Thesis advisor: Alan Richardson / Burgeoning exotic consumerism in the eighteenth century supplied British consumers with an increasingly material “Orient,” which never seemed so accessible as when it could be physically consumed, in the form of exotic groceries or ingestible substances like opium. My dissertation investigates how the linguistic representation of foreign, ingestible substances – which I call “exotic ingestants” – problematizes such attempts to access or master the Orient by underscoring the gap between literary trope and material thing. In the writings of Oliver Goldsmith, Thomas Moore, Charlotte Brontë, Charles Dickens, and others, exotic ingestion provides a flexible figure through which British authors do not just imagine the Orient, but also critically diagnose the ways in which that Orient functions as a cipher for domestic fears and fantasies. Their texts self-consciously highlight how both consumer practices and discursive representations fetishize, appropriate, or otherwise distort the Oriental “other” in question. A self-reflexive discursive mode, however, does not imply a consistently anti-imperial agenda. The authors in this study interrogate cultural binaries for a range of purposes, but what does remain consistent is that they do so in order to construct, renovate, or re-imagine their own sense of self. Going beyond the models of contamination or domestication that critics usually deploy when considering cultural representations of opium and tea, I investigate scenes of exotic ingestion as dynamic sites of identity formation, where British authors negotiate their national and transnational subjectivities by consciously engaging with constructions of cultural otherness. Each chapter compares two authors to spotlight one distinctive mode of cross-cultural imagination, and the way it plays out through figurations of exotic ingestion. Together, the four chapters trace a historical trajectory. The evolving scene of exotic ingestion offers an exemplary window into Britain’s construction of its own imperial identity, which develops in response to historical events such as the eighteenth-century consumer revolution, the 1851 Great Exhibition, and the Opium Wars with China. The prominently consumerist mode of British imaginations of China explains that rival empire’s particular, though not exclusive, significance to this project. Treating China as a case study but contextualizing it within both Sino-British relations and the Orientalist discursive tradition that emerged out of Britain’s reception of the Arabian Nights, this dissertation contributes to ongoing efforts at relocating British consciousness at the intersection of national, imperial, and global discourses and practices.

O presente trabalho se propõe a analisar algumas concepções sobre o Oriente, correntes na primeira metade do século XX, que interferiram diretamente na escrita de Camilo Pessanha (1867-1926) sobre a vida chinesa. Morador de Macau por cerca de 26 anos, escreveu alguns poucos textos em prosa que tematizam a cultura e os costumes da China, além de ter tido contato com sinólogos de destaque. Os pareceres de Pessanha sobre o Oriente, bem como o de outros atores importantes, são relevantes na medida em que revelam influências do orientalismo, do exotismo e da sinologia, de maneira a reproduzir ou desafiar certos aspectos da lógica do discurso colonial instaurado em Portugal e aplicado em Macau. Num primeiro momento, o trabalho pretende refletir sobre a atuação de Camilo Pessanha como estudioso da cultura chinesa, prática na qual é confrontado com o seu contemporâneo e colega de trabalho Silva Mendes (1867-1931), também professor no Liceu de Macau. O discurso autorizado europeu que parte da ideia de domìnio sobre povos ditos inferiores seduziu a intelectualidade ocidental, e teve forte repercussão em grande parte dos pareceres de Camilo Pessanha sobre a cultura chinesa. Mostraremos, além dessa vertente, o cotejo que alguns estudiosos da vida do poeta empreendem em relação a uma suposta aproximação com a estética do exotismo. Desenhado este panorama, propomos um esboço do que seria uma nova visão portuguesa sobre Macau, ao cotejarmos o seu passado colonial, explicitado na prática administrativa portuguesa por autores como Oliveira Martins, com as novas possibilidades de compreensão da idiossincrasia macaense, esboçadas a partir de algumas iniciativas de autores como Camilo Pessanha e Silva Mendes. / This study aims at analyzing some conceptions regarding the East, present in the first half of the 20th century, which interfered directly on Camilo Pessanhas (1867-1926) writing about Chinese life. As a resident of Macao for twenty-six years, he wrote a few prose texts about Chinese life and culture, besides being in touch with some very important sinologists such as Silva Mendes (1867-1931) and José Vicente Jorge. Pessanhas remarks on the East, as well as those of other writers, are relevant for they portrait influences from Orientalism, exoticism and sinology in order to reproduce or challenge certain aspects related to the logic of the colonial discourse established in Portugal and applied in Macao. At first, this paper intends to reflect upon Camilo Pessanhas action as a student of Chinese culture, in which he is confronted by his fellow and co-worker Silva Mendes (who was also a teacher at Macaos Lyceum) as well as his pupil Luís Gonzaga Gomes (1907-1976). The European authorized discourse which derives from the idea of dominance of the so-called inferior peoples seduced the Western intellectuality and had a major impact on many of Pessanhas assessments on Chinese culture. Besides this dimension, we will also analyze a possible connection with exoticism, believed to be true by some researchers who studied the poets life. Having set the scene, we propose an outline of what would be a new Portuguese view on Macao, when comparing its colonial past, clarified in the Portuguese administrative practice by authors such as Oliveira Martins, with new possibilities for understanding Macaos idiosyncrasy, derived from some initiatives of writers like Camilo Pessanha and Silva Mendes.

O presente trabalho discorre sobre as imagens e ideias que as emissoras difundiram sobre o Iraque durante a cobertura das invasões do país, especialmente em 2003. Além de um estudo sobre as ramificações do processo de comunicação, como estão distribuídos os conglomerados que detêm os canais de informação, o material usado no Brasil e como as emissoras aberta, pública e por cabo abordaram o tema. / This research discuss about the images and ideas diffused by news networks about Iraq during covering invasions in the country, especially in 2003. Besides a study about the ramifications of the communication process, how are distributed the conglomerates that owns the information channels, the material used in Brazil and how networks open, public and cable broached the subject.

A partir da análise de Um Filme Falado (2003), de Manoel de Oliveira, são discutidas questões relacionadas à historiografia, à narrativa histórica por meio do cinema, bem como à crítica do orientalismo, eurocentrismo, relacionado-as à historiografia lusa e à do Mediterrâneo. São levados em conta aspectos de outras obras do realizador português, em especial Non, ou a vã glória de mandar (1990). Para a interpretação da película são consideradas obras da historiografia e de análise fílmica, bem como da crítica ao orientalismo, promovendo um diálogo com a historiografia em especial aquela que aborda o Mediterrâneo, Portugal, observando aspectos da história ibérica moderna, as relações do Ocidente com o Oriente árabe islâmico, além de levar em conta aspectos historiográficos como os lugares de memória. / Beginning with the film analysis of A Talking Picture (2003), by Manoel de Oliveira, here are discussed several questions regarding historiography, historical narrative through cinema, as well as the critics of Orientalism, Eurocentrism, connecting them with Portuguese and Mediterranean historiographies. I take in consideration aspects of other works by the Portuguese director, especially No or the vain glory of command (1990). To proceed about the film interpretation are considered works from historiography and film analysis, as well as from the critic of Orientalism, promoting a dialogue with historiography especially the one that approaches the Mediterranean Sea, Portugal, observing aspects from Iberian history, the relations of West and Islamic East, and also considering historiographical aspects as places of memory.

A partir dos escritos do autor português Wenceslau de Moraes (1854- 1929) produzidos durante sua vivência no Japão especialmente suas primeira e última obras, Dai Nippon e Relance da Alma Japonesa, respectivamente a presente pesquisa pretendeu discutir o caráter diversificado de sua prosa e observar o processo de mediação cultural que o autor empreendeu por meio dela, estabelecendo um diálogo entre Oriente e Ocidente. Para a realização deste estudo, consideramos também outros textos do autor pertencentes a outras fases de sua produção bibliográfica, tais como A Vida Japonesa, O Livro do Chá, Os Serões no Japão, O-Yoné e Ko-Haru entre outras. Nosso objetivo foi o de confrontar aspectos culturais e literários presentes na prosa de Moraes com os estereótipos sobre o Oriente vigentes naquele momento, na busca de precisar o imaginário agenciado pelo escritor. / From the writings of Portuguese author Wenceslau de Moraes (1854-1929) produced during his experience in Japan especially their first and last works, Dai Nippon and Relance da Alma Japonesa, respectively this research was intended to discuss the diverse character of his prose and observe the process of cultural mediation that the author undertook through it, establishing a dialogue between East and West. For the accomplishment of this study, we also consider other author texts belonging to other phases of his bibliographic production, such as A Vida Japonesa, O Livro do Chá, Os Serões no Japão, OYoné e Ko-Haru, among others. Our goal was to confront cultural and literary aspects present in the prose de Moraes with stereotypes about the East in force at that time, in search of the imaginary touted by the writer.

Magister Artium - MA / The departing point of the thesis is that the neglect of African's intellectual heritage within the South African Universities and in public discourse undermines the ability of the post-apartheid government to set its developmental agenda and maximize its democratic potential. The thesis highlights the neglect of Professor Mafeje's scholarly contribution as an example of this neglect and argues that an engagement with his scholarly output might have differently shaped the debate on the thematic issues that are covered in this study. Against this backdrop, this study explores Mafeje's scholarly works in the areas of state, development and democracy, specifically focusing on the insight that we can garner from his scholarly works that will allow us to re-examine the challenges of development. In this context Mafeje's work is examined and situated within the social history of his milieus. The study employs social constructionism to explore the scholarship of Professor Mafeje. An important aspect of this theoretical framework is social embeddedness. Brunner (1990:30) has argued that it is culture, not biology that shapes human life and mind. The important aspect of this approach is that it acknowledges that the way we commonly understand the world, the categories and concepts we use, are historically and cultural specific. Mafeje's ideas make sense when located within complex social contexts in which they were produced. Because he was not producing knowledge in a vacuum, an understanding and appreciation of his ideas must be located within the social history that produced them.

This dissertation investigates the beginning and evolution of Central Asian Studies in the United States. I look at travel accounts, diplomatic missions, popular representations, and scholarly studies of Central Asia primarily for the period between 1860s and 1960s. My main argument is that American understanding and representation of Central Asian <br>politics, history, and culture have almost always been tied to American relations to Russia. How Americans interpreted Central Asia was contingent upon the current American attitudes towards Russia. American attitudes toward the Orient also influenced how Central Asia was viewed and understood in the United States. In addition, I argue that while American understanding of Central Asia generally depended on the political climate and intellectual trends existing at a given time, independent research and <br>scholarship on Central Asian Studies existed since the early Cold War era. As an example, I discuss the development of Central Asian Studies at Indiana University – Bloomington.

A partir da análise de Um Filme Falado (2003), de Manoel de Oliveira, são discutidas questões relacionadas à historiografia, à narrativa histórica por meio do cinema, bem como à crítica do orientalismo, eurocentrismo, relacionado-as à historiografia lusa e à do Mediterrâneo. São levados em conta aspectos de outras obras do realizador português, em especial Non, ou a vã glória de mandar (1990). Para a interpretação da película são consideradas obras da historiografia e de análise fílmica, bem como da crítica ao orientalismo, promovendo um diálogo com a historiografia em especial aquela que aborda o Mediterrâneo, Portugal, observando aspectos da história ibérica moderna, as relações do Ocidente com o Oriente árabe islâmico, além de levar em conta aspectos historiográficos como os lugares de memória. / Beginning with the film analysis of A Talking Picture (2003), by Manoel de Oliveira, here are discussed several questions regarding historiography, historical narrative through cinema, as well as the critics of Orientalism, Eurocentrism, connecting them with Portuguese and Mediterranean historiographies. I take in consideration aspects of other works by the Portuguese director, especially No or the vain glory of command (1990). To proceed about the film interpretation are considered works from historiography and film analysis, as well as from the critic of Orientalism, promoting a dialogue with historiography especially the one that approaches the Mediterranean Sea, Portugal, observing aspects from Iberian history, the relations of West and Islamic East, and also considering historiographical aspects as places of memory.

Why was coffee so fashionable yet so divisive a political symbol during the latter half of the seventeenth century? Historians have offered several answers, including the suggestion that the nascent Orientalism generated its popularity. Undeniably seventeenth century England imported exotic commodities, including coffee and tea, and began to appropriate them for the English culture. Did that also imply maintaining the cultural superiority over the natives? I argue that coffee was symbolically transformed during the political and revolutionary turmoil of the seventeenth century. Coffee was first introduced in the early part of the century to the Stuart court where it was an item of sophisticated curiosity. After the Restoration, the City of London and its many newly opened coffee houses created the alternative to the courtly culture of the Stuarts transforming coffee into a political symbol, indeed a symbol of distinction in taste. The emerging political parties began a bitter struggle over coffee. The Tories considered coffee unpatriotic, not adequate for an Englishman, and too “Mohammedan.” The Whigs emphasized its more pleasant qualities. When king James II implied that the Whigs harbored sympathies for the Ottoman Sultans, coffee became a symbol of “anti-popery” and English patriotism. James’ calls to a crusade against the Turk besieging Imperial (and Catholic) Vienna went unanswered because the English were more afraid of absolutism at home and across the channel. In this way the last call to crusade fell on deaf ears, and drinking coffee became a patriotic statement. At that point, we can see the beginnings of Orientalism.

Uppsatsen syftar till att undersöka vilka bilder av det nutida Kina, och vilket historiebruk som förmedlas i sju svenska läroböcker för gymnasieskolans historieämne. Detta görs genom en kvalitativ text- och bildanalys som delas in i två delar; en orientalistisk diskursanalys om skapandet av “den andre” utifrån Hägerdals två teoretiska begrepp Exotism, i denna undersökning kallad “Den andre”, och Positionell överlägsenhet, samt Klas-Göran Karlssons historiebrukstypologi. Urvalet av böcker sker genom att de sju vanligast förekommande läroböckerna i kursen historia 1b valts ut. Resultatet visar att traditionella bilder av Kina lever kvar i form av synen på Kina som ett hot, ett land med starka kontraster, tudelad fascination och fruktan, att man bedöms efter den västerländska världens utveckling, och som beroende av stimulans från västvärlden för att kunna utvecklas som land. Undersökningen visar att det moraliska och ideologiska, tillsammans med det existentiella, historiebruket dominerar i läroböckerna.