/Conclusion: The results of the study show that a post-bureaucratic managerial behavior is regarded as a hybrid between bureaucratic and post-bureaucratic characteristics. This combination is visible in all of the studied areas in managerial behavior, such as communication, control, decision-making, leadership style and the interpersonal. The study shows that the behavior of the studied middle managers tends to be predominantly post-bureaucratic.

Genom historien har den svenska idrottsrörelsen kännetecknats som en folkrörelse. På senare tid har fotbollsföreningar i Sverige övergått från att vara en del av den organiserade demokratiska folkrörelsen vars främsta syfte är att främja folkhälsan till att idag bedrivas som företag med syftet att tjäna pengar. För att kunna bedriva elitidrottsverksamhet har organisationerna blivit allt mer professionella och kommersiella i sättet att införskaffa och säkerställa ekonomiska resurser. Den här studien ämnar undersöka om organisationsformen hos svenska fotbollsklubbar ger upphov till olika resursberoenden och hur de säkerställer resurser. Den teoretiska referensramen utgörs av resursberoendeteorin för att bland annat fältidentifiera värdefulla resurser och institutionell teori för att skapa en bredare bild för hur det svenska fotbollsfältet utvecklats. Studien är en kvalitativ fallstudie genomförd med hjälp av semistrukturerade intervjuer. Resultatet visar att organisationerna liknar varandra både vad gäller resursberoende men även i säkerställande av resurser där legitimitet var av stor betydelse. Studiens slutsats konstaterar att organisationsformerna inte har någon påverkan på vare sig resursberoende eller säkerställande av resurser. Resultatet pekar istället på att det är fältet som påverkar organisationerna. / Throughout history, the Swedish sports movement has been characterized as a popular movement. Recently, Swedish football organizations have transitioned from being part of the organized democratic popular movement whose main purpose is to promote public health to today being run as a company with the aim of making money. In order to operate an elite sport organization, organizations have become increasingly professional and commercial in the way of acquiring and securing financial resources. The theoretical framework for this study consists of Resource Dependence Theory to identify, among other things, valuable resources and Institutional Theory to create a broader picture of how the Swedish football field has developed. The study is a qualitative case study conducted with the help of semi-structured interviews. The result shows that the organizations are similar to each other in terms of resource dependency as well in securing resources where legitimacy was of great importance. The study's conclusion states that the organizational forms have no effect on either resource dependency or the securing of resources. The result, instead, indicates that it is the field that affects the organizations.

Title: Additional physical activities of pupils of the 2nd grade of elementary school Objectives: The aim of this thesis is to describe and classify various possibilities of integrating physical activity into the school regime of pupils aged 11-15, which reduce the sedentary stereotype and help to fulfil the recommended amount of daily physical activity of pupils. Methods: In the theoretical part, a search of literature and electronic sources was carried out. The practical part included a questionnaire to determine the current situation in schools in the Czech Republic. The questionnaire was created in Google Forms, Mailchimp was used to distribute the questionnaire and statistical processing of the results was completed in Microsoft Excel. The selection of respondents was randomly stratified by districts. Results: The theoretical part described a number of teaching forms and methods related to movement, including specific suggestions and inspirations in various subjects. The results of the questionnaire showed a high level of interest in the topic among school officials, but also a rejecting attitude of some respondents. Schools relatively often offer the possibility to spend breaks outdoors and also include walks into their lessons, or combine teaching with movement. However, corridor and...

摘要 開放原始碼軟體的出現，對軟體產業帶來巨大的衝擊。然而，針對開放原始碼軟體的研究，經常將開放原始碼軟體視為「沒有產權」的軟體，或是被更進一步提高到意識型態之爭，視為是爭取自由的「聖戰」。 本研究的成果指明，開放原始碼軟體之所以出現與茁壯，是回應軟體市場對個人化與差異化需求越來越高的有效方式。產品差異化的程度越高，對顧客知識的依賴程度越高，而開放原始碼軟體社群則是全然靠顧客的知識貢獻來開發軟體的一種組織形式。 開放原始碼授權協議作為一種產權制度，並非「沒有產權」或是「反對產權」，組織而是讓軟體開發社群成員的專質性知識與產權配置得以效率結合的制度發明。開放原始碼授權協議以著作權為基礎的制度安排，讓軟體開發者能夠自主地運用軟體原始碼、擴大社群成員間的知識共享、以及排除個人或商業公司在其間從事投機行為的可能性。 本研究對組織創新的三權假說於社群組織的運用，進行了初步的檢驗；此外，對於軟體產業該如何妥善運用顧客力量從事產品創新也提出了一些建議。 / Abstract The emergence of the open source software in the 1990s has made a huge impact on the software industry. However, the overall research on the open source software often regards it as “software without property right,” or even sees it a “holy war” fighting for freedom by heightening the ideological conflicts between liberalism and capitalism. The outcome of this research indicates that the initiation and development of the open source software serves as the effective response for the demanding software market of individualization and differentiation. The more the software product differentiates, the more the users’ knowledge has to be replied upon. The open source software community is a form of organization which entirely lives on the intellectual contribution of its customers. The licensing of the open source software as a system of property right does not mean that it has no property right or it is against property right; rather, it is an invention of system which allows the efficient combination of the community software developers and the distribution of property right. The licensing of the open source software based on the intellectual property right permits the software developers making use of the open source independently, expanding the communal share of knowledge among community members, and eliminating the possibilities of individuals and commercial companies who try to speculate in it. This study has made preliminary examinations on the application of the “hypothesis of the three powers” of the organizational innovation on communities and provides software industry with suggestions for how to make proper use of the power of customers.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-15T19:25:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Eliana Cruz Yoshida.pdf: 832230 bytes, checksum: 2a96519ccc0f980ce7dead070bae704a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-02-17 / Fundo Mackenzie de Pesquisa / This study analyzes the demography of the multiple banks in Brazil by utilizing longitudinal data which expands between periods of 1988 until 2009. The purpose of this research is analyzes the evolution of multiple banks, on these aspects: organizational diversity, age and mortality. Mainly, a multiple bank s origin can be: a) bank sector when the multiple bank originates from a development bank, a commercial bank or an investment bank; b) none-bank sector when the multiple bank birth from another kind of financial company, except banks. At first, through a perspective of the Ecology Organizational Theory, this research analyzes the organizational form of these banks that was in activity, and through an application of clusters analysis showing this population s feature and its organizational diversity. Then second, by utilizing the Weibull model, it is generated a life data analysis to identify, among others results, positive age dependence in mortality (cancelation) rates for these Brazilian multiple banks, describing a liability of obsolescence or senescence. At last, by using two statistical techniques (test chi-square and Weibull model), it was possible to gather evidence that a relationship exist between source and cancelation rates, because multiple banks that began its activity in none-bank sector have been canceled faster than those that began in bank sector; moreover, cancelation rates for this population varies depending on the bank s origin. The main value of this research is the fact that it is a population demography study in retrospect to life and death of multiple banks, an issue that has not been explored at national academic literature in depth. / Este estudo realiza uma análise demográfica da população dos bancos múltiplos no Brasil, por meio de um estudo longitudinal, que abrange o período de 1988 a 2009. O objetivo geral desta pesquisa é analisar a evolução da população de bancos múltiplos no Brasil a partir da diversidade organizacional, idade e mortalidade dessas instituições financeiras. Um banco múltiplo, geralmente, nasce a partir de outra instituição financeira que já atuava no Sistema Financeiro Nacional e que se transforma nesse tipo de banco. Portanto, a origem dos bancos múltiplos pode ocorrer dentro de dois grupos: a) do setor bancário - quando o banco múltiplo nasce da transformação de um banco comercial, banco de investimento ou banco de desenvolvimento; b) do setor não bancário quando o banco múltiplo nasce da transformação de uma sociedade corretora de títulos e valores mobiliários, sociedade distribuidora de títulos e valores mobiliários, sociedade de crédito, financiamento e investimento, sociedade de arrendamento mercantil, sociedade de crédito imobiliário ou caixa econômica. Sob a perspectiva da Teoria Ecológica das Organizações, em um primeiro momento, este trabalho analisa a forma organizacional dos bancos múltiplos em atividade, por meio de uma análise de agrupamentos, identificando o perfil dessa população e a sua diversidade organizacional. Em um segundo momento, com o emprego do modelo baseado na distribuição Weibull, é realizado uma análise de dados de vida da população estudada, identificando, entre outros resultados, a dependência positiva da idade nas taxas de cancelamento, descrevendo uma suscetibilidade da obsolescência ou da senescência. Por fim, com a aplicação de duas ferramentas estatísticas, o teste qui-quadrado e a distribuição Weibull, evidencia-se que existe relação entre a origem e a idade de cancelamento desses bancos, tendo em vista que os bancos múltiplos provenientes do setor não bancário têm sua autorização para funcionamento cancelada mais rapidamente do que os provenientes do setor bancário; além disso, as taxas de cancelamento para a população variam, dependendo da origem desses bancos. A principal contribuição desta pesquisa é justamente o fato de ser um estudo de demografia populacional, assunto pouco explorado na literatura acadêmica nacional.

Le recours à la stratégie du recentrage sur le cœur de métier (core business) par les entreprises fait apparaître, en discours comme en pratique, trois mouvements qui déstabilisent les ensembles bureaucratiques: la réorganisation de la grande firme en « centres de profits », la multiplication des relations inter-firmes et un changement d’ordre qualitatif dans les termes de l’échange. L’avènement et le maintien de ce que nous convenons d’appeler l’« entreprise réseau » demeurent à ce jour problématique : soit cette forme organisationnelle serait le résultat d’une adaptation unilatérale à son environnement; soit la dynamique sociale serait réglée par la confiance entre les acteurs. Notre démarche inductive et exploratoire d’un cas d’entreprise réseau québécoise veut contribuer au démontage de la notion, puis à la compréhension sociologique du phénomène. Nous constatons que cette forme d’entreprise ne peut être comprise que lorsque nous la mettons en perspective avec l’entreprise bureaucratique. / The strategic focus on the core business by bureaucratic firms contributed to the destabilization of this organizational form in three ways: the move to small « profits centers », the multiplication of exchange relations between firms and the changing nature of the relationships between them. The literature that explains the why and how of what we conceptualize as a « network firm » is still problematic. This management literature has two paradigms: either this organizational form is the result of a unilateral adaptation it’s environment ; either the social dynamic between firms is only based on trust. Our inductive research design is based on a single case of a multinational network Quebec firm. It tries to contribute to the analysis of this concept and to its sociological understanding. We conclude that this organizational form cannot be fully understood unless it is putted in perspective with the bureaucratic firm.

Le recours à la stratégie du recentrage sur le cœur de métier (core business) par les entreprises fait apparaître, en discours comme en pratique, trois mouvements qui déstabilisent les ensembles bureaucratiques: la réorganisation de la grande firme en « centres de profits », la multiplication des relations inter-firmes et un changement d’ordre qualitatif dans les termes de l’échange. L’avènement et le maintien de ce que nous convenons d’appeler l’« entreprise réseau » demeurent à ce jour problématique : soit cette forme organisationnelle serait le résultat d’une adaptation unilatérale à son environnement; soit la dynamique sociale serait réglée par la confiance entre les acteurs. Notre démarche inductive et exploratoire d’un cas d’entreprise réseau québécoise veut contribuer au démontage de la notion, puis à la compréhension sociologique du phénomène. Nous constatons que cette forme d’entreprise ne peut être comprise que lorsque nous la mettons en perspective avec l’entreprise bureaucratique. / The strategic focus on the core business by bureaucratic firms contributed to the destabilization of this organizational form in three ways: the move to small « profits centers », the multiplication of exchange relations between firms and the changing nature of the relationships between them. The literature that explains the why and how of what we conceptualize as a « network firm » is still problematic. This management literature has two paradigms: either this organizational form is the result of a unilateral adaptation it’s environment ; either the social dynamic between firms is only based on trust. Our inductive research design is based on a single case of a multinational network Quebec firm. It tries to contribute to the analysis of this concept and to its sociological understanding. We conclude that this organizational form cannot be fully understood unless it is putted in perspective with the bureaucratic firm.