Orientador: André Luis Balbi / Resumo: A Diálise Peritoneal Contínua (DPC) e a Hemodiálise (HD) diária são opções para o tratamento de pacientes com Lesão Renal Aguda (LRA). A DPC pode causar alterações na função respiratória principalmente relacionadas ao aumento da Pressão Intra-Abdominal (PIA) e a HD pode levar a hipoxemia pelo contato do sangue com o circuito extracorpóreo e pela disfusão do CO2 no dialisato. No entanto, ambos os métodos podem melhorar a mecânica respiratória e a oxigenação pela retirada de líquidos e consequentemente redução do edema pulmonar. O objetivo principal deste estudo foi comparar os efeitos da DPC e da HD diária na mecânica ventilatória e oxigenação de pacientes com LRA sob Ventilação Mecânica Invasiva (VMI). Metodologia: Estudo tipo coorte prospectivo que avaliou 154 pacientes, sendo 37 em DPC e 94 em HD. Foram avaliados, por até 3 dias, os parâmetros de mecânica respiratória como Complacência Estática (Cest) e Resistência do Sistema Respiratório (Rsr) e também o Índice de Oxigenação (IO). Os pacientes foram avaliados nos momentos 1, 2 e 3 (pré-diálise) e 1, 2 e 3 (pós-diálise) em relação a Cest e Rsr e nos momentos 1, 2 e 3 em relação ao IO. Para comparação entre as características clínicas iniciais dos pacientes foram utilizados os testes t de student, qui-quadrado e exato de fisher. Para comparação das variáveis Cest, Rsr e IO no tempo foi utilizado o modelo Anova de medidas repetidas, seguido do teste de comparações múltiplas de Wald ou Tukey. Foi considerado um nível de signif... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The Continuous Peritoneal Dialysis (CPD) and daily Hemodialysis (HD) are options for the treatment of Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) patients. The CPD can cause changes in respiratory function mainly related to increase Intra-Abdominal Pressure (IAP) and HD can lead to hypoxemia due to blood contact with the extracorporeal circuit and the diffusion of CO2 in the dialysate. However, both methods can improve respiratory mechanics and oxygenation due to the fluid removal and consequently reduced pulmonary edema. The aim of this study was to compare the effects of the CPD and daily HD on respiratory mechanics and oxygenation of AKI patients undergoing Invasive Mechanical Ventilation (IMV). Methodology: A prospective cohort study evaluated 154 patients, 37 on CPD and 94 on HD. The respiratory mechanics parameters such as Static Compliance (Cest) and Resistance of the Respiratory System (Rsr) and Oxygenation Index (OI) were assessed for three days. Patients were evaluated at moments 1, 2 and 3 (pre-dialysis) and 1, 2 and 3 (post-dialysis) in relation to Cest and Rsr and at times 1, 2 and 3 in relation to the IO. The student t test, chi-square and fisher exact were used to compare the baseline patients characteristics. ANOVA model for repeated measures was used to compare the variables Cest, Rsr and OI, followed by the multiple comparison Tukey or Wald Test. Significance level was 5%. Results: Comparing the initial clinical parameters between the two groups, all characteristics were simi... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Doutor

Introdução: O conhecimento da fisiopatogênese da Doença Inflamatória Intestinal (DII) tem evoluído nas últimas décadas. No entanto, apesar das terapias terem evoluído, 2/3 dos casos ainda necessitam de drogas alternativas e terapias de suporte. A busca constante de tratamentos alternativos e modalidades mais eficazes tem gerado algumas abordagens promissoras, tais como a utilização do oxigênio hiperbárico (HBO). O uso dessa terapia cresceu rapidamente nos anos 90 mostrando bons resultados e poucos efeitos colaterais sendo, posteriormente \"esquecida\" ante a eficácia apresentada pelo uso das terapias biológicas. Objetivos: Os objetivos deste trabalho foram avaliar os efeitos do tratamento com HBO em camundongos com colite induzida quimicamente pelo ácido 2,4,6 trinitro benzeno sulfônico 2,5% (TNBS), sobre a avaliação dos animais, a análise histológica, o perfil inflamatório através das citocinas IL-4, IL-10, IL-12, IL-13, IL-17, fator de necrose tumoral alfa (TNFalfa) e Interferon y e da atividade das enzimas antioxidantes superóxido dismutase (SOD), glutationa peroxidase (GPx) e glutationa redutase (GR) em intestino de camundongos. Metodologia: Camundongos machos foram divididos em 6 grupos. No grupo 1, a colite foi induzida por TNBS 2,5% + Etanol 35%, sendo chamado de grupo TNBS; o grupo 2 também recebeu TNBS 2,5% + Etanol 35% seguido do tratamento com o HBO, sendo chamado de grupo TNBS+HBO; o grupo 3 recebeu apenas o veículo etanólico a 35%, sendo chamado de grupo ÁLCOOL; o grupo 4 também recebeu o veículo etanólico a 35% associado ao HBO, sendo chamado de grupo ÁLCOOL+HBO; o grupo 5 recebeu apenas solução salina (NaCl 0,9%), sendo chamado de grupo SALINA; e o grupo 6 recebeu a solução salina associado ao HBO, sendo chamado de grupo SALINA+HBO. Durante o tratamento os animais foram avaliados diariamente. O tratamento com HBO foi realizado por 4 dias e, ao final, as amostras da porção final do intestino foram retiradas e armazenadas para análise histológica, enzimas antioxidantes e citocinas. Resultados: A avaliação mostrou que o HBO promoveu uma melhora significativa no quadro clínico desses animais. A aplicação do ácido 2,4,6 trinitro benzeno sulfônico nos animais do grupo TNBS resultou na perda de 12,71% do peso corpóreo dos animais após 24 horas e, ao final do período experimental uma perda de peso total de 14,63%. Por outro lado, os animais que também receberam 2,4,6 trinitro benzeno sulfônico associado ao tratamento com o HBO (TNBS+HBO) tiveram uma perda de apenas 7,52% nas primeiras 24 horas, apresentando uma recuperação de 5,58% de seu peso no final do período experimental. A avaliação do quadro histológico mostrou uma melhora significativa entre o grupo TNBS+HBO quando comparado com o grupo TNBS. O tratamento com HBO aumentou a atividade das enzimas antioxidantes SOD e GPx em todos os grupos, sendo somente significativo entre os grupos TNBS vs TNBS+HBO, não sendo observado diferença da GR entre os grupos. Com relação ao perfil inflamatório foi observado que o tratamento com o HBO promoveu a diminuição das citocinas pró-inflamatórias INFy, IL-12, IL-17 e TNF? e o aumento das citocinas anti-inflamatórias IL-4 e IL-10, e não houve alteração da IL-13. Em modelo experimental, esses dados representam, o potencial efeito anti-inflamatório e o do aumento das defesas antioxidantes enzimáticas promovido pelo HBO / Introduction: The Knowledge about the physiopathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) has evolved over the last decades. However, although therapies have improved, 2/3 of the cases still need alternative drugs and support therapy. The constant search for alternative treatments and more effective modalities has brought to light some promising strategies, as the use of hyperbaric oxygen (HBO). The use of such therapy surged rapidly in the 90´s showing good results and few side effects being, later on, \"forgotten\" due to the efficacy shown by the use of biological therapies. Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the effects of HBO treatment in mice with chemically induced colitis, using 2,4,6 trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid 2,5% (TNBS) over the evaluation of the animals, histological analysis, inflammatory profile through cytokines IL-4, IL-10, IL-12, IL-13, IL-17, TNF- alfa and interferon y, and also the activity of the antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD), gluthatione peroxidase (GPx) and gluthatione reductase (GR) in intestine of mice. Methodology: Male mice were divided into 6 groups, in group 1, colitis was induced by TNBS 2,5%+ Ethanol 35%, named as TNBS, group 2 also received TNBS 2,5%+ Ethanol 35% + HBO, named as TNBS+HBO, group 3 received only Ethanol 35%, named as ALCOHOL, group 4 received Ethanol 35% associated with HBO, named as ALCOHOL+HBO, group 5 received Saline (NaCl 0,9%), named as SALINE and group 6 received Saline combined with HBO, named as SALINE+HBO. During the treatment the animals were evaluated daily. The treatment with HBO was performed for 4 days and at the end, the samples of the final portion of the bowel were removed and stored for histological, antioxidant enzymes and cytokines analysis. Results: This study has shown that the HBO promoted a significant improve on these animals clinical status. The group which received TNBS showed a 12,71% body weight loss after 24 hours, and by the end of the experimental period the average weight loss was 14,63%. On the other hand, the animals treated with HBO showed only 7,52% weight loss during the first 24 hours, having recovered the weight lost in 5,58% by the end of the experimental period. The histological evaluation of the TNBS+HBO group presented a significant improvement when compared with TNBS group. The treatment with HBO increased the activity of the antioxidant enzymes SOD and GPx in all groups, being only significant among the groups TNBS vs TNBS+HBO, difference in the activity of GR was not observed among the groups. Regarding the inflammatory profile, it was observed that the treatment with HBO promoted the decrease of pro-inflammatory cytokines INFy, IL-12, IL-17 and TNFalfa, as well as the increase of anti-inflammatory cytokines IL-4 and IL-10, while IL-13 was not affected. These data represents, in experimental model, the potential anti-inflammatory effect and the increase of the enzymatic antioxidant defenses promoted by the HBO

La transition Archéen – Protérozoïque (~2,45 Ga) est marquée par des bouleversements environnementaux majeurs dans l’histoire de la Terre (oxygénation de l’atmosphère et glaciations globales). Les séquences sédimentaires qui enregistrent ces événements ont été très étudiées en Amérique du Nord (séquence Huronienne) et en Afrique du Sud (Transvaal). Une séquence analogue sur le craton de Pilbara en Australie Occidentale (groupe de Turee Creek, TCG) contient 3 niveaux de diamictites glaciaires. 3 forages continentaux (Turee Creek Drilling Project, TCDP) ont été réalisés pour étudier la séquence. La géochronologie U-Pb de monazite et zircon dans des échantillons de forage et de surface a daté la première glaciation à 2,45 Ga et la seconde à ~2,34 Ga. Des analyses Re-Os de pyrites de la seconde diamictite ont donné une isochrone à 2,31 Ga. Ces résultats ont permis de proposer un scenario de corrélation des glaciations paléoprotérozoïques enregistrées sur différents continents. Une ‘Snowball Earth’ aurait eu lieu à ~2,45 Ga sur au moins 5 cratons (Pilbara, Kaapvaal, Supérieur, Wyoming, Karélia). Une seconde glaciation aurait pu avoir lieu à ~2,31 Ga sur 4 cratons. L’ensemble des zircons détritiques du TCG ont une distribution d’âge avec des pics à 2,45, 2,54, 2,68, 2,82, 2,95 et 3,2 Ga. Un cristal de zircon Hadéen a été découvert et indique la présence d’une probable croûte différenciée dans le craton de Pilbara à 4,0 Ga. 70% des zircons ont des compositions isotopiques en Hf juvéniles, suggérant que le TCG a incorporé du matériel volcanique provenant de larges provinces ignées continentales à travers l’érosion des groupes sous jacents de Hamersley et Fortescue / The Archean – Proterozoic transition at 2.45 Ga is marked by major environmental changes in Earth’s history (atmosphere oxygenation and global glaciations). The origin and the relationships between these events are debated. Sedimentary sequences that record these events have been widely studied in North America (Huronian sequence) and South Africa (Transvaal). An analog sequence in the Pilbara craton in Western Australia (Turee Creek Group, TCG) contains 3 glacial horizons. 3 continental drill cores (Turee Creek Drilling Project, TCDP) were performed in order to investigate the sequence. U-Pb geochronology of monazite and zircon from drill core and surface samples allows to date the first paleoproterozoic glaciation at 2.45 Ga and a second glacial event at ~2.34 Ga. Re-Os analyses of pyrites from the second diamictite yielded an isochron at 2.31 Ga. These results enable to propose a correlation scenario of the paleoproterozoic glacial events recorded on different continents. A ‘Snowball Earth’ would have occured at 2.45 Ga at least on 5 cratons. A second glaciation could have occured at ~2.31 Ga on 4 cratons. Detrital zircons age spectrum highlights age peaks at 2.45, 2.54, 2.68, 2.82, 2.95 and 3.2 Ga. A crystal of Hadean zircon was discovered and indicate the existence of a probable differentiated crust within the Pilbara craton at 4.0 Ga. 70% of the analyzed zircons have juvenile Hf isotope composition, suggesting that the TCG incorporated volcanic material from continental large igneous provinces through the erosion of the underlying Hamersley and Fortescue groups

Outcome after traumatic brain injury (TBI) depends on the extent of primary cell death and on the development of secondary brain injury. The general aim of this thesis was to find strategies and quality systems to minimize the extent of secondary insults in neurointensive care (NIC). An established standardized management protocol system, multimodality monitoring and computerized data collection, and analysis systems were used. The Uppsala TBI register was established for regular monitoring of NIC quality indexes. For 2008-2010 the proportion of patients improving during NIC was 60-80%, whereas 10% deteriorated. The percentage of ‘talk and die’ cases was < 1%. The occurrences of secondary insults were less than 5% of good monitoring time (GMT) for intracranial pressure (ICP) > 25 mmHg, cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP) < 50 mmHg and systolic blood pressure < 100 mmHg. Favorable outcome was achieved by 64% of adults. Nurse checklists of secondary insult occurrence were introduced. Evaluation of the use of nursing checklists showed that the nurses documented their assessments in 84-85% of the shifts and duration of monitoring time at insult level was significantly longer when secondary insults were reported regarding ICP, CPP and temperature. The use of nurse checklist was found to be feasible and accurate.  A clinical tool to avoid secondary insults related to nursing interventions was developed. Secondary brain insults occurred in about 10% of nursing interventions. There were substantial variations between patients. The risk ratios of developing an ICP insult were 4.7 when baseline ICP ≥ 15 mmHg, 2.9 when ICP amplitude ≥ 6 mmHg and 1.7 when pressure autoregulation ≥ 0.3. Hyperthermia, which is a known frequent secondary insult, was studied. Hyperthermia was most common on Day 7 after admission and 90% of the TBI patients had hyperthermia during the first 10 days at the NIC unit. The effects of hyperthermia on intracranial dynamics (ICP, brain energy metabolism and BtipO2) were small but individual differences were observed. Hyperthermia increased ICP slightly more when temperature increased in the groups with low compliance and impaired pressure autoregulation. Ischemic pattern was never observed in the microdialysis samples. The treatment of hyperthermia may be individualized and guided by multimodality monitoring.

Les zones à oxygène minimum (OMZs) sont des régions océaniques pratiquement dépourvues d'oxygène. Au cours des derniers milliers d'années, des changements climatiques globaux ont influencé l'intensité et l'extension spatiale de ces zones. Cette thèse propose de reconstruire les concentrations en oxygène dissous des eaux de fond au large de la marge Nord Est du Pacifique pour le Quaternaire supérieur à travers trois méthodes indépendantes, ayant pour dénominateur commun l'enregistrement fossile des foraminifères benthiques. Une première méthode dite micropaléontologique, basée sur l’abondance relative de trois assemblages, est développée dans un premier article. Un second article établit une relation entre l’oxygénation et la porosité de l'espèce Bolivina seminuda, caractérisée par une variation de couverture de pores de la [O$_2$]. Un troisième article est consacré à une méthode morphométrique, basée sur un indice prenant en compte la taille et la circularité des spécimens de chaque échantillon. Chacune de ces méthodes a pu être calibrée grâce aux foraminifères benthiques prélevés dans des sommets de carottes dont la teneur actuelle en oxygène dissous est connue. Ainsi, les estimations quantitatives montrent des valeurs d'oxygène faibles ($\sim$ 0.05 mL.L$^{-1}$) durant les évènements climatiques chauds (évènements de Dansgaard-Oeschger) et plus élevées ($\sim$ 0.5 mL.L$^{-1}$) pendant les évènements froids, pouvant atteindre $\sim$ 1 mL.L$^{-1}$ durant les stades associés aux évènements de Heinrich. Dans un dernier chapitre, ces trois méthodes sont appliquées à l'OMZ de la Mer d'Arabie, et un lien entre oxygénation, mousson indienne, et régime des vents est discuté. / Oxygen minimum zones (OMZs) are areas in the ocean that are almost completely devoid of dissolved oxygen. For several decades, global climate changes are known to be responsible for fluctuations in the intensity and spatial extent of these OMZs. In this thesis, three independent methods were developed for reconstructing the oxygen concentration of OMZ bottom waters during the late Quaternary. All these methods are based on benthic foraminifera preserved in the fossil record. A micropaleontological method is described in a first publication. This approach is based on the relative abundance of three benthic foraminiferal assemblages. A second publication explores the connection between oxygenation and porosity of the benthic foraminiferal species Bolivina seminuda, characterised by a pore surface area that depends on the [O$_2$]. A third article describes a morphometric approach to past oxygen reconstruction based on a semi-automatic method used to calculate an averaged size and roundness index for each sample. Recent benthic foraminifera, recovered from core-top sediments for which the modern bottom water dissolved oxygen content is known, are used to calibrate the three methods. It is found that warm interstadials (corresponding to Dansgaard-Oeschger events) exhibit conditions almost depleted in [O$_2$] ($\sim$ 0.05 mL.L$^{-1}$) while cold stadials show higher values ($\sim$ 0.5 mL.L$^{-1}$) reaching $\sim$ 1 mL.L$^{-1}$ during stadials associated with Heinrich events. In the final chapter, all three methods are successfully applied to the Arabian Sea OMZ, and a link between oxygenation, the indian monsoon, and the local wind regime is discussed.

Submitted by CIBELE TAÍS PUATO DE ALMEIDA null (ctpdalmeida@alunos.fmb.unesp.br) on 2016-04-01T18:34:01Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese Cibele Tais Puato de Almeida.pdf: 839793 bytes, checksum: 01a41de5a6976ff81d2d379acd327e1f (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ana Paula Grisoto (grisotoana@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2016-04-05T18:47:49Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 almeida_ctp_dr_bot.pdf: 839793 bytes, checksum: 01a41de5a6976ff81d2d379acd327e1f (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-05T18:47:49Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 almeida_ctp_dr_bot.pdf: 839793 bytes, checksum: 01a41de5a6976ff81d2d379acd327e1f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-02-26 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / A Diálise Peritoneal Contínua (DPC) e a Hemodiálise (HD) diária são opções para o tratamento de pacientes com Lesão Renal Aguda (LRA). A DPC pode causar alterações na função respiratória principalmente relacionadas ao aumento da Pressão Intra-Abdominal (PIA) e a HD pode levar a hipoxemia pelo contato do sangue com o circuito extracorpóreo e pela disfusão do CO2 no dialisato. No entanto, ambos os métodos podem melhorar a mecânica respiratória e a oxigenação pela retirada de líquidos e consequentemente redução do edema pulmonar. O objetivo principal deste estudo foi comparar os efeitos da DPC e da HD diária na mecânica ventilatória e oxigenação de pacientes com LRA sob Ventilação Mecânica Invasiva (VMI). Metodologia: Estudo tipo coorte prospectivo que avaliou 154 pacientes, sendo 37 em DPC e 94 em HD. Foram avaliados, por até 3 dias, os parâmetros de mecânica respiratória como Complacência Estática (Cest) e Resistência do Sistema Respiratório (Rsr) e também o Índice de Oxigenação (IO). Os pacientes foram avaliados nos momentos 1, 2 e 3 (pré-diálise) e 1, 2 e 3 (pós-diálise) em relação a Cest e Rsr e nos momentos 1, 2 e 3 em relação ao IO. Para comparação entre as características clínicas iniciais dos pacientes foram utilizados os testes t de student, qui-quadrado e exato de fisher. Para comparação das variáveis Cest, Rsr e IO no tempo foi utilizado o modelo Anova de medidas repetidas, seguido do teste de comparações múltiplas de Wald ou Tukey. Foi considerado um nível de significância de 5%. Resultados: Na comparação dos parâmetros clínicos iníciais entre os dois grupos, todas as características foram iguais, exceto a idade que foi maior entre aqueles em DPC (70,8±11,6 Vs 60±15,8 - p<0,0001). Nos dois grupos a Cest aumentou significativamente, sem difereça entre os grupos – Pré-Diálise (DPC: 40±17,4, 42,8±17,2,48±19; HD: 39,1±21,3, 39,5±18,9, 45,2±21) Pós-Diálise (DPC: 42,8±17,2, 48±19, 57,1±18,3; HD: 42±19, 45±18,5, 56±24,8). A Rsr permaneceu estável entre os pacientes em DPC (Pré-Diálise: 10,4±5,1, 13,3±7,7, 13,5±10,3; Pós-Diálise: 13,3±7,7, 13,5±10,3, 11,1±5,9) e diminuiu entre os pacientes em HD (Pré-Diálise: 10,4±5,1, 10,4±5,1, 10,4±5,1; Pós-Diálise: 10,5±6,8, 10±4,9, 8,9±4,2). Houve diferença estatística na Rsr entre os grupos, no pós-diálise 1 e 2 (p=0,03). O IO aumentou nos dois grupos (DPC: 260,7±119, 252,7±87,1, 287,3±88,4; HD: 228±85, 257±84, 312,1±111,5), sem diferença estatística entre eles. Conclusão: Os resultados obtidos no presente trabalho sugerem que pacientes com LRA, sob VMI, submetidos tanto a DPC quanto a HD Diária apresentam melhora da mecânica ventilatória e da oxigenação, sem diferença entre os grupos. / The Continuous Peritoneal Dialysis (CPD) and daily Hemodialysis (HD) are options for the treatment of Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) patients. The CPD can cause changes in respiratory function mainly related to increase Intra-Abdominal Pressure (IAP) and HD can lead to hypoxemia due to blood contact with the extracorporeal circuit and the diffusion of CO2 in the dialysate. However, both methods can improve respiratory mechanics and oxygenation due to the fluid removal and consequently reduced pulmonary edema. The aim of this study was to compare the effects of the CPD and daily HD on respiratory mechanics and oxygenation of AKI patients undergoing Invasive Mechanical Ventilation (IMV). Methodology: A prospective cohort study evaluated 154 patients, 37 on CPD and 94 on HD. The respiratory mechanics parameters such as Static Compliance (Cest) and Resistance of the Respiratory System (Rsr) and Oxygenation Index (OI) were assessed for three days. Patients were evaluated at moments 1, 2 and 3 (pre-dialysis) and 1, 2 and 3 (post-dialysis) in relation to Cest and Rsr and at times 1, 2 and 3 in relation to the IO. The student t test, chi-square and fisher exact were used to compare the baseline patients characteristics. ANOVA model for repeated measures was used to compare the variables Cest, Rsr and OI, followed by the multiple comparison Tukey or Wald Test. Significance level was 5%. Results: Comparing the initial clinical parameters between the two groups, all characteristics were similar except that the age that was higher among those on CPD (70.8 ± 11.6 vs 60 ± 15.8 - p <0.0001). In both groups, Cest increased significantly, with no difference between the two groups – Pre-Dialysis (CPD: 40 ± 17.4, 42.8 ± 17.2, 48 ± 19; HD: 39.1 ± 21.3, 39. 5 ± 18.9, 45.2 ± 21) Post-Dialysis (CPD: 42.8 ± 17.2, 48 ± 19, 57.1 ± 18.3; HD: 42 ± 19, 45 ± 18.5, 56 ± 24.8). The Rsr remained stable among patients on CPD (Pre-Dialysis: 10.4 ± 5.1, 13.3 ± 7.7, 13.5 ± 10.3, Post-Dialysis: 13.3 ± 7.7, 13.5 ± 10.3, 11.1 ± 5.9) and decreased among HD patients (Pre-Dialysis: 10.4 ± 5.1, 10.4 ± 5.1, 10.4 ± 5, 1, Post-Dialysis: 10.5 ± 6.8, 10 ± 4.9, 8.9 ± 4.2) There was significant statistically difference in Rsr between the two groups at the post-dialysis moments 1 and 2 (p = 0.03). OI increased in both groups (CPD: 260.7 ± 119, 252.7 ± 87.1, 287.3 ± 88.4; HD: 228 ± 85, 257 ± 84, 312.1 ± 111.5), although there was not significant statistically difference between them. Conclusion: This study showed that AKI patients undergoing IMV and daily HD or CPD had improvement in the mechanical ventilation and oxygenation, with no difference between the two groups.

No description available.

Submitted by Livia Mello (liviacmello@yahoo.com.br) on 2016-10-05T18:24:22Z No. of bitstreams: 1 DissTMPCB.pdf: 1589921 bytes, checksum: 09e871d1565d828344ed4b2819fe9a86 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Marina Freitas (marinapf@ufscar.br) on 2016-10-20T18:50:10Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 DissTMPCB.pdf: 1589921 bytes, checksum: 09e871d1565d828344ed4b2819fe9a86 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Marina Freitas (marinapf@ufscar.br) on 2016-10-20T18:50:17Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 DissTMPCB.pdf: 1589921 bytes, checksum: 09e871d1565d828344ed4b2819fe9a86 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-10-20T18:50:24Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DissTMPCB.pdf: 1589921 bytes, checksum: 09e871d1565d828344ed4b2819fe9a86 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-04-28 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Local hypoxia (i.e. intramuscular) resulting from resistance training (RT) contributes to ions H+ accumulation and decreased muscle pH (i.e. metabolic stress). It has been suggested that the accumulation of these metabolites promotes an increase in the motor units (MU) recruitment and consequent increase in cross-sectional area (CSA) and muscle strength. Nevertheless, it remain sunknown whether the level of local hypoxia can affect the magnitude of these adaptations. Objective: The objective of the study was to analyze and compare the effect of local hypoxia during low-intensity resistance training with blood flow restriction (LI-BFR: 3-4 x 20/20% of one repetition maximum [1-RM] / 60% total pressure of occlusion), high-intensity resistance training (HI-RT: 3-4 x 10/80% of 1RM) and high-intensity resistance training with blood flow restriction (HI-BFR: 3-4 x 10/80% 1-RM / 60% total occlusion pressure) on muscle activation, strength, mass and architecture in young individuals. Methods: Thirty young men were selected and each leg allocated to three experimental conditions through unilateral knee extension in randomized order and counterbalanced after ranking by strength level (1- RM) and vastus lateralis (VL) muscle CSA quartiles. The dynamic maximum force was measured by 1-RM test and CSA acquisition, muscle thickness (MT), pennation angle (PA) and VL fascicle length (FL) was performed through ultrasound images. The training program consisted of 10 weeks with a minimum interval of 72 hours between training sessions and the measurement of muscle activation by surface electromyography (EMG) and deoxyhemoglobin ([HHb]) and oxyhemoglobin ([HbO2]) concentrations through near-infrared espectroscopy (NIRS) of VL, performed during the training session with relative load obtained after the 1-RM, before (T1), after five (T2) and ten weeks (T3) training. Results: The training total volume (TV) was greater for HI-RT and HI-BFR compared to LI-BFR. There was no difference between the groups in regarding the increase of 1-RM, CSA, MT and AP. However, the FL showed higher increase for HI-BFR compared to HI-RT and LI-BFR. Regarding the magnitude of the EMG, the HI-BFR group showed higher values than HI-RT and LI-BFR. On the other hand, [HHb] were higher for HI-BFR and LI-BFR, however there was no difference between groups on the reduction of [HbO2].Conclusion: The level of local hypoxia does not influence the magnitude of the increase of muscle activation, strength, mass and architecture changes after resistance training. However, the addition of local hypoxia seems to have a greater contribution to the adjustments resulting from the low-intensity resistance training compared to high intensity. / A hipóxia local (i.e. intramuscular) decorrente do treinamento força (TF) contribui para o acúmulo de íons H+ e diminuição do pH muscular (i.e. estresse metabólico). Sugere-se que o acúmulo desses metabólitos promove aumento no recrutamento de unidades motoras (UM) e consequente aumento da área de secção transversa (AST) e força muscular. Embora isso seja sugerido, ainda não se sabe se o nível de hipóxia local pode afetar a magnitude dessas adaptações. Objetivo: O objetivo do estudo foi analisar e comparar o efeito da hipóxia local durante o treinamento de força de baixa intensidade com restrição do fluxo sanguíneo (TFBI-RFS: 3-4 x 20 / 20% de uma repetição máxima [1-RM] / 60% pressão total de oclusão), treinamento de força de alta intensidade (TFAI: 3-4 x 10 / 80% de 1-RM) e treinamento de força de alta intensidade com restrição do fluxo sanguíneo (TFAI-RFS: 3-4 x 10 / 80% de 1-RM/ 60% pressão total de oclusão) na ativação, força, massa e arquitetura muscular em indivíduos jovens. Métodos: Trinta homens jovens foram selecionados e cada membro inferior alocado nas três condições experimentais de TF de extensão unilateral de joelho em ordem aleatorizada e contrabalanceada após ranqueamento em quartis, para nível de força (1-RM) e AST muscular do músculo vasto lateral (VL). A força máxima dinâmica foi mensurada por meio do teste de 1-RM e a aquisição da AST, espessura muscular (EM), ângulo de penação (AP) e comprimento do fascículo (CF) do VL foi realizada por meio de imagens de ultrassonografia. O programa de treinamento foi composto por 10 semanas com intervalo mínimo de 72 horas entre os treinos. A mensuração da ativação muscular foi realizada por eletromiografia de superfície (EMG) e das concentrações de desoxihemoglobina ([HHb]) e hemoglobina oxigenada ([HbO2]), por meio do near-infrared espectroscopy (NIRS) do VL durante a sessão de treinamento com carga relativa obtida após o teste de 1-RM, antes (T1), após cinco (T2) e dez semanas (T3) do programa de treinamento. Resultados: O volume total (VT) do treinamento foi maior para TFAI e TFAI-RFS comparado ao TFBI-RFS. Não houve diferença entre os grupos em relação ao aumento da 1-RM, AST, EM, AP. Porém, o CF apresentou maior aumento para TFAI-RFS comparado ao TFAI e TFBI-RFS. Em relação à amplitude da EMG, o grupo TFAI-RFS apresentou maiores valores que o TFAI e TFBI-RFS. Por outro lado, as [HHb] foram maiores para o TFAI-RFS e TFBI-RFS, entretanto não houve diferença entre os grupos na redução das [HbO2 ]. Conclusão: O nível de hipóxia local não influência a magnitude do aumento da ativação, força, massa muscular e alterações na arquiteura muscular decorrente do treinamento de força. Entretanto, a adição da hipóxia local parece ter uma maior contribuição para as adaptações decorrentes do treinamento de força de baixa em relação ao de alta intensidade.

Dissertação(mestrado)- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Aqüicultura, Instituto de Oceanografia, 2011. / Submitted by Cristiane Silva (cristiane_gomides@hotmail.com) on 2012-08-08T15:13:55Z No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertao - tila clivea martins em pdf.pdf: 3894921 bytes, checksum: 4ecfe10594f0b4dda190edc8958a9750 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Bruna Vieira(bruninha_vieira@ibest.com.br) on 2012-09-18T03:53:39Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertao - tila clivea martins em pdf.pdf: 3894921 bytes, checksum: 4ecfe10594f0b4dda190edc8958a9750 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2012-09-18T03:53:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertao - tila clivea martins em pdf.pdf: 3894921 bytes, checksum: 4ecfe10594f0b4dda190edc8958a9750 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / Os fatores abióticos são um dos principais problemas na aquicultura, pois a alteração destes pode resultar em baixo nível de crescimento ou induzir efeitos deletérios que podem eventualmente levar a morte dos organismos. Neste trabalho, fez-se uma simulação da variação de oxigênio dissolvido com desligamento da aeração até que os níveis nos tanques atingissem 3 mg/L (condição de hipóxia) quando então a aeração era religada. Com base nestas condições foi avaliado o aumento na competência antioxidante do camarão Litopenaeus vannamei (Boone, 1931) como resultado da ação do ácido lipóico (AL) aplicado a ração, nas doses de 35, 70 e 140 mg de AL para cada 1 kg de ração, quando exposto a uma situação de hipóxia/re-oxigenação. Foram utilizados camarões machos e fêmeas com peso inicial de 2,07 g (+ 0,24). A atividade da enzima glutationa-S-transferase (GST) aumentou na dose de 70 mg de AL/kg nas brânquias, no entanto, no hepatopâncreas a resposta foi bifásica, as vezes aumentando e as vezes diminuindo. As análises dos níveis de peroxidação lipídica (TBARS) em brânquias constatou que o AL induziu um efeito fortemente antioxidante na dose de 70 mg/kg após 4 h de re-oxigenação. No hepatopâncreas o AL reduziu os níveis de TBARS após de 0,5 h de re-oxigenação na dose de 35 mg AL/kg, e logo após 4 h apresentou em efeito pró-oxidante. Na avaliação da capacidade antioxidante total contra peroxi-radicais foi constatado que em normóxia as doses de 70 e 140 mg AL/kg induziram um efeito antioxidante nas brânquias do camarão. No hepatopâncreas, em normóxia, a dose de 70 mg AL/kg promoveu um efeito antioxidante, enquanto que no organismos submetidos a hipóxia/re-oxigenação foi constatado que a dose de 140 mg AL/kg promoveu um aumento da capacidade antioxidante. Ainda, nas duas doses mais altas de AL (70 e 140 mg/kg) foi verificado um aumento de peso dos camarões. Sugere-se que a dose mais indicada seja a de 70 mg de AL para 1 kg de ração, por apresentar melhores resultados nas análises bioquímicas e por induzir aumento de peso ao camarão os quais atingiram peso final de 7,94 g (+ 0,15). / The abiotic factors are a major problem in aquaculture, because changing them can result in low growth or induce deleterious effects that may eventually lead to death of organisms. In this work, it was a simulation of the variation of dissolved oxygen by turning off the aeration tanks in which the levels reached 3 mg/L (hypoxic condition) when the aeration was then restarted. Under these conditions we evaluated the increase in antioxidant power of the shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei (Boone 1931) as a result of action of lipoic acid (LA) applied to food at doses of 35, 70 and 140 mg of LA for each 1 kg ration when exposed to a hypoxia/re-oxygenation. We used juvenile male and female shrimps with initial weight of 2.07 g (+ 0.24). The activity of glutathione-S-transferase (GST) increased in a dose of 70 mg AL/kg in the gills; however, in the hepatopancreas response was biphasic, sometimes increasing and sometimes decreasing. The analysis of the levels of lipid peroxidation (TBARS) in gills showed that LA induced a strong antioxidant effect at a dose of 70 mg/kg after 4 h of re-oxygenation. In the AL hepatopancreas decreased levels of TBARS after 0.5 h re-oxygenation in a dose of 35 mg AL/kg, and after 4 hours resulted in pro-oxidant effect. In assessing the total antioxidant capacity against peroxy-radicals was found that in normoxia the doses of 70 and 140 mg AL/kg induced an antioxidant effect in the gills of the shrimp. In the hepatopancreas, in normoxia, the dose of 70 mg AL/kg provided an antioxidant effect, whereas in organisms subjected to hypoxia/re-oxygenation was found that the dose of 140 mg AL/kg caused an increase in antioxidant capacity. Still, the two higher doses of LA (70 and 140 mg/kg) there was an increase in weight of shrimp. It is suggested that the optimal dose is 70 mg of the AL to 1 kg, by offering better results in biochemical analysis and to induce weight gain to shrimp which reached the final weight of 7.94 g (+ 0, 15).

En plus de contribuer à améliorer la santé de façon générale, l’activité physique chronique pourrait modérer le déclin cognitif associé au vieillissement normal et pathologique (Colcombe et Kramer, 2003; Heyn et al., 2004). Plus précisément, la pratique à long terme d’activités cardiovasculaires aurait des effets positifs sur la cognition des ainés et plus particulièrement sur le contrôle attentionnel, un aspect précocement touché au cours du vieillissement (Raz, 2000; Bherer et al., 2008). Toutefois, les mécanismes par lesquels l’exercice physique aigu améliore la cognition demeurent limités. Malgré ses nombreuses implications théoriques et pratiques, la réponse aiguë de l’oxygénation cérébrale à l’exercice physique et sa relation avec la cognition sont trop peu étudiées. Cette thèse se consacre à cette question. Des études récentes en neuro-imagerie chez les jeunes adultes démontrent que la relation entre l’oxygénation cérébrale et l’intensité de l’exercice suit la forme d’un U inversé. Il existe un seuil au-delà duquel l’oxygénation cérébrale diminue avec l’augmentation de l’intensité de l’exercice. Supposant que les performances cognitives dépendent de la disponibilité de l’oxygène cérébral, cette relation en U inversé devrait affecter les performances cognitives. Avant de préciser le rôle exact de l’oxygénation cérébrale sur les fonctions cognitives, nous avons d’abord examiné le temps nécessaire pour que l’oxygénation cérébrale atteigne un état stable et la durée pendant laquelle cette période stable peut être maintenue lors de paliers de sept minutes à une puissance sous-maximale (40%, 60% et 85% de la puissance aérobie maximale). Nos résultats soulignent l’existence d’une relation inverse entre la durée de l’état stable et l’intensité de l’exercice. Suite à cette vérification méthodologique, la prochaine étape a été de tester la possible relation entre l’oxygénation cérébrale, l’intensité de l’exercice et les performances cognitives, au cours du processus de vieillissement. Les résultats de ces études démontrent que la chute de l’oxygénation cérébrale observée lors des exercices de haute intensité est associée avec une diminution des performances cognitives. Les résultats de cette thèse corrigent l’écart existant dans la documentation entre l’exercice, les fonctions cognitives et les mécanismes neurophysiologiques. / It is well established that increasing cardiovascular fitness through an appropriate physical exercise program is an effective way to limit ageing-induced cognitive decline. Precise mechanisms of this positive interaction are not clearly understood, but cerebral oxygenation is thought to play a major role. Notwithstanding its numerous theoretical and practical implications, acute response of cerebral oxygenation to physical exercise and its relationship with cognitive function is underemphasized and under-researched. This thesis is dedicated to this question. Recent NIRS studies in young adults have shown that the relationship between cerebral oxygenation and exercise intensity was an inverted U-shape. There exists a threshold beyond which cerebral oxygenation decreases proportionally to exercise intensity. Assuming that cognitive function is mainly determined by cerebral oxygen availability, this typical response should affect cognitive performance. Moreover, the oxygenation threshold should occur at higher exercise intensity in older adults possessing a high fitness level. Prior to clarifying the exact role of cerebral oxygenation in cognitive and physical performance, we first examined how cerebral oxygenation pattern changes during stable continuous exercise. Our findings underscore the existence of a decrease of cerebral oxygenation during steady state exercise in normal conditions and confirm the existence of an inverse relationship between the duration of the steady state cerebral oxygenation and exercise intensity. After checking these methodological points, it was interesting to test the possible relationship between cognitive function and cerebral oxygenation during exercise in healthy young and old adults. The results show that the decrease in cerebral oxygenation observed during high intensity exercise is linked to a decrease in cognitive performance. Clarifying the effect of exercise intensity on cerebral oxygenation and its relationship to executive performance in this exercise intensity domain might help further understand the basic mechanisms of the effect of aerobic exercise on cognition. This thesis does address the gap in the literature and does investigate the relationship between executive performance and cerebral oxygenation during the whole intensity spectrum. This thesis is also the first to report correlations between cerebral oxygenation and cognition during exercise.