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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
21

HPLC-AAS interfaces for the determination of ionic alkyllead, arsonium and selenonium compounds

Blais, Jean-Simon January 1990 (has links)
No description available.
22

HPLC-AAS interfaces for the determination of ionic alkyllead, arsonium and selenonium compounds

Blais, Jean-Simon January 1990 (has links)
Three direct interfaces for coupling high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS) were developed and optimized for the determination of ionic organolead, organoselenium and organoarsenic compounds. The first all-quartz interface consisted of a thermospray nebulizer and a flame microatomizer in which ionic alkyllead analytes (R$ sb{ rm n}$Pb$ sp{ rm (4-n)+};$ R = CH$ sb3,$ C$ sb2$H$ sb5)$ were atomized by a methanol (from HPLC eluent)-oxygen kinetic flame, and channeled in a quartz tube (atom keeper) mounted into the AAS optical beam. Alternately, the classical electrothermal atomization technique for organolead species (quartz furnace under hydrogen atmosphere) was coupled with a post-column derivatization-volatilization apparatus based on the ethylation of ionic alkylleads by sodium tetraethylborate. The limits of detection provided by these two approaches were 1.0-3.4 ng and 0.10-0.15 ng, respectively. Arsonium ((CH$ sb3) sb3$RAs$ sp+;$ R = CH$ sb3,$ CH$ sb2$CH$ sb2$OH, CH$ sb2$COOH) and selenonium ((CH$ sb3) sb2$RSe$ sp+;$ R = CH$ sb3,$ CH$ sb2$CH$ sb2$OH) species were quantified using a novel HPLC-AAS approach based on a direct coupling of three processes: thermospray nebulization, thermochemical hydride generation using hydrogen gas, and diffuse flame atomization. Direct evidences for the thermochemical hydride generation process was obtained by injecting (CH$ sb3) sb3$SeI and SeO$ sb2$ into the interface and capturing the gaseous end products in liquid chemical traps specific for SeH$ sb2$ and Se(IV). Both analytes were derivatized to SeH$ sb2$ only in the presence of hydrogen in the interface. Reverse- and normal-phase high pressure liquid chromatographic methods were also developed and adapted for the HPLC-AAS analyses of alkyllead, arsonium and selenonium compounds in real samples. The limit of detection of the arsonium and selenonium cations were 7.6-13.3 ng and 31.0-43.9 ng, respectively.
23

Toxicologia e farmacologia in vitro de novos compostos orgânicos de selênio e telúrio com atividade tipo tiol peroxidase / Toxicology and pharmacology of new selenium and tellurium organic compounds in vitro with thiol peroxidase activity

Sudati, Jessie Haigert 08 May 2009 (has links)
Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / Glutathione peroxidase (GPx; EC 1.11.1.9) is a well-known selenoenzyme that catalyzes the reduction of hydrogen peroxide and some organic hydroperoxides by glutathione (GSH) and protects lipid membranes and other cellular components against oxidative stress, which is related to many diseases and this enzyme is regarded as one of the most important antioxidant enzymes in living organisms. Because the natural GPx has some shortcomings (e.g. instability and poor availability), scientists have paid more attention to its artificial imitation. Synthetic organoselenium and organotellurium compounds have emerged as excellent candidates to act as GPx mimics. Thus, in this study, several aminoacids derivatives containing selenium or tellurium were tested in order to evaluate their in vitro (i) GPx mimic properties (or GPx like activity) according to the model reaction (H202 + 2PhSH → PhSSPh + 2H20); (ii) catalytic properties, (iii) reactivity with low molecular weight thiols (reduced glutathione, captopril and dithiothreitol) and (iv) their effect against lipid peroxidation have been performed. All compounds tested in this study showed ability to imitate de antioxidant enzyme GPx, but this property showed a dependence on the aminoacid residue and steric effect. Compounds C, D and 7g derivatives were found as the best catalysts in reducing peroxides, in comparison with other compounds tested. These results suggest that aminoacids derivatives compounds containing selenium or tellurium used in this work can be considered promising GPx mimetics. / A Glutationa Peroxidase (GPx; EC 1.11.1.9) é uma selenoenzima que catalisa a redução do peróxido de hidrogênio e hidroperóxidos orgânicos na presença de glutationa (GSH). Sua ação catalítica evita, desta forma, a oxidação dos lipídios constituintes da membrana, bem como de outros componentes celulares. Sabe-se que a produção excessiva de espécies reativas de oxigênio (EROs) está relacionada ao surgimento de muitas doenças, e a enzima GPx é considerada uma das mais importantes enzimas antioxidantes presentes nos organismos vivos, sendo necessária para auxiliar na proteção contra estas patologias. No entanto, a enzima GPx possui algumas desvantagens tais como, instabilidade e pouca viabilidade no que diz respeito a uma possível administração oral ou endovenosa, por isso, surgiu o interesse na síntese de compostos que possam mimetizar o mecanismo de ação dessa enzima. Dados da literatura têm demonstrado que os compostos orgânicos sintéticos de selênio (Se) e telúrio (Te) são excelentes miméticos da enzima GPx. Assim, neste estudo, uma série de compostos orgânicos derivados de aminoácidos contendo Se e Te na estrutura foram testados com a finalidade de avaliação in vitro da (i) atividade mimética da GPx (ou tipo GPx, isto é, GPx like activity ) de acordo com a reação H2O2 + 2PhSH PhSSPh + 2H2O; (ii) propriedades catalíticas destes compostos, (iii) reatividade e possível oxidação dos compostos tiólicos de baixo peso molecular (glutationa reduzida, captopril e ditiotreitol) e o (iv) efeito contra a peroxidação lipídica. Todos os compostos utilizados neste trabalho demonstraram atividade mimética à GPx; porém, essa propriedade apresentou uma dependência em relação ao resíduo de aminoácido presente na estrutura do composto, bem como influência estérica. Os disselenetos C, D e os derivados do telureto 7g foram os mais eficazes na redução de peróxidos quando comparados aos demais compostos utilizados neste estudo. Portanto, estes resultados sugerem que os compostos orgânicos derivados de aminoácidos contendo Se ou Te podem ser considerados miméticos importantes da GPx.
24

ENVOLVIMENTO DO SISTEMA DOPAMINÉRGICO NA AÇÃO DO TIPO ANTIDEPRESSIVA DO FENILSELENOMETIL EM CAMUNDONGOS FÊMEAS / ROLE OF DOPAMINERGIC SYSTEM ON THE ANTIDEPRESSANT-LIKE ACTION OF METHYL PHENYL SELENIDE IN FEMALE MICE

Oliveira, Carla Elena Sartori 05 August 2013 (has links)
Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Depression affects millions of people of different ages, races, religions and income at some period of their lives. The etiology of most mood disorders, although not fully understood, has come into sharper focus in the recent past. This might also be of relevance in psychiatry as a poor treatment response often results from giving every patient the same treatment. Selenium-containing molecules show promising pharmacological properties. The antidepressant-like action of methyl phenyl selenide (CH3SePh) in the mouse forced swimming test (FST) and the tail suspension test (TST), models predictive of depressant activity, were investigated in this study. Moreover, the involvement of dopaminergic system in the antidepressant-like action of CH3SePh was studied. The behavioral results showed that CH3SePh significantly reduced the immobility time in the FST (25 and 50 mg/kg, intragastrically; i.g.) and the TST (50 mg/kg, i.g.), without accompanying changes in ambulation when assessed in the open-field test (OFT). The anti-immobility effect of CH3SePh (50 mg/kg, intragastrically; i.g.) in the FST was prevented by pretreatment of mice with haloperidol (0.2 mg/kg, i.p., a dopamine D2 receptor antagonist), SCH 23390 (R-(+)-8-chloro-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-3-methyl-5-phenyl-1H-3-benzazepine-7-ol) (0.05 mg/kg, s.c., a dopamine D1 receptor antagonist) and sulpiride (50 mg/kg, i.p., a dopamine D2 and D3 antagonist). These results suggest that CH3SePh produced an antidepressant-like action in the mouse FST and TST. The antidepressant-like action of CH3SePh, a simple selenium-containing molecule, seems most likely to be mediated through an interaction with the dopaminergic system. / A depressão é uma doença altamente incapacitante que atinge milhões de pessoas ao redor do mundo. Os tratamentos disponíveis para este transtorno embora eficazes apresentam efeitos adversos e altos índices de não responsividade ao tratamento. Moléculas orgânicas que contem selênio apresentam promissoras propriedades farmacológicas. Neste estudo, a ação do tipo antidepressiva do fenilseleniometil (CH3SePh) em camundongos fêmeas foi investigada utilizando-se o teste do nado forçado (TNF) e o teste de suspensão da cauda (TSC), que são modelos preditivos de atividade depressiva. Além disso, o envolvimento do sistema dopaminérgico na ação do tipo antidepressiva do CH3SePh foi estudado. Os resultados comportamentais demonstraram que o CH3SePh (25 e 50 mg/kg, administrado pela via intragastrica; i.g.) reduziu significativamente o tempo de imobilidade no TNF e no TSC (50 mg/kg, i.g.), sem alterar a locomoção quando analisados no teste do campo aberto (TCA). O efeito anti-imobilidade do CH3SePh (50 mg/kg, i.g.) no TNF foi prevenido pelo pré-tratamento dos camundongos com haloperidol (0.2 mg/kg, administrado pela via intraperitoneal, i.p., antagonista dos receptores dopaminérgicos D2), SCH 23390 (R-(+)-8-chloro-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-3-methyl-5-phenyl-1H-3-benzazepine-7-ol) (0.05 mg/kg, s.c., antagonista dos receptores dopaminérgicos D1) e sulpiride (50 mg/kg, i.p antagonista dos receptores dopaminérgicos D2 e D3). Estes resultados sugerem que o CH3SePh produziu uma ação do tipo antidepressiva no TNF e TSC em camundongos, dois modelos bem aceitos para triagem de novas drogas com potencial antidepressivo. Portanto, a ação do tipo antidepressiva do CH3SePh, uma molécula orgânica de selênio e de síntese simples, parece estar sendo mediada por uma interação com o sistema dopaminérgico.
25

Selenocystine induces mitochondrial-mediated apoptosis in breast carcinoma MCF-7 cells and melanoma A-375 cells with involvement of p53 phosphorylation and reactive oxygen species. / CUHK electronic theses & dissertations collection

January 2008 (has links)
Additionally, we showed that SeC induced S-phase arrest in MCF-7 cells associated with a marked decrease in the protein expression of cyclin A, D1 and D3 and cyclin-dependent kinases (CDK) 4 and 6, with concomitant induction of p21waf1/Cip1, p27Kip1 and p53. Expose of MCF-7 cells to SeC resulted in delayed onset of apoptosis as evidenced by caspase activation, PARP cleavage and DNA fragmentation. SeC treatment also triggered the activation of JNK, p38 MAPK, ERK and Akt phosphorylation. Inhibitors of ERK (U0126) or Akt (LY294002), but not JNK (SP600125) and p38 MAPK (SB203580), significantly suppressed SeC-induced S-phase arrest and apoptosis in MCF-7 cells. In conclusion, our findings establish a mechanistic link between the PI3K/Akt pathway, MAPK pathway and SeC-induced cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in human breast cancer cells. (Abstract shortened by UMI.) / The role of selenium as potential cancer chemopreventive and chemotherapeutic agents has been supported by epidemiological, preclinical and clinical studies. Although cell apoptosis has been evidenced as a critical mechanism mediating the anticancer activity of selenium, the underlying molecular mechanisms remain elusive. In the present study, selenocystine (SeC), a novel organic selenocompound, is identified as a novel antiproliferative agent with a broad spectrum of inhibition against eight human cancer cell lines with the IC50 values ranged from 3.6 to 37.0 muM. Despite this potency, SeC was relatively nontoxic toward HS68 human fibroblasts with an IC 50 value exceeded 400 muM. Further investigation on the molecular mechanisms indicated that SeC induced caspase-independent apoptosis in MCF-7 breast carcinoma cells, which was accompanied by poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) cleavage, caspase activation, DNA fragmentation, phosphatidylserine exposure and nuclear condensation. Moreover, SeC induced the loss of mitochondrial membrane potential (DeltaPsim) by regulating the expression and phosphorylation of pro-surivival and pro-apoptotic Bcl-2 family members. Loss of DeltaPsim led to the mitochondrial release of cytochrome c and apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF) which subsequently translocated into the nucleus and induced chromatin condensation and DNA fragmentation. MCF-7 cells exposed to SeC shown increase in total p53 and phosphorylated p53 on serine residues of Ser15, Ser20, and Ser392 prior to mitochondrial dysfunction. Silencing and attenuation of p53 expression with RNA interference and pifithrin-alpha treatment respectively, partially suppressed SeC-induced cell apoptosis. Furthermore, generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and subsequent induction of DNA strand breaks were found to be upstream cellular events induced by SeC. The thiol-reducing antioxidants, N-acetylcysteine and glutathione, completely blocked the initiation and execution of cell apoptosis. Taken together, these results suggest that SeC, as a promising anticancer selenocompound, induces caspase-independent apoptosis in MCF-7 cells mediated by ROS generation and p53 phosphorylation through regulating the mitochondrial membrane permeability. / Chen, Tianfeng. / Adviser: Yun-Shing Wong. / Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 70-06, Section: B, page: 3260. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2008. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 124-136). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Electronic reproduction. [Ann Arbor, MI] : ProQuest Information and Learning, [200-] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / School code: 1307.
26

ENVOLVIMENTO DOS SISTEMAS SEROTONINÉRGICO E OPIÓIDE NA AÇÃO DO TIPO ANTIDEPRESSIVA DO DISSELENETO DE m-TRIFLUORMETILFENILA EM CAMUNDONGOS / INVOLVEMENT OF SEROTONERGIC AND OPIOID SYSTEMS IN THE ANTIDEPRESSANT-LIKE EFFECT OF m-TRIFLUOROMETHYL-DIPHENYL DISELENIDE IN MICE

Brüning, César Augusto 10 August 2012 (has links)
Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / Serotonergic and opioid systems have been implicated in major depression and in the action mechanism of antidepressants. The organoselenium compound m-trifluoromethyldiphenyl diselenide (m CF3 PhSe)2 shows antioxidant and anxiolytic activities and is a selective inhibitor of monoamine oxidase A activity. The present study was designed to investigate the antidepressant-like effect of (m CF3 PhSe)2 in female mice, employing the forced swimming test. The involvement of the serotonergic and opioid systems in the antidepressant-like effect of (m CF3 PhSe)2 was appraised. (m CF3 PhSe)2 at doses of 50 and 100 mg/kg (p.o.) exhibited antidepressant-like action in the forced swimming test. The effect of (m CF3 PhSe)2 (50 mg/kg p.o.) was prevented by pretreatment of mice with WAY100635 (0.1mg/kg, s.c. a selective 5-HT1A receptor antagonist), ritanserin (4 mg/kg, i.p., a nonselective 5HT2A/2C receptor antagonist), ondansetron (1 mg/kg, i.p., a selective 5-HT3 receptor antagonist) and naloxone (1 mg/kg, i.p., a non-selective antagonist of opioid receptors). The administration of (m CF3 PhSe)2 and the interaction of antagonists with (m CF3 PhSe)2 did not cause any change in the locomotor activity assessed in the open-field test. These results suggest that (m CF3 PhSe)2 produced an antidepressant-like effect in the mouse forced swimming test and this effect seems most likely to be mediated through an interaction with serotonergic and opioid systems. / Os sistemas serotoninérgico e opióide estão envolvidos na patogênese da depressão assim como no mecanismo de ação dos principais antidepressivos atualmente comercializados. Dados da literatura demonstram que o composto orgânico de selênio disseleneto de m-trifluormetil-fenila (m CF3 PhSe)2 apresenta atividade antioxidante e ansiolítica e é um inibidor seletivo da atividade da enzima monoamino oxidase A (MAO A). O presente estudo teve por objetivo investigar a ação do tipo antidepressiva do (m CF3 PhSe)2 em camundongos fêmeas, empregando o teste do nado forçado. O envolvimento dos sistemas serotoninérgico e opióide nessa ação também foi avaliado. O composto (m CF3 PhSe)2 nas doses de 50 e 100 mg/kg (p.o.) apresentou ação do tipo antidepressiva. Esta ação do (m CF3 PhSe)2 (50 mg/kg p.o.) foi bloqueada pelo pré-tratamento dos camundongos com WAY100635 (0.1 mg/kg, s.c., um antagonista seletivo do receptor 5-HT1A), ritanserina (4 mg/kg, i.p., um antagonista não-seletivo dos receptores 5-HT2A/2C), ondansetrona (1 mg/kg, i.p., um antagonista seletivo do receptor 5-HT3) e naloxona (1 mg/kg, i.p., um antagonista não-seletivo dos receptores opióides). A administração de (m CF3 PhSe)2 e a interação dos antagonistas com (m CF3 PhSe)2 não prejudicou a atividade locomotora dos animais, observado no teste do campo aberto. Esses resultados sugerem que o (m CF3 PhSe)2 produz ação do tipo antidepressiva em camundongos no teste do nado forçado e essa ação é possivelmente mediada através de uma interação com os sistemas serotoninérgico e opióide.
27

Efeito do selenofuranosídeo sobre modelos de doença de Alzheimer em camundongos

Spiazzi, Cristiano Chiapinotto 11 March 2017 (has links)
Submitted by Marcos Anselmo (marcos.anselmo@unipampa.edu.br) on 2017-06-13T17:59:19Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) CRISTIANO SPIAZZI.pdf: 6934724 bytes, checksum: 23cec5179331e6652ba17452be7c25eb (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Marcos Anselmo (marcos.anselmo@unipampa.edu.br) on 2017-06-13T17:59:34Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) CRISTIANO SPIAZZI.pdf: 6934724 bytes, checksum: 23cec5179331e6652ba17452be7c25eb (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-06-13T17:59:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) CRISTIANO SPIAZZI.pdf: 6934724 bytes, checksum: 23cec5179331e6652ba17452be7c25eb (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-03-11 / A população mundial está envelhecendo e doenças neurodegenerativas, tais como a Doença de Alzheimer (DA), estão se tornando cada vez mais comuns. Novas formas de retardar o progresso da doença vem sendo estudadas, como a utilização de substâncias com propriedades antioxidantes e anti-inflamatórias, tais como compostos de selênio. O objetivo desse estudo foi avaliar o efeito do selenofuranosídeo, um composto orgânico de selênio sintético, em dois modelos animais de demência esporádica tipo-Alzheimer. Primero experimento: Uma única administração do peptídeo Aβ (fragmento 25-35; 3 nmol/3 μL) ou água destilada foi injetada via intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) em camundongos machos. O selenofuranosídeo (5 mg/kg SE) ou veículo (óleo de canola, VEH) foi administrado por via oral 30 min antes da Aβ e durante os 7 dias subsequentes. A memória foi testada por meio do labirinto aquático de Morris (MWM) e esquiva passiva de descida (SDPA). O estresse oxidativo foi analisado através das atividades das enzimas SOD, CAT, GPx, GR e GST, bem como os níveis de espécies reativas (RS) e GSH. Os níveis de citocinas inflamatórias foram avaliados para medir o processo inflamatório, e a atividade da AChE para estimar o dano sináptico. No grupo Aβ houve redução significativa da atividade da SOD e aumento da atividade da AChE, níveis de RS, de IL-6 e GSH. Observou-se uma redução na latência de decida no SDPA, e aumento na latência para encontrar a plataforma no MWM. O SE foi capaz de proteger contra perda de memória em camundongos, provavelmente através da modulação da atividade da AChE. O composto foi capaz de proteger contra a redução da atividade da SOD, reduzindo os níveis de RS. E apesar do grupo SE mostrar aumento nos níveis de IL-6, o grupo Aβ+SE apresentou níveis iguais aos do controle. Segundo experimento: camundongos C57BL/6J de ambos sexos do tipo selvagem (WT) e transgênicos para os genes APP/PS1 (TG) foram utilizados. O SE (10 mg/kg) ou VEH foram administrados oralmente, duas vezes por semana, durante 5 meses. Testes comportamentais incluindo MWM, labirinto em Y, labirinto em cruz elevada (EPM), e o teste de preferência social/novidade social (SPSN), foram realizados para avaliar a memória e comportamento tipo ansiedade. Ambos genótipos tiveram performance semelhante no labirinto em Y, EPM e SPSN. Na fase de aquisição do MWM, foi visto efeito do genótipo nos dias 7, 9 e 10, onde animais TG apresentaram aumento da distância percorrida e latência para encontrar a plataforma. Animais WT passaram mais tempo no quadrante alvo do MWM durante segundo teste sem plataforma. Secções coronais cerebrais foram avaliadas para GFAP, Aβ e depósitos de placas amiloides através de imuno-histoquímica. SE foi capaz de reduzir significativamente a produção de GFAP e depósitos de Aβ em camundongos TG, mas isso não foi observado nos testes comportamentais. No entanto, o fato do selenofuranosídeo ser capaz de reduzir depósitos de Aβ em camundongos APP/PS1 e proteger contra várias alterações observadas com a administração do fragmento Aβ é promissor para estudos futuros. / World population is increasingly older and neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer’s disease (AD), are becoming more common. New ways to retard AD progress are being studied, such as substances with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, like organoselenium compounds. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of selenofuranoside, a synthetic organoselenium compound, in two Alzheimer-like sporadic dementia animal model. First experiment – Single administration of Aβ peptide (fragment 25–35; 3 nmol/3 μL) or distilled water were administered via intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) in male mice. Selenofuranoside (5 mg/kg, SE) or vehicle (canola oil, VEH) was administered via oral 30 min before Aβ and for 7 subsequent days. Memory was tested through Morris water maze (MWM) and step-down passive avoidance (SDPA) tests. Oxidative stress balance was assessed via SOD, CAT, GPx, GR and GST activities along with reactive species (RS) and GSH levels. Inflammatory cytokines levels were measured to assess inflammation progress, and AChE activity to estimate synaptic status. Aβ group presented a significant decrease in SOD activity and an increase in AChE activity, RS levels, IL-6 and GSH. A reduction in step-down latency in SDPA, and also latency to reach the platform former location in MWM was observed. SE was able to protect against memory loss in mice, probably due to AChE activity modulation. The compound was also able to protect against SOD activity reduction, reducing RS levels. Although an increase in IL-6 was observed in SE group, Aβ+SE showed the same levels of control group. Second experiment – male and female wild-type (WT) mice (C57BL/6J) and APP/PS1 transgenic (TG) mice were used. SE (10 mg/kg, SE) or VEH were administered via oral twice a week, for 5 month-period. Behavioural tests including Morris water maze (MWM), Y-Maze, elevated plus-maze (EPM), Social Preference/Social Novelty test (SPSN), were performed to assess memory and anxiety-like behavior. Both genotypes performed alike at Y-maze, EPM and SPSN tests. At MWM acquisition phase, a main-effect of genotype was observed at days 7, 9 and 10, where TG mice presented an increase in path length and latency to find the platform. Also, WT mice spent more time in the target quadrant during the second probe of MWM. Immunohistochemical analysis was done in coronal brain sections to evaluate Aβ deposits, GFAP production and amyloid plaques. SE treatment significantly decreased GFAP production and Aβ1-16 deposits at TG mice, but this was not reflected at the behavioral tests. Nonetheless, the fact that selenofuranoside was able to reduce Aβ1-16 deposits in APP/PS1 mice and protected against various alterations exhibited by Aβ fragment is promising for further studies.
28

Finding a needle in haystack: the Eukaryotic selenoproteome

Chapple, Charles E. 15 July 2009 (has links)
Les selenoproteïnes constitueixen una família diversa de proteïnes, caracteritzada per la presència del Seleni (Se), en forma de l'amino àcid atípic, la selenocisteïna (Sec). La selenocisteïna, coneguda com l'amino àcid 21, és similar a la cisteïna (Cys) amb un àtom de seleni en lloc de sofre (S). Les selenoproteïnes són els responsables majoritaris dels efectes biològics del seleni i s'ha observat que poden estar implicades en la infertilitat masculina, el càncer, algunes malalties coronàries,l'activació de virus latents i l'envelliment. La selenocisteïna es codifica pel codó UGA, normalment codó de parada (STOP). Per a la recodificació correcta del UGA són necessaris diversos factors. A la part 3' de la regió no traduïda (UTR) dels transcrits dels gens de selenoproteïnes en organismes eucariotes s'hi troba una estructura de "stem-loop" anomenada SECIS. La proteïna SBP2 interactua amb el SECIS, així com amb el ribosoma, i forma un complex amb el factor d'elongació EFsec i el tRNA de la selenocisteïna, el tRNASec. Donat que el codó TGA normalment significa fi de la traducció, les formes tradicionals de cerca de gens no el reconeixen com a codó codificant. Per aquesta raó ha estat necessari desenvolupar una metodologia específica per a la predicció de gens de selenoproteïnes. En els últims anys, hem contribuït a la descripció del selenoproteoma eucariota amb el descobriment de noves famílies (Castellano et al., 2005), amb l'elaboració de nous mètodes (Taskov et al., 2005; Chapple et al., 2009) i l'anotació de diferents genomes (Jaillon et al., 2004; Drosophila 12 genomes Consortium, 2007; Bovine Genome Sequencing and Analysis Consortium, 2009). Finalment, hem identificat el primer animal que no té selenoproteïnes (Drosophila 12 genomes Consortium, 2007; Chapple and Guigó, 2008), un descobriment soprenent donat que, fins el moment, es creia que les selenoproteïnes eren essencials per la vida animal. / Selenoproteins are a diverse family of proteins containing the trace element Selenium (Se)in the form of the non-canonical amino acid selenocysteine (Sec). Selenocysteine, the 21st amino acid, is similar to cysteine (Cys)but with Se replacing Sulphur. In many cases the homologous gene of a known selenoprotein is present with cysteine in the place of Sec in a different genome. Selenoproteins are believed to be the effectors of the biological functions of Selenium and have been implicated in male infertility, cancer and heart diseases, viral expression and ageing. Selenocysteine is coded by the opal STOP codon (TGA). A number of factors combine to achieve the co-translational recoding of TGA to Sec. The 3' Untranslated regions (UTRs) of eukaryotic selenoprotein transcripts contain a stem-loop structure called a Sec Insertion Sequence (SECIS) element. This is recognised by the Secis Binding Protein 2 (SBP2), which binds to both the SECIS element and the ribosome. SBP2, in turn, recruits the Sec-specific Elongation Factor EFsec, and the selenocysteine transfer RNA, tRNASec. The dual meaning of the TGA codon means that selenoprotein genes are often mispredicted by the standard annotation pipelines. The correct prediction of these genes, therefore, requires the development of specific methods. In the past few years we have contributed significally to the description of the eukaryotic selenoproteome2 with the discovery of novel families (Castellano et al., 2005), the elaboration of novel methods (Taskov et al., 2005; Chapple et al., 2009) and the annotation of different genomes (Jaillon et al., 2004; Drosophila 12 genomes Consortium, 2007; Bovine Genome Sequencing and Analysis Consortium, 2009). Finally, and perhaps most importantly, we have identified the first animal to lack selenoprotein genes (Drosophila 12 genomes Consortium, 2007; Chapple and Guigó, 2008). This last finding is particularly surprising because it had previously been believed that selenoproteins were essential for animal life.
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AVALIAÇÃO IN VITRO E IN VIVO DA TOXICIDADE DO COMPOSTO 2,2 -DISSELENETO DE DITIENILA EM RATOS / EVALUATION IN VITRO AND IN VIVO OF THE TOXICITY OF THE COMPOUND 2,2 -DITHIENYL DISELENIDE IN RATS

Chagas, Pietro Maria 05 August 2013 (has links)
Fundação de Amparo a Pesquisa no Estado do Rio Grande do Sul / The compound 2,2 -dithienyl diselenide (DTDS), an organoselenium compound with thiophene moieties, has been proven to be a promising antioxidant in vitro and in vivo, as well as an antifungal and antimicrobial agent. However, its toxicity, an important point to be investigated, has not been evaluated. The objective of this study was to evaluate whether DTDS has potential toxicity in vitro or in vivo. For this reason, sulfhydryl enzyme activities, such as δ-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase (δ-ALA-D) and Na+, K+-ATPase were assessed to predict in vitro DTDS toxicity in rat brain homogenate, in addition to its thiol oxidase-like activity. In other section of experiments, DTDS was administered to rats (50 or 100 mg/kg; per orally) in order to determine toxicological parameters in vivo. Plasma samples were collected in order to measure the biochemical parameters: alanine (ALT) and aspartate (AST) aminotransferase activities and urea and creatinine levels. Besides, in brain homogenates, it was determined the activity of the enzymes δ-ALA-D and Na+, K+-ATPase, as well as lipid peroxidation levels and antioxidant defenses (catalase and superoxide dismutase activities and ascorbic acid and reduced glutathione levels). The compound DTDS inhibited in vitro both δ-ALA-D and Na+, K+-ATPase activities (IC50 2 μM and 17 μM, respectively). The DTDS inhibitory effect on δ-ALA-D and Na+, K+-ATPase activities was restored by dithiol dithiothreitol. In addition, DTDS (5-25 μM) showed a thiol oxidase-like activity. In vivo, DTDS (50 and 100 mg/kg) caused a decrease in food and water intakes and the loss of body weight, indicating systemic toxicity, even causing death of the animals. At a dose of 100 mg/kg, DTDS decreased urea levels and increased plasma alanine and aspartate aminotransferase activities. Lipid peroxidation was increased in both administered doses. Moreover, in the highest dose, DTDS inhibited δ-ALA-D activity. By contrast, neither Na+, K+-ATPase activity nor antioxidant defenses were altered in the brain of rats exposed to DTDS. In conclusion, the interaction with thiol groups of sulfhydryl enzymes seems to mediate the inhibitory effect of DTDS against δ-ALA-D and Na+, K+-ATPase activities in vitro. Furthermore, in the administered doses, DTDS causes cerebral and systemic toxicity in rats. Although other studies are necessary to give more information about this specific compound, our findings contribute to the knowledge on the toxicology of DTDS, a compound with pharmacological properties. / O composto 2,2 -disseleneto de ditienila (DSDT), um composto orgânico de selênio com grupamento tiofeno, fora comprovado como um promissor antioxidante in vitro e in vivo, assim como um agente antifúngico e antimicrobiano. Entretanto, sua toxicidade ainda não fora avaliada, representando um importante ponto a ser investigado. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar se o DSDT apresenta potencial toxicidade in vitro ou in vivo. Para este fim, a atividade de enzimas sulfidrílicas, como δ-aminolevulato desidratase (δ-ALA-D) e Na+, K+-ATPase fora testada para predizer a toxicidade in vitro do DSDT em homogeneizado de cérebro de ratos, bem como a sua atividade tipo-tiol oxidase. Em outra seção de experimentos, o DSDT foi administrado em ratos (50 ou 100 mg/kg; oralmente) com o intuito de determinar parâmetros toxicológicos in vivo. Amostras de plasma foram retiradas para dosagem dos parâmetros bioquímicos: atividade das enzimas alanina (ALT) e aspartato (AST) aminotrasferase e níveis de ureia e creatinina. Além disso, em homogeneizado de cérebro foram dosadas a atividade das enzimas δ-ALA-D e Na+, K+-ATPase, assim como os níveis de peroxidação lipídica e as defesas antioxidantes (atividade das enzimas catalase e superóxido dismutase e níveis de ácido ascórbico e glutationa reduzida). O composto DSDT inibiu in vitro, tanto a atividade da δ-ALA-D quanto da Na+, K+-ATPase (IC50 2μM e 17μM, respectivamente). O efeito inibitório do DSDT sobre a atividade das enzimas δ-ALA-D e Na+, K+-ATPase foi restaurado pelo ditiol ditiotreitol. Adicionalmente, DSDT (5-25μM) apresentou atividade do tipo-tiol oxidase. In vivo, o DSDT (50 e 100 mg/kg) causou uma diminuição no consumo de comida e água e perda de peso corporal, evidenciando toxicidade sistêmica, causando inclusive morte de ratos. Quando administrado na dose de 100 mg/kg, DSDT diminui os níveis de ureia e aumentou a atividade plasmática da ALT e da AST. Os níveis de peroxidação lipídica encontraram-se aumentados em ambas as doses administradas. Na maior dose, o DSDT inibiu a atividade da δ-ALA-D. Em contrapartida, nem a atividade da Na+, K+-ATPase nem as defesas antioxidantes foram alteradas no cérebro de ratos expostos ao DSDT. Em conclusão, a interação com grupos tióis de enzimas sulfidrílicas parece mediar o efeito inibitório do DSDT em relação a atividade da δ-ALA-D e da Na+, K+-ATPase in vitro. Além disso, nas doses administradas, o DSDT induz toxicidade cerebral e sistêmica em ratos. Embora outros estudos sejam necessários para fornecer mais informações sobre este composto em específico, estes dados contribuem para o conhecimento sobre a toxicologia do DSDT, um composto com propriedades farmacológicas.
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ASSOCIAÇÃO DO DISSELENETO DE DIFENILA E MODULADORES DO SISTEMA GLUTAMATÉRGICO FRENTE AO DANO OXIDATIVO CAUSADO POR ÁCIDO QUINOLÍNICO / COOPERATION OF NON-EFFECTIVE CONCENTRATION OF GLUTAMATERGIC MODULATORS AND ANTIOXIDANT AGAINST OXIDATIVE STRESS INDUCED BY QUINOLINIC ACID

Dobrachinski, Fernando 22 February 2013 (has links)
Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Excessive formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and disruption of glutamate uptake have been hypothesized as key mechanisms contributing to quinolinic acid (QA)- induced toxicity. Thus, here we investigate if the use of diphenyl diselenide (PhSe)2, guanosine (GUO) and MK-801, alone or in combination, could protect rat brain slices from QA-induced toxicity. QA (1 mM) increased ROS formation, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and decreased cell viability after 2 h of exposure. (PhSe)2 (1 μM) protected against this ROS formation in the cortex and the striatum and also prevented decreases in cell viability induced by QA. (PhSe)2 (5 μM) prevented ROS formation in the hippocampus. GUO (10 and 100 μM) blocked the increase in ROS formation caused by QA and MK-801 (20 and 100 μM) abolished the pro-oxidant effect of QA. When the non effective concentrations were used in combination produced a decrease in ROS formation, mainly (PhSe)2 + GUO and (PhSe)2 + GUO + MK-801. These results demonstrate that this combination could be effective to avoid toxic effects caused by high concentrations of QA. Furthermore, the data obtained in the ROS formation and cellular viability assays suggest different pathways in amelioration of QA toxicity present in the neurodegenerative process. / A formação excessiva de espécies reativas de oxigênio (ROS) e alterações na captação de glutamato têm sido associadas como mecanismos chave que contribuem para toxicidade induzida pelo ácido quinolínico (AQ). Assim, nós investigamos se a utilização do disseleneto de difenila (PhSe)2, guanosina (GUO) e MK-801, isoladamente ou em combinação, podem proteger as fatias de regiões cerebrais de ratos da toxicidade induzida por AQ. AQ (1 mM) aumentou a formação de ROS, substâncias reativas ao ácido tiobarbitúrico (TBARS) e diminuiu a viabilidade celular após 2h de exposição. (PhSe)2 (1 μM) protegeu contra esta formação de ROS no córtex e no estriado e além disso preveniu a diminuição da viabilidade celular induzida pelo AQ. (PhSe)2 (5 μM) preveniu a formação de ROS no hipocampo. GUO (10 e 100 μM) bloqueou o aumento na formação de ROS causada pelo AQ e MK-801 (20 e 100 μM) aboliu o efeito pró-oxidante do AQ. Quando as concentrações não-efetivas foram usadas em combinação produziram uma diminuição na formação de ROS, principalmente (PhSe)2 + GUO e (PhSe)2 + GUO + MK-801. Estes resultados demonstram que esta combinação pode ser eficaz para evitar os efeitos tóxicos provocados por concentrações elevadas do AQ. Além disso, os dados obtidos nos ensaios de formação de ROS e viabilidade celular sugerem diferentes vias de atuação na melhora da toxicidade induzida pelo AQ presente no processo neurodegenerativo.

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