In the last 20 years, the number of incidents involving police use of force (UOF) has nearly doubled in Canada (Marcoux & Nicholson, 2018). There have been at least 460 documented fatal police encounters across Canada between the years 2000 and 2017 and at least 1,860 police UOF investigations specifically in Ontario (Dunn, 2018; Ontario Human Rights Commission, 2018). According to a 2019 annual report by Ottawa Police Service (OPS, 2019), a municipal police service in Ontario, between the years 2018 and 2019, OPS reported a 21% decrease (from 767 to 607) of applications of force among officers and a 15% increase (from 529 to 609) of UOF reports. Although the latter data is relevant to Ottawa, to better understand and potentially minimize negative police-civilian encounters, both specifically and on a larger scale, this Canadian-focused study centers on policing as well as the context at OPS and explores the extent to which professional education (PE) influences professional practice (PP). It does so by reviewing OPS’s UOF training and gathering perspectives from patrol officers and UOF educators. Using a qualitative instrumental case study (QICS) research design, the study analyzes the UOF training materials that OPS used to certify and recertify officers between the years 2010 and 2021. It also incorporates semi-structured interviews with officers and educators to gather insights on how participants define UOF, their perspectives on their pre-service and in-service training, as well as how they relate their PE to their police-civilian encounters, particularly when they used or did not use force. A document analysis of the data revealed that OPS’s UOF training uses both traditional as well as progressive and collaborative approaches to educate and relate to officers. Such approaches also aim to promote appropriate communication and de-escalation skills. At the same time, the learning objectives found in the lesson plans lack the detail needed to signify that officers have achieved the intended goal of the training. Among the important themes that emerged from the interviews were 1) the differences in priorities, between the officers and educators, concerning UOF training, 2) the value that officers place on their instructors’ experiences, 3) the challenges that educators face while adhering to provincial expectations, and 4) the integral role that training and life experiences play during police-civilian encounters. The relevance of social media was another significant theme that emerged within the study, particularly considering the participants’ views on the current social climate of policing (i.e., how the public perceives the police as well as the contentious debate about defunding the police). With limited research on police perspectives and issues specific to policing in Canada, the present study, by virtue of access to OPS’s training materials, patrol officers and UOF instructors, seeks to initiate rich and meaningful discussions about PE and PP. It also aims to encourage reflection among educators, policy-makers and society so as to address and deepen our understanding of issues related to education.

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No description available.

Cette thèse a pour objectif d'étudier le processus de construction matérielle et symbolique des villes capitales nouvellement établies et relocalisées au Brésil, au Canada et au Kazakhstan du milieu du XIXe siècle jusqu'à la fin du XXe siècle. La thèse adopte une approche comparative fondée sur des perspectives issues de l'histoire culturelle et politique, de l'histoire architecturale et de l'urbanisme. L’enquête porte sur l’exploration de ce que l’on soutient être trois phases sine qua non de la construction des villes capitales en question : a) les activités législatives et exécutives visant à choisir la localisation de leurs (nouveaux) sites ; (b) la conception et la construction des édifices gouvernementaux ou des districts représentant l'État dans ces nouveaux sites du gouvernement ; et c) les cérémonies d’inauguration des nouvelles villes capitales en tant que grands événements parrainés par l’État et visant à promouvoir les nouveaux lieux de pouvoir politique. L’exploration de ces trois moments historiques permet non seulement de saisir efficacement la différence entre les villes capitales et d’autres types de villes, mais fournit également un angle avantageux pour explorer les liens entre l’État et l’urbanité qui interagissent et co-construisent les espaces des villes capitales contemporaines. A travers l’analyse des trois phases mentionnées ci-dessus, nous proposons de repenser les projets intellectuels et politiques des élites et des individus engagés dans l'élaboration d’Astana, de Brasília et d’Ottawa, afin de comprendre comment leurs aspirations et leurs projets ont été transposés dans la matérialité des villes qu’ils ont inventées. Les études antérieures ont examiné les villes capitales comme des retombées du développement des États-nations ou des empires en les considérant de manière isolée, ou elles ont abordé la signification symbolique des villes capitales à travers une étude de leurs formes géographiques, architecturales ou urbaines. L'ambition de cette thèse est de montrer que l'émergence d'au moins trois villes capitales contemporaines découle de relations complexes et croisées entre les anciens empires et les États-nations actuels, ce dont témoigne l'exclusion de certaines groupes sociaux qui ne cadraient pas avec les représentations officielles de l'identité nationale que les élites politiques ont cherché à promouvoir dans l'espace de ces villes capitales. / This doctoral thesis aims to study the construction, both physically and symbolically, of newly established and relocated capital cities in Brazil, Canada, and Kazakhstan from the mid-nineteenth century up until the late twentieth century. The research adopts a comparative approach that is informed by perspectives from cultural and political history, the history of architecture, and urban planning. The investigation is grounded in what this thesis claims to be the three sine qua non phases of construction in contemporary capital cities: (a) legislative and executive activities geared toward choosing new sites of government; (b) the adoption of architectural and planning designs for governmental buildings or districts which seek to represent the State in these new sites of government; and (c) inauguration ceremonies for the newly-appointed capital cities in the form of large state-sponsored events, designed to promote the new loci of political power. The exploration of these three historical aspects not only enables one to efficiently grasp the difference between capital cities and other types of cities but also provides an advantageous angle from which to explore the link between statehood and cityhood, as these interact and co-construct each other within the space of contemporary capital cities. Through an analysis of the three phases in three capital cities I propose to rethink the intellectual and political projects of elites and individuals who were involved in the process of each capital’s elaboration, in order to understand how their aspirations and political projects were translated into the material reality of the cities that would be defined as ‘capitals.’ Previous studies essentially regarded capital cities as a by-product of the development of nation-states or empires, taken as separate and unrelated cases, or explored the symbolic meaning of capital cities through a study of their geographical, architectural, and planning arrangements. This thesis strives to demonstrate that the emergence of at least three contemporary capital cities was due to complex and entangled relationships between former empires and current nation-states, for these were also based on the ongoing exclusion of those groups of people who did not fit easily within the official representations of national identity which the ruling elites were attempting to forge.

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Les résultats de recherches récentes, sur l'institution catéchistique au Québec, démontrent le rapport étroit qui existe entre l'histoire de cette institution d'Église et celle de la socioculture québécoise. Notre thèse s'inscrit dans la poursuite de ces travaux. Elle porte sur la vie et l'œuvre d'une auteure québécoise qui a voué sa vie à l'œuvre du catéchisme. Dans les années 1930-1950, Marguerite Gauthier (sœur Saint- Ladislas, a.s.v.) produit une importante méthodologie catéchistique pour favoriser l'enseignement du Catéchisme des provinces ecclésiastiques de Québec, Montréal et Ottawa. Notre problématique considère la productrice et sa production dans une relation interdépendante, car la prise en compte de deux réalités particulières montre la dynamique qui les anime et les fait progresser. La méthode de recherche choisie permet d'étudier les deux composantes de la problématique. Pour décrire le système opérationnel du catéchisme : le producteur et sa production, le récepteur et la réception, le diffuseur et la diffusion, nous allons décomposer l'acte catéchistique à partir d'angles déterminés à l'aide d'un schéma méthodologique précis. Ainsi, pour cerner le volet du producteur, nous avons préparé une courte biographie de la productrice où nous montrons sa compétence pour entreprendre son action catéchistique. En second lieu, la production est analysée afin de démontrer les grandes caractéristiques de la méthode catéchistique. Par la suite, en étudiant la réception de 1'oeuvre dans le monde de 1'enseignement religieux, nous découvrons les réactions qu'elle provoque. Enfin, la diffusion des ouvrages démontre l'ampleur de leur circulation, les aires géographiques qu'elle couvre et les lieux qui servent à sa propagation. Conduite ainsi, la recherche permet d'identifier de nouveaux acteurs, de mesurer leur influence, de découvrir les enjeux et les facteurs déterminants qui produisent des changements· débordant largement l'évolution d'une institution pour rejoindre celle d'une société. L'œuvre de sœur Saint-Ladislas s'inscrit dans le mouvement du renouveau catéchistique inauguré dans l'Église catholique au début du siècle. Notre recherche est un pas de plus dans l'histoire de l'enseignement religieux au Québec.

Barriers to reaching human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) testing prevent Canada from achieving The Joint United Nations Programme on HIV and AIDS (UNAIDS) target of 90 percent of undiagnosed people living with HIV knowing their HIV status by 2020 and receive treatment.(1) Fourteen percent (9,090 of 63,100) of Canadians living with HIV were unaware of their status by the end of 2016.(1)(p.9)Individuals exposed to HIV through heterosexual contact are overrepresented (28%) among the undiagnosed people living with HIV in Canada compared to other groups, such as men who have sex with men (18%) and people who inject drugs (20%).(2)(par.15)The reasons preventing this population to present themselves for testing in Ottawa, Ontario, remain poorly understood in the literature. Most of the literature on barriers to accessing HIV testing focuses on the traditional key groups who are likely to test, and limits analysis of these barriers on one or two levels. Equally, health service providers rarely understand challenges behind HIV testing for particularly young heterosexual African migrant men. These challenges may be contributing key barriers to HIV testing. On other hand, late presentation to treatment remains a global issue. Psychosocial outcomes especially after a new positive diagnosis can delay reaching early treatment and prevention services. Indeed, all test results negative or positive have consequences. Even those with a new negative test can return to risk taking behaviour if they delay accessing prevention education. Yet no systematic study exists in this area essential for quality improvement. Programming more equitable HIV testing services will require more comprehensive evidence about challenges and barriers behind accessing HIV testing and treatment to achieve UNAIDS target of 90 percent of undiagnosed people living with HIV knowing their status and receive treatment. This research aimed to contribute to this evidence through two phases. Phase 1 used the Joanna Briggs Institute methods to implement a scoping review on psychosocial outcomes and their measurements immediately following a new HIV diagnosis. This review considered all participants who tested for HIV – whether their results were positive or negative, as any test results have consequences, and regardless of age, sex, or setting – reported in published articles between 2007 -to the present date. Paper 1 presents the scoping review. Phase 2 relied on a qualitative methodology using Grounded Theory informed by a socio-ecological framework and a framework of access to healthcare to understand experiences of accessing HIV testing services in two parts: 1) to examine barriers to reaching HIV testing among young heterosexual African migrants, focusing on young men, in Ottawa (Paper 2); and 2) to identify challenges experienced by health service providers who make accessible HIV testing services to this population in Ottawa (Paper 3). There is some ambiguity in the use of the terms “first generation immigrants” and “second generation immigrants” (or children of first immigrants). In this study, the term migrants referred to both. Selecting participants from both groups (first and second generation) was important to include a wide variety of experiences and interpretations that reflect the study population. Furthermore, the term “health service providers” was used to refer to both healthcare providers and frontline service providers. Healthcare providers referred to those who conduct HIV testing in health facilities, whereas frontline service providers referred to those who provide care and support services needed by members in their communities before and after testing within AIDS organizations and community-based organizations.

Nous avons souhaité accompagner des populations d’Afrique subsaharienne en France, sur une démarche de santé communautaire, afin d’agir sur les inégalités de santé. Ce travail permet une mesure des effets et conséquences sur le comportement de promotion de la santé sous l’angle des rapports interculturels. Cette démarche repose sur une méthodologie exploratoire constituée à la fois d’outils de recherche en psychologique, de protocoles d’intervention en santé publique et d’une problématique psycho-sociale d’interculturalité. Les évolutions de comportement en faveur d’actions de promotion de la santé sont liées de manière significative à cette démarche qui allie focus groupe et application de la théorie du comportement planifié (TCP). Une telle approche permet une réflexion sur les inégalités sociales en santé des communautés migrantes, et l’accompagnement vers les soins, en favorisant les relations entre habitants et professionnels de santé dans une démarche interculturelle. Les objectifs de l’étude étaient (i) de mieux comprendre l’intention des immigrants africains d’adopter une approche personnelle pour les problèmes de santé communautaire et (ii) d’évaluer la sensibilisation et le développement des compétences des membres de la communauté sur leur comportement de promotion de la santé. / We wanted to accompany sub-Saharan African population in France, on a community health approach, to act on health inequalities. This work allows to measure the effects and consequences of health behavior promotion from an inter-cultural relations angle. This approach is based on an exploratory methodology made up of both psychological research tools, protocols for intervention in public health with the psycho-social problematic of inter-culturality. Behavioral changes in favor of health promotion actions are significantly related to this approach, which will combine group focus and the application of planned behavior theory (PBT). Such an approach allows a reflection on the social inequalities in health of the migrant communities, and the accompaniment towards care, favouring relations between inhabitants and health professionals on an intercultural approach. The objectives of the study were (i) to better understand the intention of African migrants to adopt a personal approach to community health problems and (ii) to assess the influence of developing members’ awareness and skills of the community on their health promotion behavior.

Contaminated sediments represent a common environmental problem because they can sequester large quantities of contaminants which can remain long after the source of pollution has been removed. From the sediment these hazardous compounds are released into the sediment porewater where it can partition into organisms in the sediment and bioaccumulate up the food web; leading to an ecological and human health concern. The objective of this work is to investigate an emerging option in contaminated sediment remediation; specifically an option for in-situ treatment known as active capping. Conventional capping uses clean sediment or sands to separate contaminated sediment from overlying water and biota. Active capping is the use of a sorptive amendment to such a cap to improve its effectiveness. This work focuses on granular materials as direct amendments to conventional caps including; granular activated carbon (GAC), iron/palladium amended GAC, alumina pillared clay, rice husk char, and organically modified clays. All materials were investigated in batch sorption tests of benzene, chlorobenzene, and naphthalene in DI water. Additionally porewaters from three sites were extruded and the concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were measured. At Manistique Harbor and Ottawa River PCBs were identified as the primary contaminant of concern while PAHs were the contaminant of concern at the Grand Calumet River. At these sites a solvent extraction method was used to analyze the sediment concentrations of the contaminants of concern. From the former batch tests activated carbon and a commercially available organoclay were chosen for further investigation. This includes PAHs in batch sorption tests using extruded sediment porewater to investigate matrix effects, and PCB sorption in distilled water. / text

Contexte Les programmes de promotion de la santé dans le milieu du travail sont des interventions complexes qui requièrent une compréhension des facteurs de risque pour l’identification des populations à cibler. Leur développement s’appuie souvent sur des méthodes de montage de projet qui ne tiennent pas compte de principes de promotion de la santé de la Charte d’Ottawa. Des approches méthodologiques adaptées sont nécessaires pour comprendre le fonctionnement de ces programmes. Objectifs Mener une réflexion autour de la promotion de la santé dans le milieu du travail à travers : (i) le développement de la « théorie de programme » d’une intervention de promotion de la santé intitulée « Plus Saine la Vie » réalisée à la Société Nationale des Chemins de Fer Français (SNCF) et (ii) l’identification des déterminants du diabète de type 2 et de l’hypertension artérielle que l’on peut mesurer en routine auprès d’une population de salariés en surpoids en milieu du travail. Méthodes L’outil de catégorisation des résultats de Promotion Santé Suisse a été utilisé pour développer la « théorie de programme » à l’aide d’une approche inductive fondée sur la documentation disponible sur l’intervention et l’observation de celle-ci sur le terrain. Vingt réunions itératives du comité de pilotage de l’intervention ont assuré la validation du processus qui a abouti au modèle final. Ensuite, nous avons utilisé la méthode de conception de programme proposée par Fry et Zask (2016) pour comprendre quels leviers d’action de la Charte d’Ottawa ont été mobilisés par l’intervention. L’identification des déterminants du diabète de type 2 et de l’hypertension artérielle a été réalisée par deux études transversales auprès des salariés en surpoids de la SNCF volontaires pour participer à un dépistage lors de la visite périodique de médecine du travail (janvier 2011- mars 2015). Résultats Une première « théorie de programme » a été développée avec des informations détaillées sur les activités, les résultats intermédiaires et les objectifs de l’intervention. Quatre axes stratégiques de la Charte d’Ottawa ont été mobilisés par l’intervention : création d’environnements favorables à la santé, renforcement de l’action communautaire, acquisition d’aptitudes individuelles et réorientation des services de santé. Dans la deuxième partie de notre travail, les quatre déterminants suivants ont été identifiés pour expliquer une hyperglycémie chez les salariés en surpoids : le sexe masculin, un âge ≥50 ans, une pression artérielle élevée (≥140/90 mm Hg), et une consommation quotidienne de produits sucrés. De plus, six déterminants ont été identifiés pour expliquer une pression artérielle élevée : le sexe masculin, un âge ≥40 ans, un indice de masse corporelle compris entre 27,5 et 29,9 kg/m², une hyperglycémie (mesurée par la glycémie capillaire ≥ 7 mmol/L), un risque élevé d'apnée du sommeil, et le travail de nuit. À l'inverse, être cadre au sein de la SNCF a été identifié comme un facteur protecteur de pression artérielle élevée. Discussion Notre travail propose un cadre conceptuel pour modéliser les programmes de promotion de la santé dans le milieu du travail et relève ainsi, par l’exemple concret de l’action « Plus Saine la Vie », comment certains des axes stratégiques de la Charte d’Ottawa ont pu être mobilisés dans le milieu du travail. Enfin, l’identification de déterminants du diabète de type 2 et de l’hypertension artérielle au cours d’une visite systématique de médecine du travail des salariés en surpoids montre la faisabilité d’interventions ciblées de promotion de la santé dans le milieu du travail. / Background Workplace health promotion programmes are complex interventions that need a wide understanding of risk factors to target high risk populations. The implementation of these programmes often requires the mobilization of classical methods of programme design and planning. However, these methods usually are not based on the Ottawa Charter five priority areas which provides a framework ensuring programme effectiveness. Understanding how a specific program is supposed to work is a crucial point in health promotion and could contribute to the appropriate programme planning and implementation. Thus, programme theory is a practical tool which captures the complexity of a programme by clarifying its objectives, activities and expected outcomes. Objective The aim of this work was to provide a deep insight about workplace health promotion by (i) developping the underlying programme theory of a health promotion programme entitled “Plus Saine la Vie” (“Healthier Life”) carried out in the French National Railways Company (SNCF) and (ii) identifying the factors that are associated with type 2 diabetes and hypertension and can be routinely measured in French overweight employees to develop targeted preventive strategies in the workplace. Methods The “Swiss Model for Outcome Classification in Health Promotion and Prevention” was used to develop the programme theory. Then, we used the design process proposed by Fry and Zask (2016) to understand which levers of action from the Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion had been mobilised in the programme. Secondly, two cross-sectional studies were conducted to identify the determinants of type 2 diabetes and hypertension among SNCF overweight employees who participated in a health screening conducted during their regular occupational health check-up (January 2011-March 2015). Results Our work provides a programme theory with detailed information regarding how this health promotion programme was supposed to work and what it was expected to be implemented in the workplace setting. Moreover, the programme design analysis showed that the programme had mobilised the following Ottawa Charter’s action areas in the workplace setting: “creating supportive environments”, “strengthening community action”, “developing personal skills” and “reorienting health services”. Significant predictors of hyperglycaemia were male sex, age ≥50 years, high blood pressure, and daily intake of sugary food. In addition, male sex, older age (age ≥40), body mass index between 27.5 and 29.9 kg/m², hyperglycaemia, high risk of sleep apnoea, and night work schedule were significantly associated with high blood pressure. Conversely, high job position was identified as a protective factor for high blood pressure. Discussion Our work provides an example of a programme theory which can be used as a framework to develop health promotion programmes in the workplace setting. Moreover, our work presents an analysis of the programme concerning the mobilisation of the Ottawa Charter’s action areas for health promotion in the workplace. Our findings could be used by occupational health professionals to design specific health promotion interventions in the workplace setting to target individuals at high risk for developing hypertension and type 2 diabetes.