Na célula eucariota, os processos metabólicos estão compartimentalizados em organelas e proteínas sintetizadas no citosol são endereçadas para elas por meio de sistema celular específico. Devido a sobreposições funcionais entre organelas, uma dada proteína pode ser requerida em mais de um compartimento. É o caso de proteínas com duplo direcionamento, em que um gene nuclear é capaz de gerar produtos protéicos direcionados para mais de uma organela. Cerca de 60 proteínas de plantas já tiveram seu duplo direcionamento demonstrado, a maioria para mitocôndrias e cloroplastos, portanto um fenômeno não tão raro como imaginado. Estudos recentes procuram esclarecer os mecanismos que permitem esse duplo direcionamento, mesmo existindo fatores celulares que garantem a especificidade do transporte para cada organela. O presente trabalho está dividido em três partes. Na primeira, foram investigados aspectos evolutivos do duplo direcionamento. Na análise comparativa de famílias gênicas com membros cujos produtos protéicos apresentam duplo direcionamento, em Arabidopsis thaliana e Oryza sativa, foi demonstrada a conservação do duplo direcionamento de monodeidroascorbato redutase, metionina aminopeptidase e, provavelmente, de THI1 (enzima da biossíntese de tiazol), entre as duas espécies. Os dados sugeriram um mesmo padrão de evolução em famílias incluindo membros com duplo direcionamento. Na segunda parte, o foco foi a seqüência de duplo direcionamento. Documentado o duplo direcionamento, para mitocôndrias e cloroplastos, de proteínas de ligação ao RNA, RBP1a, RBP1b e RPS19, mutações sítiodirigidas foram introduzidas na seqüência de direcionamento de RBP1b. A importância de aminoácidos positivos para o direcionamento de proteínas para mitocôndrias foi confirmada. Demonstrou-se que a mutação da alanina na posição 2, conservada em seqüências de direcionamento ambíguas para mitocôdrias e cloroplastos, não afeta o duplo direcionamento de RBP1b. A informação para o duplo direcionamento foi localizada entre os 17 primeiros aminoácidos da região amino-terminal. Os sinais de direcionamento para cloroplastos se distribuíram ao longo da seqüência. Enquanto a metade amino-terminal da seqüência foi suficiente para determinar o duplo direcionamento, a seqüência compreendendo os 13 aminoácidos seguintes afetaram a eficiência do transporte. Nessas análises, mostrou-se a adequação de método quantitativo na medida dos sinais de fluorescência da GFP, para ser aplicado em estudos quantitativos do direcionamento de proteínas para mitocôndrias e cloroplastos, in vivo. Na terceira parte, o foco foi o mecanismo traducional do duplo direcionamento de THI1, em A. thaliana. Entretanto, não foi possível testar a hipótese da presença de um sítio interno de entrada do ribossomo (IRES) no mRNA de thi1, pois não se encontrou um sistema de expressão transiente capaz de reproduzir dados da literatura que mostraram o duplo direcionamento de THI1. Nos sistemas testados, a proteína foi encontrada somente em cloroplastos, o que inviabilizou o prosseguimento da investigação. / Compartimentalization of the metabolic processes in organelles, each one having a characteristic protein pool and distinct functions, is a property of eukaryote cells. A highly specific cellular system directs proteins, which are synthesized in the cytosol, to the proper organelles. However, due to functional overlaps between organelles, a given protein may be needed in different compartments. This is the case of dual-targeted proteins, which are the product of single nuclear genes, but are somehow directed to different organelles. About 60 plant proteins have had their dual targeting demonstrated, most of them to mitochondria and cloroplasts, the phenomenon being not so rare as previously supposed. Investigations have focused on the mechanisms, which enable protein dual targeting, even in the presence of other cell mechanisms that guarantee the specific protein transport to each organelle. The present work on the subject can be divided in three parts. In the first part, evolutionary aspects of dual targeting were investigated. A comparative analysis of gene families that included members encoding dual-targeted proteins in Arabidopsis thaliana and Oryza sativa demonstrated that the dual targeting of monodehidro-ascorbate reductase, methyonine aminopeptidase and, problably, of the thiazole biosynthetic enzyme THI1 was evolutionary conserved between the two species. In addition, the data suggested the same pattern of evolution for families with members presenting dual targeting. The focus of the second part was the ambiguous sequence for dual targeting. After showing that the RNA-binding proteins RBP1a, RBP1b and RPS19 were dual-targeted to mitochondria and cloroplasts, sitedirected mutations were introduced in the targeting sequence of RBP1b. The importance of positive-charged amino acids for directing the protein to mitochondria was confirmed. Mutation of alanine at position 2, which is conserved in ambiguous sequences, was shown not to affect RBP1b dual targeting. Information for dual targeting was localized among the 17 first amino acids in the amino-terminal region. The signals for directing the protein to cloroplasts appeared distributed along the targeting sequence. While the amino-terminal half of the sequence was sufficient for RBP1b dual targeting, the sequence comprising the next 13 amino acids appeared to affect the efficiency of the transport. In these analyses, a quantitative method to measure the intensity of fluorescent signals of GFP had its efficacy demonstrated to be adopted for in vivo quantitative analysis of dual targeting to mitochondria and cloroplasts. In the third part, the focus was the translational mechanism enabling THI1 dual targeting to mitochondria and cloroplasts, in A. thaliana. It was hypothesized that an internal ribosomal entry site (IRES) was present in thi1 mRNA. However, a transient expression system could not be found that reproduced the literature data demonstrating THI1 dual targeting. In the tested systems the protein was addressed solely to cloroplasts, thus preventing the objective to be pursued.

AN ABSTRACT OF THE DISSERTATION OF BELAN M. KHALIL, for the Doctor of Philosophy degree in Plant Biology, presented July 11, 2018, at Southern Illinois University Carbondale. TITLE: ANALYSIS OF THE CIS-REGULATORY ELEMENT LEXICON IN UPSTREAM GENE PROMOTERS OF ARABIDOPSIS THALIANA AND ORYZA SATIVA. MAJOR PROFESSOR: Dr Matt Geisler Gene expression in plants is partly regulated through an interaction of trans-acting factors with the promoter regions of the gene. Trans-acting factor binding sites consist of short nucleotide sequences most often present in the upstream promoter region. These binding sites, the cis-regulatory elements (CREs), vary in structure, complexity and function. In binding to trans-acting factors, CREs connect genes to signalling and regulatory pathways that affect plant growth, development, and response to the environment. As words in a language, CREs and thus promoters can be analyzed by looking for spelling (patterns of nucleotides) associated with meaning (functions). Considering CREs as words in a language, this kind of analysis provides a great opportunity for comprehensive understanding of promoter language. Identification and characterization of CREs are challenging either experimentally or bioinformatically, and has previously been accomplished by discovering degenerate words, with ambiguous nucleotides. This kind of result implicitly makes a hypothesis that binding of a specific trans-acting factor is somewhat promiscuous (or sloppy) and that all words represented by a degenerate pattern are equally good at binding. In this study, we unpack the “degeneracy hypothesis” by systematically considering each combination of letters independently for CRE function. Our results demonstrate that not all degenerate combinations of published CREs have the same effect on gene expression. A systematic search and comparison of all 65,536 possible 8 bp CRE words were searched in the 500 bp and 1000 bp upstream promoters of all genes in Arabidopsis thaliana and Oryza sativa, respectively. The function of each CRE was evaluated by statistically comparing the presence or absence of the element in the promoter with that genes response (induction or suppression) to stimuli in 1691 public availability transcriptomes of differential gene expression data. Arabidopsis, a model dicot plant had a much larger number of such data sets, than rice, however rice was chosen as a comparison as it had the largest number of datasets for a monocot, the most distantly related plant group with sufficient data available. A comprehensive list of 8 bp words associated with differential gene expression, linguistically known as lexicon, was retrieved for both species by establishing that the presence of a CRE significantly increased the likelihood for differential expression by at least one stimulus. The lexicons were composed of 641 and 856 CREs respectively in Arabidopsis and rice, and there were only 78 shared CREs between the two lexicons. The CRE lexicon was then characterized for their strength and breadth of response, occurrence frequency, sequence complexity, and sequence conservation between two species. In Arabidopsis, evening element (EE) showed the strongest response to a cold stress transcriptome (p-value 10-99). In rice, the element AAACCCTA showed strongest response to a tissue specific transcriptome (p-value 10-79). The breadth of response varied between the two species due to number of transcriptomes used in the study. The element AAACCCTA and GCGGCGGA significantly correlated to 197 and 58 transcriptomes in both Arabidopsis and rice, respectively. On the other side of the breadth scale there were also many CREs with very restricted response. There were 291 and 258 CREs in Arabidopsis and rice, respectively, significantly correlated to a single stimulus. Occurrence frequency revealed that the most abundant CREs in Arabidopsis and rice genes were TATA box and TATA box like CREs. The structure of the CREs in the lexicon was also varied. CREs were distributed on seven levels of complexity. Level one comprised CREs having 8 copies of the same nucleotide, level seven comprised CREs having two copies of the same nucleotide. In Arabidopsis, out of 641 CREs, 314 were of level 6 complexity, which means having 3 copies of the same nucleotide. In rice, the majority of the lexicon, 263 CREs were of level 5 complexity, which means having 4 copies of the same nucleotide. Each CRE of the lexicon was correlated to at least one experimental condition in the differential gene expression data, but many were correlated to multiple and often related conditions such as drought, temperature and salinity. Therefore, each CRE was assigned a “meaning”, i.e. the associated stimuli, thus providing a sort of CRE function dictionary in addition to the lexicon itself. Many CREs possessed different meanings (termed homographs in language), and in many cases the meanings of different CREs overlapped like language synonyms. Sharing meanings (synonyms) was often among CREs with strong sequence similarity (homonyms or homophones), however, not in all cases. Analyzed as a linguistic aspect, CRE homonymity and synonymity was applied to explore the hypothesis “all CRE synonyms are also homonyms and all CRE homonyms are also synonyms.” To the end a single CRE was compared to all possible CREs with only one letter mismatch in their sequences are considered as homonyms. The CREs meaning was converted to a matrix of stimuli to generate clusters of synonyms that were analyzed for similarity of spelling (sequence). This analysis showed that not all homonyms are synonyms, however most synonyms are homonyms. Furthermore, despite a search of all one letter mismatches among homonyms, many of the functional homonyms shared smaller 4-5bp core sequence and only varied at the flanks. Synonyms being homonyms in the language of promoters raises a question, how did this evolve? Duplication of transcription factors in the genome generated transcription factor families where each family member shares the same core domain, usually a DNA recognition site. We here propose that CREs also duplicate during gene duplication process building CRE families in parallel. Members of CRE families may show different connectivity and affinity to individual members of transcription factors in a transcription factor family. In environmental sensors and developmental decision panel, this association of two families of interaction factors is called dense overlapping region (or DOR) and is a highly overrepresented network topology in biological systems. This also explains the degeneracy of initially discovered CREs. The fact is only a portion of nucleotide combinations implied by a degenerate CRE is bioactive, it represents an overlap of different members of a CRE family which is part of the process of family expansion and diversification and done as compensatory mutations as the family of transcription factors expanded and diversified. We also extensively studied CREs involved abiotic stress and identifies shared elements among abiotic stresses as well as abiotic stress specific CREs. Furthermore, CREs follow a time-sensitive response rule, which means some CREs participates in gene expression regulation only at a certain period during the course of exposure to the abiotic stress.

Submitted by Silvana Teresinha Dornelles Studzinski (sstudzinski) on 2015-06-05T12:52:21Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Amanda Dupas de Matos.pdf: 534443 bytes, checksum: 00c5612cbb7be0307b022cbbd64abc5c (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-06-05T12:52:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Amanda Dupas de Matos.pdf: 534443 bytes, checksum: 00c5612cbb7be0307b022cbbd64abc5c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-07-24 / Nenhuma / O arroz é um cereal reconhecido pelas suas propriedades funcionais devido principalmente aos compostos bioativos presentes nas camadas mais externas do grão. Embora exista grande variedade fenotípica de arroz, a maior parte apresenta pigmentação de pericarpo marrom-claro, podendo ser consumida na forma integral ou polida. Trabalhos científicos têm demonstrado que o arroz pode apresentar diferenças nutricionais e funcionais relacionadas à pigmentação do pericarpo. Dessa forma, o objetivo deste estudo foi analisar a quantidade de compostos fenólicos totais (CFST), atividade antioxidante (AAO) e teor proteico de diferentes cultivares de arroz com pericarpo pigmentado e não pigmentado, bem como avaliar CFST e AAO de infusões de arroz cru. A AAO foi determinada a partir da concentração de CFST e expressa em diferentes unidades. Os resultados mostraram diferença na quantidade de CFST e AAO (g grão/g DPPH) entre as cultivares de arroz analisadas (intra grupo cru e intra grupo cozido) com destaque para o arroz preto e vermelho. Após o cozimento, houve diferença nos grãos de arroz vermelho e marrom-claro quanto aos teores de CFST e no arroz integral marrom-claro quanto a AAO (g/g DPPH). Quanto à capacidade de sequestro do radical (%Inibição), não houve diferença entre os grãos de arroz vermelho e marrom-claro crus e cozidos e entre os grãos de arroz marrom-claro e polido cozidos. No ensaio de infusões, o arroz vermelho foi o grão de maior liberação de CFST para a água de embebição. Quanto à %Inibição das infusões, houve diferença nos grãos de arroz preto e vermelho quando comparados com os grãos de arroz marrom-claro e polido. Na caracterização proteica, não houve diferença entre as cultivares (intra grupo base úmida e intra grupo base seca), contudo os grãos de arroz preto, vermelho e marrom-claro diferiram quando comparados entre grupos (base úmida vs base seca). O grão de arroz preto foi o que apresentou maior estabilidade dos compostos bioativos sendo menos suscetíveis à degradação térmica. O conhecimento dos potenciais químicos e funcionais dos grãos de arroz permitirá o desenvolvimento de novas possibilidades de utilização desses grãos como veículo de substâncias antioxidantes visando a promoção da saúde. / Rice is a cereal recognized by its functional properties mainly due to the bioactive compounds present in the outer layers of the grain. Although there is great phenotypic variety of rice, most part of has light brown pericarp and canbe consumed in the whole or polished form. Researchershave reported that rice canprovide nutritional and functional differences related to pigmentation of the pericarp.Therefore, the aim of this study was to analyze the amount of total soluble phenolic compounds (TSPC), antioxidant activity (AOA) and protein content of different rice cultivars with pigmented and non-pigmented pericarp and evaluate TSPC and AOA raw rice infusions. The AOA was determined from the concentration of TSPC and expressed in different units. The results showed differences in the quantity of TSPC and AOA (g/g DPPH) between the analyzed rice cultivars (raw and cooked intragroup) with emphasis on the black and red rice. After cooking, red and light brown rice differed in levels of TSPC and light brown rice in the AOA (g/g DPPH). Regarding the capacity to radical sequester (%Inhibition), there was no difference between the red and light brown rice, cooked and raw, and between cooked light brown and polished rice. In infusions, red rice was the one with most released TSPC to soaking water. As to %Inhibition of infusions, there were differences in the black and red rice compared to the light brown and polished rice. In protein characterization, there was no difference between cultivars (dry and wet basis intragroup), owever black, red and light brown grains differed when compared between groups (dry vs wet basis). The black rice showed stability of bioactive compounds such as less susceptibility to thermal degradation. The knowledge of the chemical and functional potential of the rice will allow the development of new possibilities using these grains as means for antioxidants aimed to health promotion.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:22:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2011-02-24Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:27:22Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 freitas_lb_me_botfca.pdf: 659368 bytes, checksum: fb829f0c4edf80adf602dcf93615aec7 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / O arroz de terras altas tem características de rusticidade, tendo certa tolerância à acidez do solo e toxidez por alumínio, ferro, manganês e acumula altos níveis de silício. O silício absorvido proporciona às plantas melhorias, entre elas ameniza a toxidez por alumínio. Diante do exposto, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a interação do silício na tolerância de plantas de arroz a alumínio. Foram instalados dois experimentos em casa de vegetação, o primeiro foi conduzido em solução nutritiva, e o segundo em vasos com solo, ambos utilizaram delineamento em blocos inteiramente casualizados, em esquema fatorial 2 x 5, com quatro repetições. Os tratamentos de ambos experimentos foram constituídos por dois cultivares de arroz de terras altas (BRS Talento - não tolerante e Guarani - tolerante ao Al tóxico), e cinco doses de Si (0, 30, 60, 90 e 120 mg dm-3). No experimento I as plantas ficaram quatorze dias na solução nutritiva com Si e em seguida, trocou-se a solução retirando o Si e adicionando 40 mg dm-3 de Al3+, e no experimento II, utilizou-se solo naturalmente alumínico. Para o experimento I em solução nutritiva, foram avaliados: comprimento, área de superfície, volume e diâmetro médio radicular, altura de planta, número de perfilhos por planta, produção de matéria seca e teores de nutrientes do sistema radicular e da parte aérea e quantidade acumulada de nutrientes na raiz, parte aérea e absorvida por metro de raiz. No experimento II em vasos com solo, foram realizadas as seguintes avaliações: altura da planta, número de perfilhos por planta, produção de matéria seca, teores e acúmulo de nutrientes da parte aérea, número de colmos por metro quadrado, porcentagem de colmos férteis, número de panículas, número total de espiguetas por panícula, número de espiguetas granadas e chochas por panícula, fertilidade das espiguetas, massa... / The upland rice (Oryza sativa L.) has characteristics of rusticity, having some tolerance to soil acidity and toxic aluminum, iron, manganese and accumulate high levels of silicon. The silicon absorbed provides the plant improvements, including alleviates toxic aluminum. Given the above, the objective was to evaluate the interaction of silicon on tolerance of rice plants to aluminum. Two experiments were established in the greenhouse, the first was conducted in nutrient solution, and the second in pots with soil, both used in a completely randomized design in factorial 2 x 5 with four replications. The treatments of both experiments consisted of two cultivars of upland rice (BRS Talento - not tolerant and Guarani - tolerant to Al toxicity), and added five doses Si (0, 30, 60, 90 and 120 mg dm-3). In experiment I, plants were fourteen days in nutrient solution with Si and then changed the solution by removing the Si and adding 40 mg dm-3 Al3+, and in experiment II we used soil naturally aluminate. For the first experiment in nutrient solution were evaluated: length, surface area, volume and average root diameter, plant height, number of tillers-perplant, dry matter production, nutrient content of root and shoot and total quantity of nutrient in root, shoot and absorbed per meter of root. In experiment II in pots with soil, the following evaluations were made: plant height, number of tillers per plant, dry matter production, nutrient content of shoots, number of stems per square meter, percentage of fertile stalks, number of panicles, total number of spikelets per panicle, number of spikelets per panicle were empty and grenades, spikelet fertility, 1000 grain weight, grain yield and pH, organic matter... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:22:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2001-10Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T18:48:49Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 mauad_m_me_botfca.pdf: 1431196 bytes, checksum: 1b5f0fe2acd513325961bcf10af06f1a (MD5) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / O presente trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar os efeitos da adubação nitrogenada e silicatada nos componentes vegetativos (número de colmos por metro quadrado, porcentagem de colmos férteis e número de espiguetas granadas e chochas por panícula), nos componentes da produção (número de panículas por metro quadrado, número total de espigueta por panícula, fertilidade das espiguetas e massa de 1000 grãos), na altura da planta, na produtividade, nos teores de macronutrientes, nos teores de silício no solo e na planta e na anatomia da folha bandeira do arroz de sequeiro, cv. IAC 202, cultivado em túnel plástico. O experimento foi constituído da combinação de três doses de nitrogênio (5, 75 e 150 mg de N/kg de solo) aplicado na forma de uréia e quatro doses de silício (0, 200, 400 e 600 mg de SiO2/kg de solo), aplicado na forma de silicato de cálcio. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o inteiramente casualizados em esquema fatorial 3x4, com cinco repetições, totalizando 60 unidades experimentais. O silicato de cálcio foi incorporado ao solo 30 dias antes da semeadura. Na época do florescimento foram coletadas folhas bandeiras para análise de teor de macronutrientes e estudo anatônico. Amostras do tecido vegetal (colmo e folhas) e do solo foram coletadas no momento da colheita para determinação do silício na planta e no solo, respectivamente. Os resultados obtidos permitiram concluir que o incremento da adubação nitrogenada aumentou o número de colmos e panículas por metro quadrado, o número total de espiguetas e a produtividade, enquanto que a porcentagem de colmos férteis, fertilidade das espiguetas, massa de grãos diminuíram. A adubação silicatada aumentou significativamente a massa de grãos. O aumento nos níveis da adubação nitrogenada diminuiu os teores de silício na planta, porém nenhum efeito foi encontrado para os teores do... . / The present study aimed to evaluate the silicon and nitrogen fertilization effects on the vegetative components (number of stem by square meter, percentage of fertile stems and the number of fertile spikelets and unfertile grains by panicle), on the yield components (number of panicle by square meter, total number of spikelets by panicle, spikelets fertilization and mass of 1000 grains), on the plants height, productivity, macronutrients level, silicon level in the soil and in the plants and on the anatomy of the flag leaves from the rice culture, cv. IAC 202, cultuved in plastic tunnel. The experiment was constituted by a combination of three doses of nitrogen (5, 75, and 150mg of N/kg of soil) applied as urea in four doses of silicon (0, 200, 400, and 600mg of SiO2/kg of soil), applied as calcium silicate. The experimental design used was the entirely casually factorial scheme 3 x 4, with five replications, totalizing 60 experimental units. The calcium silicate was incorporated to the soil 30 days before sowing. At flourishing time, it was collected flag leaves to analyze the macronutrients level and for anatomical study. Samples of straw tissue (stem and leaf) and soil were collected at harvest period to determine the silicon in content the plant and soil, respectively. The obtained results allowed to conclude that the increment of nitrogen fertilization increased the number of stems and panicle by square meter square, total number of spikelets and productivity, while the percentage of fertile stems, spikelets fertility and mass of grains decreased. The silicon fertilization increased the mass of grains significantly. The nitrogen fertilization decreased the silicon content in the plant, however, there is no effects this element in the soil. The nitrogen fertilization also decreased the silicon deposition on the external cells wall and epidermal tissue of the rice leaves... (Complete abstract, click electronic address below).

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:22:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2010-10-13Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:07:37Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 martins_po_me_botfca.pdf: 595131 bytes, checksum: 36c47785fb004c4dc8719a57463dcab7 (MD5) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / O silício é considerado, para o arroz e a cana-de-açúcar, um elemento de relevada importância, pois, em muitas situações, tem proporcionado maiores tolerâncias a estresses bióticos e abióticos. No entanto, em muitas situações não tem sido constatado efeito positivo do silício, o que pode estar relacionado a fatores genéticos quanto à capacidade em adquirir silício em baixa disponibilidade e/ou utilizar o elemento absorvido com maior eficiência. Os mecanismos de absorção presentes na interface solo-raiz são influenciados por eficiência fisiológica e pela morfologia radicular das plantas, representada pelo comprimento, superfície e diâmetro das raízes. Assim, o presente trabalho teve por objetivo, mediante o acompanhamento da cinética de absorção de Si (Vmax, Km e Cmin), encontrar respostas entre cultivares de cana-de-açúcar e de arroz quanto à capacidade de absorção e utilização do silício, quando submetidas a condições distintas de disponibilidade e carência do elemento, procurando relacioná-las a parâmetros fisiológicos de absorção, parâmetros morfológicos de raízes e eficiência de utilização deste mineral. Foram realizados dois experimentos independentes, um para a cana-de-açúcar e outro para o arroz, em casa de vegetação, na Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas/UNESP, em Botucatu-SP. O delineamento experimental de cada experimento foi inteiramente casualizado, em esquema fatorial composto por dois cultivares distintos quanto ao acúmulo de silício para o arroz (1- alto acúmulo: Caiapó e 2- baixo acúmulo: Maravilha) e para cana-de-açúcar (1- alto acúmulo: RB85-5035 e 2- baixo acúmulo: SP81-3250) e dois níveis de silício (alto: 1,7mmol L-1 e baixo: 0,1mmol L-1), com seis repetições. Foram avaliados os parâmetros cinéticos (Vmax, Km e Cmin), parâmetros morfológicos da raiz (comprimento, diâmetro e superfície), massa... / Silicon is considered of great importance for sugar cane and rice because it can improve tolerance to biotic and abiotic stress. However, silicon has not shown positive effects in many situations probably due to genetic factors related to capacity of plants to absorb this element in lower availability or/and efficiently use it. Uptake mechanisms found in root-soil interface are influenced by physiological efficiency and aspects of root morphology such as length, surface and diameter. Therefore, this research had the objective of monitoring Si uptake kinetics (Vmax, Km and Cmin) and identifying responses among sugar cane varieties and rice cultivars related to plant capacity of Si uptake and use under distinct conditions of availability and deficiency, associating them to physiological aspects of absorption, root morphology parameters and use efficiency. Two greenhouse experiments were separately carried out for sugar cane and rice in the College of Agricultural Sciences, UNESP, Botucatu-SP, Brazil. The experimental design for each crop was the completely randomized with six replications, analyzed as a factorial that consisted of two rice cultivars (1- high accumulation: ‘Caiapó’ and 2- low accumulation: ‘Maravilha’) and sugar cane varieties (1- high accumulation: RB85-5035 and 2- low accumulation: SP81-3250) with distinct silicon accumulation capacity and two silicon levels (sufficient: 1.7 mmol L-1 and insufficient: 0.1 mmol L-1). Kinetic parameters (Vmax, Km and Cmin), root morphology aspects (length, diameter and surface), dry matter, silicon accumulation and level in shoot and root, uptake efficiency, use efficiency and root/shoot ratio were evaluated for sugar cane and rice. Data was submitted to variance analysis and means were compared by the LSD test at a probability level of 5%. The higher silicon concentration in the nutrient solution did not increase neither sugar... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Submitted by Maria Beatriz Vieira (mbeatriz.vieira@gmail.com) on 2017-03-30T13:51:58Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) dissertacao_marcio_rogerio_pereira_leite.pdf: 1122444 bytes, checksum: bed87ca85ed26067e56cccdaf3f0f3f3 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Aline Batista (alinehb.ufpel@gmail.com) on 2017-04-05T18:56:55Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 dissertacao_marcio_rogerio_pereira_leite.pdf: 1122444 bytes, checksum: bed87ca85ed26067e56cccdaf3f0f3f3 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Aline Batista (alinehb.ufpel@gmail.com) on 2017-04-05T18:58:32Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 dissertacao_marcio_rogerio_pereira_leite.pdf: 1122444 bytes, checksum: bed87ca85ed26067e56cccdaf3f0f3f3 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-04-05T18:58:45Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 dissertacao_marcio_rogerio_pereira_leite.pdf: 1122444 bytes, checksum: bed87ca85ed26067e56cccdaf3f0f3f3 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-06-02 / Sem bolsa / Este trabalho teve como objetivo comparar a qualidade fisiológica, ao longo do armazenamento, de dois tipos de sementes de arroz de sequeiro separadas durante a debulha, pelos agricultores familiares de Araguatins - TO. O experimento foi implantado no Instituto Federal do Tocantins Campus Araguatins, como também foram enviados amostras para serem analisadas no laboratório de análise de sementes da Universidade Federal de Pelotas, no início e no final do período de armazenamento. Foram utilizadas sementes de arroz de sequeiro, cultivar Agulhinha. Os tratamentos constituíram-se da combinação das formas de obtenção das sementes, ou seja, obtidas sob a bancada de debulha, denominada Semente Tipo 1 e sementes que durante o processo de debulha saltaram para longe da bancada (mais de um metro), chamadas de Semente Tipo 2, combinando-se com 6 épocas de avaliação (40, 70, 100, 130, 160 e 190 dias após a colheita), totalizando 12 tratamentos experimentais, com quatro repetições. Avaliou-se germinação; emergência em campo e laboratório; primeira contagem; índice de velocidade de emergência e massa de 1000 sementes. Conclui-se que não houve diferença significativa entres os tratamentos TIPO 1e TIPO 2 em todas as variáveis resposta, exceção daquelas dos 40, 100 e 130 dias após a colheita, na emergência em laboratório. O sistema de seleção de sementes de arroz de sequeiro utilizado pelos agricultores familiares de Araguatins – TO não é eficiente na separação por qualidade fisiológica. / This study Aimed to compare the physiological quality during storage of two upland rice seeds types, separated during threshing, by the family farmers of Araguatins - TO. The experiment was established at the Federal Institute of Tocantins Campus Araguatins. Samples of seeds are sent to be analyzed in Seed Analysis Laboratory of Federal University of Pelotas, at the beginning and end of the storage period. Rice seeds were used, to the cultivar Agulhinha, the treatments consisted of the combination of the ways of obtaining seeds, or obtained under the threshing bench called Type 1 seed and seed during threshing process jumped away from the bench (more than a meter), Seed called Type 2. That was combined with six evaluation periods (40, 70, 100, 130, 160 and 190 days after harvesting), totaling 12 experimental treatments with four replications. To evaluate germination, emergence to field and laboratory, first count, emergence speed index, weight of 1000 seeds. The results showed no significant difference between seeds TYPE 1 and 2 in all response variables, except those of 40, 100 and 130 days after crop emergence in the laboratory. The selection system of upland rice seeds used by farmers to Araguarina - TO is not effective in separation of seeds by physiological quality.

Submitted by Maria Beatriz Vieira (mbeatriz.vieira@gmail.com) on 2017-06-23T11:46:07Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) dissertacao_alessandra_vollmann.pdf: 719074 bytes, checksum: fc4a031e8a673f1bbfe20e1289928b22 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Aline Batista (alinehb.ufpel@gmail.com) on 2017-06-23T22:08:26Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) dissertacao_alessandra_vollmann.pdf: 719074 bytes, checksum: fc4a031e8a673f1bbfe20e1289928b22 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-06-23T22:08:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) dissertacao_alessandra_vollmann.pdf: 719074 bytes, checksum: fc4a031e8a673f1bbfe20e1289928b22 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-02-03 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / O armazenamento de sementes é uma atividade essencial, que tem por função a manutenção da qualidade da semente para a próxima semeadura. As sementes de arroz (Oryza sativa L.) podem ser armazenadas tanto em sacaria quanto a granel, buscando a preservação da sua qualidade fisiológica, por meio de condições onde os danos sejam mínimos. Assim sendo, este trabalho teve por finalidade avaliar a influência da temperatura durante o armazenamento na qualidade fisiológica de sementes de arroz cv BR-IRGA 417, bem como verificar possíveis alterações na composição química e na atividade de enzimas hidrolíticas. Para isto, sementes de arroz foram submetidas a quatro condições de armazenamento, sendo, condições sem controle de umidade e temperatura (laboratório), temperatura constante de 15 ºC, temperatura de 15ºC, com elevação da temperatura para 25 ºC, durante 24h, a cada sete dias de armazenamento e sementes armazenadas em temperatura de 15ºC, com elevação da temperatura para 25 ºC, durante 24h, a cada 14 dias de armazenamento, mantidas armazenadas por 168 dias e avaliadas em períodos regulares de 56 dias. Os seguintes testes foram realizados: germinação, primeira contagem da germinação, índice de velocidade de germinação, comprimento de parte aérea e raiz, massa seca de parte aérea e raiz, condutividade elétrica, em todos os períodos avaliados, Já os seguintes testes: composição química e determinação da atividade das enzimas α-amilase e fosfatase ácida, bem como parâmetros obtidos no teste de emergência de plântulas, foram realizados antes de iniciar o armazenamento e após 168 dias. Os resultados mostraram que a alternância de temperatura durante o armazenamento ocasiona redução na qualidade fisiológica da semente. Portanto, pode-se concluir que, apesar de manter o potencial germinativo alto, ocorre redução no vigor das sementes de arroz, cv BR-IRGA 417, quando armazenadas em condições inadequadas de temperatura. / Seed storage has become is an essential activity, whose function is to maintain the quality of seed for the next sowing. Rice seeds (Oryza sativa L.) can be stored either in sacks as bulk, seeking to preserve your physiological quality, through conditions where damage seeds are minimal. Therefore, this experiment aimed at evaluate the influence of temperature during storage on the physiological quality of rice sseds, cv BR- IRGA 417, and verify changes in chemical compositions and activity of hydrolytic enzymes. For that, rice seeds were submitted to four storage conditions, without humidity and temperature control (laboratory), contant temperature of 15 ºC, temperature of 15 ºC with rise temperature to 25 ºC during 24 hours, every seven day storage, and temperature of 15 ºC with rise temperature to 25 ºC during 24 hours, every 14 day storage, remain stored for 168 days and evaluated at regular intervals of 56 days. The following testes were performed: germination test, first count of germination, germination speed rate, shoot and root length, dry mass of shoot and root, electrical conductivity, in all periods, already the following tests: chemical composition, and determining the activity of α-amylase and phosphatase acid, as well as parameters obtained in the emergency seedlings test, were carried out before starting storage and after 168 days. The results showed that during storage temperature alternation causes reduction in the seed physiological quality. Therefore, it can be concluded that though maintaining high germination potential occurs reduction in the effect of rice seeds cv BR-IRGA 417, when stored under unsuitable temperature conditions.

Submitted by (ana.araujo@ufrpe.br) on 2017-02-22T14:29:22Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Vaubam Antonio Carvalho da Silva.pdf: 686276 bytes, checksum: b93c14b61aea15904fa902f27cdd2442 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-02-22T14:29:22Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Vaubam Antonio Carvalho da Silva.pdf: 686276 bytes, checksum: b93c14b61aea15904fa902f27cdd2442 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-10-10 / Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is one of the most cultivated and consumed crop in all continents. In Brazil, it is one of the basic sources of food, but the Brazilian productivity average is considerad low. That is due to inappropriate cultivation practices in some regions and mainly because there is not a sufficient number of evaluated and recommended cultivars for different systems of cultivation in several producing regions. In this context, theevaluations of genotype performance in different environments, the determination of genetics phenotype variability and the evaluation of implications arising from the interaction effects of genotype x environments allow to evaluate the genetic control of characters. Also, this evaluation makes possible the selection of genotypes with favorable characters for cultivation and enables the indication of genotypes for using in genetic breding programs. The objective of this work was to evaluate the upland rice genotypes in Zona da Mata of Pernambuco,Brazil. Two experiments were carried out in 2006, at the Agricultural School of Palmares,South of Zona da Mata, and at Agrotechnical School of Vitória de Santo Antão, Center of Zona da Mata. Twelve genotypes were used in both experiments according to randomized plots with four replicates.In each plot there were 4m-rows, separated 50 cm from each other in which 75 seeds were distributed per linear meter.Data collection was done in three central lines of each plot. Planting was accomplished in the second half of April so that the greater pluviometric index and the regularity of rainfall at each place coincided with the critical period of the culture, which is the flowering phase. The Zona da Mata of Pernambuco has climatic components such as luminosity, temperature and precipitation suitable for upland rice culture. The genotypes evaluated were IAC 47, Bonança, Rio Parnaíba, Maravilha,Caiapó, BRA 1506,BRA 1600, CNAs 9045, CNAs 9025,BRSMG curinga, BRS primavera and PB 5. It was observed that the genotypes Bonança, BRA 1506, BRA 1600, CNAs 9045 and BRSMG curinga had adequate performances for cultivation on upland conditions in the Zona da Mata of Pernambuco. / O arroz (oryza sativa L.) é um dos cereais mais cultivados e consumidos emtodos os continentes. No Brasil é uma das fontes básicas de alimento, porém a produtividade média brasileira é considerada baixa. Isto se deve ao manejo inadequado da cultura em algumas regiões e, principalmente, à carência de um número maior de cultivares avaliadas e recomendadas para os diversos sistemas de cultivo nas diferentes regiões produtoras.Neste contexto, a avaliação do comportamento de genótipos em diferentes ambientes, e as implicações dos efeitos da interação genótipo x ambiente permitem conhecer o controle genético dos caracteres e selecionar genótipos que apresentam caracteres favores à cultura,tornando possível a indicação de cultivares tanto para uso comercial como para serem utilizados em programas de melhoramento genético. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o comportamento de genótipos de arroz de terras altas na Zona da Mata do Estado de Pernambuco,Brasil.Dois experimentos foram conduzidos em 2006 na referida região, mais especificamente, na Escola Agrícola de Palmares, Zona da Mata Sul e na Escola Agrotécnica de Vitória de Santo Antão, Zona da Mata Centro.Foram avaliados 12 genótipos em ambos experimentos, em 4 blocos, de acordo com o delineamento experimental de blocos ao acaso.As parcelas foram constituídas de 5 linhas paralelas de 5m, espaçadas em 50 cm, nas quais foram distribuídas 75 sementes por metro linear. Todas as observações foram feitas nas três linhas centais de cada parcela.O plantio foi realizado na segunda quinzena do mês de abril para que o maior índice pluviométrico e a regularidade das chuvas coincidissem com o período crítico da cultura, que é a fase de emborrachamento.A Zona da Mata de Pernambuco apresenta condições climáticas como, luminosidade, temperatura e índice pluviométrico compatível com esta cultura. Os genótipos avaliados foram IAC 47, Bonança, Rio Parnaíba, Maravilha, Caiapó, BRA 1506, BRA 1600, CNAs 9045, BRASMG curinga, BRS primavera e PB5. Sendo que o Bonança, BRA 1506, BRA 1600, CNAs 9045 e BRSMG Curinga mostraram promissores para serem explorados em cultivo de terras altas na Zona da Mata de Pernambuco.

A tolerância da cultura de milho aos herbicidas do grupo das sulfoniluréias, aplicados em condições de pós-emergência é variável em função do híbrido cultivado. Da mesma forma, tem sido observada tolerância diferencial ao nicosulfuron entre as cultivares de arroz melhoradas para tolerar os herbicidas imazethapyr + imazapic (AHAS-tolerante). Desta forma, este trabalho foi desenvolvido com o objetivo de avaliar: a seletividade do herbicida nicosulfuron, aplicado em condições de pós-emergência, a híbridos de milho e cultivares de arroz AHAS-tolerante. No experimento com a cultura do milho, foram estudados dez híbridos designados comercialmente por DKB 370, DKB 990, AG 6020, AG 9040, AS 1551, AS 1572, SWB 585, BX 1149, BM 620 e BM 128, sendo o delineamento experimental adotado em blocos casualizados, com cinco tratamentos e quatro repetições. Os tratamentos utilizados em g i.a. ha-1 foram: nicosulfuron + atrazina a 20 + 1500; nicosulfuron + atrazina a 40 + 3000; nicosulfuron a 50; nicosulfuron a 60, bem como a testemunha capinada, aplicados no estádio fenológico de quatros folhas expandidas (V4). Os híbridos que foram tolerantes a todos os tratamentos, não apresentando reduções de produção, foram DKB 370, AG 9040, AS 1551 e BM 620. Os tratamentos de nicosulfuron em mistura com atrazina nas doses de 20 + 1500 e 40 + 3000 g ha-1 de i.a. foram seletivos para todos os híbridos testados. As doses de nicosulfuron a 50 e 60 g i a ha-1 foram as mais fitotóxicas do experimento, os híbridos DKB 990, AG 6020, AS 1572, SWB 585, BX 1149 e BM 128 apresentaram redução de produção para ambas as dose. Para os híbridos AG 6020 e SWB 585 ocorreu diferenças de producão entre os tratamentos de nicosulfuron a 50 e 60 g i a ha- 1, o que indica suscetibilidade ao nicosulfuron. A tolerância ao nicosulfuron das duas cultivares de arroz AHAS-tolerante IRGA 422 CL e Puitá CL INTA foi testada em um outro experimento. Os tratamentos resultaram de esquema do tipo fatorial 2 x 8, em que duas foram as cultivares de arroz e oito foram as doses de nicosulfuron (0; 6,25; 12,5; 25; 50; 100; 200 e 400 g i.a.ha-1). Foram realizadas avaliações visuais de sintomas de fitotoxicidade aos 15 e 20 dias após a aplicação (DAA) e aos 20 DAA avaliou-se o comprimento de raiz, comprimento da parte aérea das plantas e massa seca de cada cultivar separadamente. Os dados foram submetidos à aplicação do teste F na análise da variância posteriormente a aplicação de regressões não lineares do tipo log-logístico. A cultivar IRGA 422 CL tolerou maiores doses de nicosulfuron quando comparada com a cultivar Puitá CL INTA. / The tolerance of the crop corn to the sulfonylurea herbicides, sprayed in post emergence conditions, is variable according to the hybrids that is cultivated. Likewise, it has been observed differential tolerance to nicosulfuron among rice cultivars bred to tolerate the herbicides imazethapyr + imazapic (AHAS-tolerant). Therefore, this research was developed in order to evaluate the selectivity of the herbicide nicosulfuron, sprayed in post emergence conditions, to corn hybrids and AHAS-tolerant rice cultivars. In the experiment with the crop corn, it was studied ten hybrids commercially designated as DKB 370, DKB 990, AG 6020, AG 9040, AS 1551, AS 1572, SWB 585, BX 1149, BM 620 e BM 128, being the experimental design adopted romdomized completely blocks, with five treatments and four replications. The treatments used in g a.i. ha-1 were: nicosulfuron + atrazine at 20 + 1,500; nicosulfuron + atrazine at 40 + 3,000; nicosulfuron at 50; nicosulfuron at 60, as well as a check weed free, sprayed in the phenological stage of four expanded leaves (V4). The hybrids that were tolerant to all treatments, with no yield reduction, were DKB 370, AG 9040, AS 1551 e BM 620. The treatments of nicosulfuron in mixture with atrazine at the rates of 20 + 1,500 e 40 + 3,000 g ha-1 of i.a. were selective to all hybrids tested. The rates of nicosulfuron at 50 and 60 g a.i. ha-1 were the least selective of the experiment, the hybrids DKB 990, AG 6020, AS 1572, SWB 585, BX 1149 and BM 128 showed yield reduction. For the hybrids AG 6020 and SWB 585 there were diferences in the yield among treatments of nicosulfuron 50 and 60 g a.i. ha-1, indicating low tolerance to nicosulfuron. The tolerance to nicosulfuron of the AHAS-tolerant rice cultivars IRGA 422 CL and Puita CL INTA was tested in another experiment. The treatments were obtained from a factorial design 2 x 8, with two rice cultivars and eight rates of nicosulfuron (0, 6.25, 12.5, 25, 50, 100, 200 and 400 g a.i.ha- 1). Visual observations of phytotoxicity symptoms were evaluated at 15 and 20 days after treatments (DAA) and at 20 DAA it was evaluated the root and shoot length and dry biomass of each cultivar separately. The data were submitted to F test in the analysis of variance followed by the application of non linear regressions log-logistic type. The cultivar IRGA 422 CL tolerated higher rates of nicosulfuron when compared to the cultivar Puita CL Inta.