The author is reviewing the research that E. Kuruczová demonstrated in her diploma thesis called The effect of social organization of games on the orientation in their moral dimension. The main goal of the diploma thesis Kuruczová developed another contribution to Piaget's theory of the development of moral reasoning of school-age children. Piaget's empirical data suggested that social organizations could influence orientation in their moral dimensions. Kuruczová found that in her 180 children from one school (aged 1st - 9th grade) the development of orientation in the moral dimension of the game King of Deer Hunters (organized as a competition) performs ahead of the development of orientation in the moral dimension of the game Hot Potato (organized as a collaboration). Furthermore, in the research, children of Kuruczová think about the stories of unjust play situations organized by "Mrs. Teacher". Even the youngest and unoriented did not argue the evaluation of the situation as a fair authority of the teacher - which, according to Piaget's theory, could assume the key role of the criterion of obedience of authority in the heteronomous understanding of the criteria of moral evaluation. This thesis therefore answers the question of whether it can replicate these findings. Unlike Kuruczová,...

Thesis (MA)-- Stellenbosch University, 2013. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: In 1992, warring factions in Mozambique put an end to 15 years of violence and instability. By signing the General Peace Accord in Rome, the civil war was officially over, and postconflict reconstruction could begin. The post-conflict state has been struggling with high poverty, weak infrastructure and the burden of returning refugees as well as internally displaced people (IDP’s) in the aftermath of the war. Moreover, in recent years, increasing domestic activity on the part of transnational criminal syndicates has become a major national and regional security dilemma. In this study, Mozambique, as a post-conflict state has been examined to identify the most important factors that lead to the increase and continuation in transnational crime in terms of human trafficking. Using prevailing state theories and post-conflict theories within the field of Political Science and analyzing Mozambique from the conceptual theoretical lenses of Max Weber, Charles Tilly, Shmuel N. Eistenstadt, and several other scholars, it is argued that there are numerous elements present within the state that have led to an increase in crime. These are first and foremost the (neo) patrimonial features of the state, corrupt state-officials, the state’s pluralist legal-system and a general lack of public trust in the legitimacy of the government. Incomplete post-conflict reconstruction efforts, resulting in lack of public goods, such as health-care, schooling and jobs along with a culture of exploitation and objectification of women and deep-rooted gender-inequality in Mozambique is argued to provide criminal syndicates with an opportunity to capitalize on organized crimes such as trafficking of humans. In recent years, positive developments manifest themselves through the international recognition of human trafficking and domestic ratifications of international laws and protocols to combat human trafficking. While Mozambique has ratified “The Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, especially Women and Children” this study reveals state factors that make the elimination of the crime of human trafficking in Mozambique difficult. The findings of the study are symbolic of a globalized problem. Combating transnational crime does not depend solely on international, regional and domestic cooperation through laws and regulations; it also necessitates increased national efforts in dealing with the root-causes of trafficking and to increase the political and public awareness in the country towards this human rights violation. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: In 1992 het strydende groepe in Mosambiek 'n einde gemaak aan 15 jaar van geweld en onstabiliteit. Met die ondertekening van die Algemene Vredesverdrag in Rome, is die burgeroorlog amptelik beëindig en post-konflik rekonstruksie kon begin. Die post-konflik staat het gesukkel met hoë armoede, swak infrastruktuur en die las van terugkerende vlugtelinge en interne verplaasde persone in die nadraai van die oorlog. Daarbenewens het toenemende plaaslike aktiwiteite van transnasionale kriminele sindikate in die afgelope jare 'n groot nasionale en streeks-sekuriteitsdilemma geword. In hierdie studie is Mosambiek as 'n post-konflik staat geanaliseer om die mees belangrike faktore wat tot die toename in transnasionale misdaad (in terme van mensehandel) gelei het, te identifiseer. Deur gebruik te maak van bestaande staatsteorieë en post-konflik teorieë in die veld van Politieke Wetenskap en deur Mosambiek te analiseer uit die teoretiese blik van Max Weber, Charles Tilly, Shmuel N. Eistenstadt, en andere, word daar geargumenteer dat daar verskeie elemente binne die staat is wat tot dié toename in misdaad gelei het. Allereers is die neo(patrimoniale) kenmerke van die staat, korrupte staatsamptenare, die pluralistiese regstelsel en algemene gebrek aan publieke vertroue in die regering. Daar word geargumenteer dat onvolledige post-konflik rekonstruksie, wat 'n tekort aan publieke goedere soos gesondheidsorg, opvoeding en werk tot gevolg het, tesame met 'n kultuur van die seksualisering van vroue en diep-gewortelde geslagsongelykheid in die staat, vir kriminele sindikate geleenthede vir organiseerde misdaad soos mensehandel bied. In die afgelope jare het positiewe ontwikkelinge gemanifisteer deur die internationale erkenning van mensehandel en die plaaslike bekragtigings van internationale wette en protokols om mensehandel te bestry. Alhoewel Mosambiek "The Protocol to Prevent, Supress and Punish Traffickin in Persons, especially Women and Children" bekragtig het, toon die studie dat sekere staatsfaktore die uitwissing van mensehandel in Mosambiek moeilik maak. Die bevindinge van die studie is simbolies van 'n globaliseerde probleem; die bestryding van transnasionale misdaad berus nie net op internasionale, streek en plaaslike samewerking deur wette en regulasies nie, maar dit noodsaak ook verhoogde nasionale inspanning om die grondoorsake van mensehandel te hanteer en om politieke en publieke bewustheid omtrent dié menseregteskending in die land te verhoog.

In hierdie studie word die ses Suid-Afrikaanse gevangenisbendes vergelyk met vyftien bendes uit oorsese lande of streke, tw. Amerika, Sentraal- en Suid Amerika, Kanada, Nieu Zeeland en Brittanje. As basis van vergelyking dien hul Oorsprong, Ontstaansdoel, Geslags- en Etniese samestelling, Eienskappe, Gesagstruktuur, Uitkenningstekens en Metodes van kommunikasie. Die verskillende bendes word ook vanuit Penologiese oogpunt beoordeel. `n Spesiale hoofstuk word gewy aan die uniekheid van die sogenaamde "Nommerbendes", tw. die 28, 27, 26, 25, 24 en 23 bendes. Verskeie aspekte soos die ontstaan, rituele en geheimhouding word volledig onder die soeklig geplaas. In die bespreking van die Nommerbendes word `n groot verskeidenheid geheime inligting vir die eerste maal geopenbaar. Die studie word afgesluit met enkele aanduidings van terreine wat roep om verdere navorsing. `n Vyftal bylaes dien om sekere aspekte van die navorsing en gevangenislewe verder toe te lig. / In this study the six South African prison gangs are compared to fifteen prison gangs from foreign countries, namely America, Central and South America, Canada, New Zealand and Britain. The comparison is based on their Origin, Original aim, Gender and Ethnic make-up, Characteristics, Authoritative structure, Gang identifiet·s and Methods of communication. The different gangs are then evaluated from Penological viewpoint A chapter is specially dedicated to the uniqueness of the so-called "Number Gangs", i.e. 28, 27, 26, 25, 24 and 23 gangs. Difierent aspects, such as their common origin, rituals and secrecy, are carefully described. In the discussion of the different Number gangs a large variety of secret information is exposed for the first time ever. The study concludes with some indicators for possible further research. Five Addenda serve to elucidate certain aspects of the contents. / Penology / M.A. (Penology)

Il existe des associations entre les bars de danse érotique et les activités illicites, dans les écrits journalistiques et scientifiques. Nous avons vérifié ces associations en menant une description des crimes et déviances associés aux bars de danse érotique. Puis, nous avons tenté d’expliquer l’organisation et la structure de ces crimes, en nous appuyant sur l’approche du crime organisant et la théorie de l’écosystème du crime, de Felson (2006). Des entretiens semi-dirigés ont été conduits avec dix femmes danseuses, une femme shooter girl, un propriétaire, un portier et deux clients. Une analyse thématique à deux niveaux a montré que les délits se rapportent aux stupéfiants, à la prostitution, au proxénétisme, aux déviances, et à divers actes de violence. Des distinctions importantes, quant au contrôle selon les établissements sont notées. La structure et l’organisation des crimes peuvent s’expliquer par une logique propre aux relations symbiotiques et interdépendantes, tel que le suggère la théorie de l’écosystème du crime de Felson. Ainsi, la structure des délits peut prendre une forme mutualiste ou parasitaire. L’interrelation propre au neutralisme explique l’organisation générale de ces délits. Le milieu criminogène de la danse érotique offre de multiples opportunités, qui seront saisies par les acteurs motivés, en vue de réaliser un bénéfice personnel. Deux constats étonnants : les données suggèrent que l’implication des organisations criminelles est relativement limitée; et les conséquences occasionnées par les activités du milieu présentent un caractère inquiétant, particulièrement pour les femmes. Des efforts en matière de prévention situationnelle seraient appropriés pour réduire les opportunités. / Erotic dance clubs are perceived as being linked to numerous illegal activities. In this study, we describe crimes associated with erotic dance bars in Quebec, focusing on criminal and deviant acts, and aiming to establish their level of organization and structure. This analysis is guided by two theoretical frameworks: the organizing crime approach and Felson’s (2006) crime ecosystem theory. Fieldwork was undertaken by conducting guided interviews with ten female dancers, a shooter girl, a club owner, a doorman and two patrons. A thematic analysis was conducted at two levels. Findings illustrate that crime in such settings are generally linked to the consumption and sale of narcotics, prostitution and pimping, deviances, and various crimes of violence. The analysis also revealed that control mechanisms and management varied greatly across clubs. The structure and organization of crime could be understood, in Felson’s (2006) crime ecosystem terms, as symbiotic and interdependent relationships between mutualistic and parasitic parties. Overall, the criminogenic environment of erotic dance clubs, offers many opportunities to be seized by individuals motivated to make personal gain. Additional findings suggest that the involvement of criminal group is relatively limited; and the consequences caused by various legitimate and unlawful activities pose a great deal of concerns, in particular for women. In such contexts, situational prevention measures would be adequate to reduce opportunities.

Life presents fascinating examples of self-organization and emergent phenomena. In multi-cellular organisms, a multitude of cells interact to form and maintain highly complex body plans. This requires reliable communication between cells on various length scales. First, there has to be the right number of cells to preserve the integrity of the body and its size. Second, there have to be the right types of cells at the right positions to result in a functional body layout. In this thesis, we investigate theoretical feedback mechanisms for both self-organized body plan patterning and size control. The thesis is inspired by the astonishing scaling and regeneration abilities of flatworms. These worms can perfectly regrow their entire body plan even from tiny amputation fragments like the tip of the tail. Moreover, they can grow and actively de-grow by more than a factor of 40 in length depending on feeding conditions, scaling up and down all body parts while maintaining their functionality. These capabilities prompt for remarkable physical mechanisms of pattern formation. First, we explore pattern scaling in mechanisms previously proposed to describe biological pattern formation. We systematically extract requirements for scaling and highlight the limitations of these previous models in their ability to account for growth and regeneration in flatworms. In particular, we discuss a prominent model for the spontaneous formation of biological patterns introduced by Alan Turing. We characterize the hierarchy of steady states of such a Turing mechanism and demonstrate that Turing patterns do not naturally scale. Second, we present a novel class of patterning mechanisms yielding entirely self-organized and self-scaling patterns. Our framework combines a Turing system with our derived principles of pattern scaling and thus captures essential features of body plan regeneration and scaling in flatworms. We deduce general signatures of pattern scaling using dynamical systems theory. These signatures are discussed in the context of experimental data. Next, we analyze shape and motility of flatworms. By monitoring worm motility, we can identify movement phenotypes upon gene knockout, reporting on patterning defects in the locomotory system. Furthermore, we adapt shape mode analysis to study 2D body deformations of wildtype worms, which enables us to characterize two main motility modes: a smooth gliding mode due to the beating of their cilia and an inchworming behavior based on muscle contractions. Additionally, we apply this technique to investigate shape variations between different flatworm species. With this approach, we aim at relating form and function in flatworms. Finally, we investigate the metabolic control of cell turnover and growth. We establish a protocol for accurate measurements of growth dynamics in flatworms. We discern three mechanisms of metabolic energy storage; theoretical descriptions thereof can explain the observed organism growth by rules on the cellular scale. From this, we derive specific predictions to be tested in future experiments. In a close collaboration with experimental biologists, we combine minimal theoretical descriptions with state-of-the-art experiments and data analysis. This allows us to identify generic principles of scalable body plan patterning and growth control in flatworms. / Die belebte Natur bietet uns zahlreiche faszinierende Beispiele für die Phänomene von Selbstorganisation und Emergenz. In Vielzellern interagieren Millionen von Zellen miteinander und sind dadurch in der Lage komplexe Körperformen auszubilden und zu unterhalten. Dies verlangt nach einer zuverlässigen Kommunikation zwischen den Zellen auf verschiedenen Längenskalen. Einerseits ist stets eine bestimmte Zellanzahl erforderlich, sodass der Körper intakt bleibt und seine Größe erhält. Anderseits muss für einen funktionstüchtigen Körper aber auch der richtige Zelltyp an der richtigen Stelle zu finden sein. In der vorliegenden Dissertation untersuchen wir beide Aspekte, die Kontrolle von Wachstum sowie die selbstorganisierte Ausbildung des Körperbaus. Die Dissertation ist inspiriert von den erstaunlichen Skalierungs- und Regenerationsfähigkeiten von Plattwürmern. Diese Würmer können ihren Körper selbst aus winzigen abgetrennten Fragmenten -wie etwa der Schwanzspitze- komplett regenerieren. Darüberhinaus können sie auch, je nach Fütterungsbedingung, um mehr als das 40fache in der Länge wachsen oder schrumpfen und passen dabei alle Körperteile entsprechend an, wobei deren Funktionalität erhalten bleibt. Diese Fähigkeiten verlangen nach bemerkenswerten physikalischen Musterbildungsmechanismen. Zunächst untersuchen wir das Skalierungsverhalten von früheren Ansätzen zur Beschreibung biologischer Musterbildung. Wir leiten daraus Voraussetzung für das Skalieren ab und zeigen auf, dass die bekannten Modelle nur begrenzt auf Wachstum und Regeneration von Plattwürmern angewendet werden können. Insbesondere diskutieren wir ein wichtiges Modell für die spontane Entstehung von biologischen Strukturen, das von Alan Turing vorgeschlagen wurde. Wir charakterisieren die Hierarchie von stationären Zuständen solcher Turing Mechanismen und veranschaulichen, dass diese Turingmuster nicht ohne weiteres skalieren. Daraufhin präsentieren wir eine neuartige Klasse von Musterbildungsmechanismen, die vollständig selbstorgansierte und selbstskalierende Muster erzeugen. Unser Ansatz vereint ein Turing System mit den zuvor hergeleiteten Prinzipien für das Skalieren von Mustern und beschreibt dadurch wesentliche Aspekte der Regeneration und Skalierung von Plattwürmern. Mit Hilfe der Theorie dynamischer Systeme leiten wir allgemeine Merkmale von skalierenden Mustern ab, die wir im Hinblick auf experimentelle Daten diskutieren. Als nächstes analysieren wir Form und Fortbewegung der Würmer. Die Auswertung des Bewegungsverhaltens, nachdem einzelne Gene ausgeschaltet wurden, ermöglicht Rückschlüsse auf die Bedeutung dieser Gene für den Bewegungsapparat. Darüber hinaus wenden wir eine Hauptkomponentenanalyse auf die Verformungen des zweidimensionalen Wurmkörpers während der natürlichen Fortbewegung an. Damit sind wir in der Lage, zwei wichtige Fortbewegungsstrategien der Würmer zu charakterisieren: eine durch den Zilienschlag angetriebene gleichmässige Gleitbewegung und eine raupenartige Bewegung, die auf Muskelkontraktionen beruht. Zusätzlich wenden wir diese Analysetechnik auch an, um Unterschiede in der Gestalt von verschiedenen Plattwurmarten zu untersuchen. Grundsätzlich zielen alle diese Ansätze darauf ab, das Aussehen der Plattwürmer mit den damit verbundenen Funktionen verschiedener Körperteile in Beziehung zu setzen. Schlussendlich erforschen wir den Einfluss des Stoffwechsels auf den Zellaustausch und das Wachstum. Dazu etablieren wir Messungen der Wachstumsdynamik in Plattwürmern. Wir unterscheiden drei Mechanismen für das Speichern von Stoffwechselenergie, deren theoretische Beschreibung es uns ermöglicht, das beobachtete makroskopische Wachstum des Organismus mit dem Verhalten der einzelnen Zellen zu erklären. Basierend darauf leiten wir Vorhersagen ab, die nun experimentell getestet werden. In enger Zusammenarbeit mit Kollegen aus der experimentellen Biologie führen wir minimale theoretische Beschreibungen mit modernsten Experimenten und Analysetechniken zusammen. Dadurch sind wir in der Lage, Grundlagen sowohl der skalierbaren Ausbildung des Körperbaus als auch der Wachstumskontrolle bei Plattwürmern herauszuarbeiten.

L’étude scientifique des réseaux criminels démontre, de plus en plus, que leur structure est flexible et dynamique et que la thèse du contrôle ou de la centralisation des marchés criminels est discutable. Pourtant, devant la présence d’une organisation criminelle dite «traditionnelle» dans un marché criminel, autant la population que les milieux médiatiques, politiques, policiers et judiciaires, peuvent percevoir le marché comme étant contrôlé par cette organisation. Le fait de surévaluer la menace réelle de certains groupes criminels et de considérer que la centralisation des marchés criminels existent au détriment de la collaboration entre différents individus et groupes d’un réseau, peut notamment influencer les stratégies policières. D’une part, les autorités policières peuvent orienter leurs stratégies en tenant pour acquis que la structure dont s’est doté une présumée organisation criminelle se transpose dans le marché criminel dans lequel ses membres opèrent. D’autre part, cette organisation devient la première cible des autorités et les autres participants du réseau se voient accorder une moins grande importance dans les activités du marché. La recherche qui suit présente les résultats d’une analyse de réseau effectuée à partir des transcriptions de surveillances électroniques et physiques issues d’une importante opération policière visant la lutte aux motards criminalisés : l’opération Printemps 2001. À l’aide de ces données, un réseau de 349 individus a été créé. Bien que la cible principale de l’opération policière ait été l’organisation des Hell’s Angels, plus précisément, le chapitre Nomads et son club-école, les Rockers, d’autres groupes et d’autres individus ont été interceptés par les surveillances policières. Il ressort des analyses de la position occupée par l’ensemble des groupes et des individus identifiés, que les principales cibles des autorités policières n’étaient pas celles qui occupaient les positions les plus stratégiques pour être influentes et durer dans la portion du marché ciblée par l’opération. / The scientific study of criminal networks reveals that their structure is flexible and dynamic and that the thesis supporting the control or the centralization of the criminal markets are at the least debatable. Nevertheless when a «traditional» criminal organization is active in a criminal market, the people, the media, the politicians, the police force and the judiciary tend to perceive that the market is under the control of that organization. In over-evaluating the real threat posed by certain criminal groups and in considering that there is a centralization of the criminal markets held by a known criminal organization, police strategy is biased and underscores the importance and influence of other individuals or groups of persons within the criminal market. Police strategy is then oriented in thinking that the structure of a criminal organization is transposed in the criminal market wherein its members operate. Consequently, the organization becomes the main target of the authorities and giving less attention to the other actors in the activities of the market. The following research paper presents the results of a network analysis taking its main sources from transcripts of electronic and physical surveillance collected during an important police operation against criminal bikers in the Province of Québec, Canada, and known as Operation Springtime 2001. From these transcripts, a network of 349 individuals was created. Though, the Hells Angels organization and more precisely the Nomads Chapter and its farm team, the Rockers, were the main targets of the police operation, other groups and individuals were also intercepted by police surveillance. After analysis of the position occupied by all the groups and individual that were identified it became apparent that the main target of the police authorities were not those who held the most strategic positions to exercise influence and last in the market under examination by the operation Operation Springtime 2001.

Les travaux traditionnels sur le crime organisé indiquent que le statut d’un individu déterminerait son succès individuel. Des recherches alternatives sur les réseaux des organisations criminelles et de la réussite criminelle indiquent que le rang est moins important que la croyance générale et que les mesures de positionnement stratégique de réseau sont plus susceptibles de déterminer le succès criminel. Ce mémoire étudie les variations des gains criminels au sein de l’organisation de distribution illicite de stupéfiants des Hells Angels. Son objectif est de distinguer, à l’aide de données de comptabilité autorévélées, les éléments influençant ces différences dans le succès criminel en fonction du positionnement plus stratégique ou vulnérable d’un individu au sein de son réseau. Les résultats révèlent des moyennes de volume d’argent transigé beaucoup plus élevées que ce qui est généralement recensé. La distribution de ces capitaux est largement inégale. La disparité des chances liées à l’association criminelle se retrouve aussi dans la polarisation entre les individus fortement privilégiés et les autres qui ont une capacité de positionnement médiocre. Le croisement entre les positions et l’inégalité des gains présente que le positionnement de l’individu dans son réseau est un meilleur prédicteur de réussite criminelle que toute autre variable contextuelle ou de rang. Enfin et surtout, en contradiction avec la littérature, le fait d’atteindre de haut rang hiérarchique nuirait au succès criminel, les résultats montrant que cet état réduit l’accès au crédit, réduit les quantités de drogue par transaction et augmente le prix de la drogue à l’unité. / Traditional work on organized crime indicates that one’s status determines his individual success. Alternative research on criminal organization’s networks and criminal success however, reveal that the rank is less important than generally believed and that the measures of strategic positioning in a network are more likely to influence criminal achievement. This thesis examines income fluctuations within the Hells Angels Nomads, an illegal drug distribution organization in Québec. The purpose of this study is to distinguish the factors contributing to these differences in criminal success according to an offender’s strategic or vulnerable positioning within its network, using self-report account data. The results show that the average amount of money traded is much higher than what is usually identified in the literature and its distribution is largely uneven. The disparity of opportunity related to criminal association is also reflected in the polarization between highly privileged individuals and other individuals who have a poor positioning capacity. The interaction between position and earning inequalities demonstrates that the positioning of an individual in its network is a better predictor of success than rank or any other criminal context variable. Most importantly, and in opposition with the literature, achieving high rank would be detrimental to one’s criminal success. Results demonstrate that this state reduces access to credit, reduces the amount of drug per transaction and increases the price of drugs per unit.

Thèse numérisée par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal.

Organized crime - Trafficking in human beings This thesis deals with the criminal offence of trafficking in human beings under Sec. 168 of the Czech Criminal Code. A trafficking in human being is not a frequent criminal offence but with its consequences belongs to the most dangerous crimes. After the Velvet revolution the relevance of this crime has raised subsequently and therefore the regulation of this crime requires particular attention. It is important to find new ways and improve current methods to be readier to detect and investigate the cases of trafficking in human beings. The aim of this thesis is to provide an analysis of legal regulation of trafficking in human beings, organized crimed and methods of investigation and some related issues such as problematic of the protection of the witness. This thesis consists of three chapters. The first one deals shortly with the organized crime. It analyzes the term of the organized crime, because trafficking in human beings is usually committed by organized groups. I try to explain some basic terms related to this topic. The second one deals with the legal regulation of trafficking in human beings. The history, present and future of the legal regulation in the Czech Republic and in the other countries are described in this chapter. Then it is...

Title: Conditions for the organized and unorganized sport children aged 11-15 years in Brandýs nad Labem - Stará Boleslav Targets: The aim of this thesis is find out the relation of children aged 11-15 years in Brandýs nad Labem - Stará Boleslav to sports activities and find out their satisfaction with the spatial and material conditions for the sport. Methods: To obtain the necessary data was used the method of quantitative empirical research using questionnaires. It was also used data analysis and semi-structured interviews. Quantitative data were processed by PC programs Microsoft Excel and Statistica. Results: The results of the survey revealed satisfaction of the respondents with the conditions for the organized and unorganized sport in the city. It was also found out what kinds of sports facilities and sports clubs are missed by the respondents in Brandýs nad Labem - Stará Boleslav. Key words: Organized Sport, unorganized sport, conditions for sport, sport facilities, sport organizations, children aged 11-15 years, Brandýs nad Labem - Stará Boleslav.