Cette thèse s’intéresse à l’étude de la relation entre l’ouverture financière et politique et la croissance économique dans les pays en voie de développement. En effet, réformes politiques et libéralisation financière étaient le mot d’ordre des instances financières internationales qui conditionnaient l’octroi des aides financières à l’application de certaines réformes en faveur de la démocratie, du respect des droits de l’Homme et de l’intégration à la sphère financière mondiale. Notre investigation empirique porte sur un échantillon de 108 pays en voie de développement entre 1984 et 2008 et fait appel aux techniques d’estimation de panel statiques et dynamiques et les nouveaux tests de causalité en panel hétérogène. Nos résultats, démontrent que la libéralisation financière en plus de son impact direct sur la croissance, agit positivement sur l’investissement, le commerce extérieur ainsi que la stabilité macroéconomique à travers une réduction de l’inflation. L’intégration financière favorise, aussi, le développement du secteur financier et du capital humain. Ailleurs, la démocratie, même si elle n’a pas d’impact direct significatif sur la croissance, semble influer positivement sur celle-ci de manière indirecte à travers le canal du commerce extérieur mais aussi du développement financier et la promotion du capital humain. Ailleurs, l’instabilité politique affecte négativement le développement économique de manière directe mais aussi de manière indirecte en diminuant les investissements et le commerce avec l’extérieur et en augmentant l’inflation. Finalement, nos résultats suggèrent l’existence d’une relation de causalité bidirectionnelle entre l’intégration financière et la démocratie. Cependant, la relation entre ouverture financière et stabilité politique est plus spécifique et dépend des caractéristiques régionales des pays. / The purpose of this thesis is to study the relationship between financial integration, political openness and growth in developing countries. In fact, political reforms and financial liberalization was the slogan of the international financial institutions which conditioned the granting of financial aid to the implementation of certain reforms in favor of democracy and more respect of human rights in addition to more financial integration. Our empirical investigation covers a sample of 108 developing countries between 1984 and 2008 and uses both static and dynamic panel data estimation in addition to the new causality test in heterogeneous panel. Our results show that financial liberalization positively impact growth directly and through indirect channel like Investment, trade and macroeconomic stability. It also favors financial development and promotes human capital. Even though, democracy doesn’t directly influence growth, it has an indirect positive effect on it through favoring international trade in addition to financial and human capital development. Otherwise, political instability negatively affects growth directly but also indirectly through decreasing investment and increasing inflation. Finally, our results suggest the existence of a bidirectional relationship between financial integration and democracy. In the other side, the relationship between financial integration and political stability is more specific and depend upon regionals characteristics of the country.

O presente trabalho tem como objetivo analisar o comportamento fiscal dos municípios paulistas frente a fatores de ordem política, quais sejam, o calendário eleitoral e as diferentes ideologias dos partidos políticos, entre os anos de 1989 e 2001, englobando assim três eleições municipais. Por meio do método de econometria de dados em painel, através do qual são analisados componentes específicos do orçamento público municipal, são encontradas evidências de impulsos positivos de despesa municipal nas eleições de 1992 e 1996. Por sua vez, no que diz respeito aos partidos políticos na gestão dos municípios, os resultados apresentam evidências de uma diferença mais contundente do PFL e do PTB em relação ao PT, o partido de referência. / This dissertation analyses the fiscal performance of São Paulo state municipalities, between the years of 1989 and 2001, considering the influence political factors, such as the electoral agenda and the different political parties’ ideologies. The period includes three municipal elections. Based on panel data econometric methods, specific components of the public municipal budget were analyzed. Evidences of positive impulses in municipal expenditures were found in the election years of 1992 and 1996 and, for the political parties, it is found evidences of significant differences of the parties PFL and PTB relative to PT, the reference party, in the management of municipal budget.

Este trabalho tem como objetivo investigar dois aspectos complementares da política de atenção básica em saúde: auferir sua eficácia, em termos de impacto sobre indicadores de saúde populacionais, e avaliar a qualidade de sua gestão. A referida política se consolidou nos últimos anos como base estruturante do Sistema Único de Saúde. Com execução de responsabilidade dos municípios, sua relevância deriva basicamente de três aspectos, a saber: a política de atenção básica articula um conjunto de atividades voltadas ao cuidado preventivo, o que, em tese, reduz a demanda por serviços terapêuticos; capilariza o sistema de assistência à saúde pelo país; e instrumentaliza a organização dos modelos municipais de saúde. No que se refere à análise de eficácia, a abordagem empregada foi a econometria de painel de dados, com base na amostra dos municípios da Região Sudeste entre 1999 e 2003. Com base na evolução da cobertura populacional do Programa Saúde da Família e do Programa de Agentes Comunitários de Saúde, constatou-se que a política de atenção básica reduz de forma significativa a mortalidade infantil e a subnotificação de óbitos. Porém, não gera redução das internações hospitalares. Os aspectos concernentes à gestão do programa, por sua vez, foram avaliados com base nos relatórios do programa de fiscalização a partir de sorteios públicos da Controladoria Geral da União. Como principal conclusão derivada de sua análise é que há limitado incentivo para a fiscalização das ações no escopo da atenção básica por parte dos munícipes, uma vez que a política é majoritariamente custeada pela União, ou seja, as populações beneficiárias não internalizam a análise de seu custo-benefício. Além disso, a limitada transparência na condução do programa, fiscalização incipiente e a probabilidade reduzida de punição aos indivíduos envolvidos em irregularidades representam inibidores da disseminação de boas práticas de gestão. / This research investigates two aspects of Brazilian primary health care policy: estimates its impact on municipalities health indicators and analysis the quality on policy management. Primary health care policy consists in an essential foundation of SUS (health care system), as it embraces a wide range of activities focused on preventive care. Besides that, once municipalities are in charge of providing primary care to inhabitants, the policy contributes to scatter attendance over the country and to organize municipals health systems. Our estimates were developed on a panel data approach based on southeastern municipalities data from 1999 to 2003. The coverage of Programa Saude da Familia (Family Health Program) and Programa de Agentes Comunitarios de Saude (Health Community Agents Program) are used as proxies of primary health care presence on each locality. Our results show the negative impact of primary care both on infant mortality and underreporting of deaths (among the whole population), but they suggest primary care policy did not reduce hospitalization. In what concerns policy management, our analysis was settled on reports developed by the Federal Agency Controladoria Geral da Uniao under its Inspection on States and Municipalities by means of Public Lottery Program. Our main conclusion is that programs design rears low incentives for city citizens to inspect resources expended on primary care. Due to policy funding structure, in which Federal Government finances most of total expenses, local citizens do not internalize its cost-benefit analysis. Besides that, low transparency, inadequate inspection and unlikely punishment for individuals caught committing irregularities inhibit proper management practices adoption.

O presente trabalho tem como objetivo analisar o comportamento fiscal dos municípios paulistas frente a fatores de ordem política, quais sejam, o calendário eleitoral e as diferentes ideologias dos partidos políticos, entre os anos de 1989 e 2001, englobando assim três eleições municipais. Por meio do método de econometria de dados em painel, através do qual são analisados componentes específicos do orçamento público municipal, são encontradas evidências de impulsos positivos de despesa municipal nas eleições de 1992 e 1996. Por sua vez, no que diz respeito aos partidos políticos na gestão dos municípios, os resultados apresentam evidências de uma diferença mais contundente do PFL e do PTB em relação ao PT, o partido de referência. / This dissertation analyses the fiscal performance of São Paulo state municipalities, between the years of 1989 and 2001, considering the influence political factors, such as the electoral agenda and the different political parties’ ideologies. The period includes three municipal elections. Based on panel data econometric methods, specific components of the public municipal budget were analyzed. Evidences of positive impulses in municipal expenditures were found in the election years of 1992 and 1996 and, for the political parties, it is found evidences of significant differences of the parties PFL and PTB relative to PT, the reference party, in the management of municipal budget.

Este trabalho tem como objetivo investigar dois aspectos complementares da política de atenção básica em saúde: auferir sua eficácia, em termos de impacto sobre indicadores de saúde populacionais, e avaliar a qualidade de sua gestão. A referida política se consolidou nos últimos anos como base estruturante do Sistema Único de Saúde. Com execução de responsabilidade dos municípios, sua relevância deriva basicamente de três aspectos, a saber: a política de atenção básica articula um conjunto de atividades voltadas ao cuidado preventivo, o que, em tese, reduz a demanda por serviços terapêuticos; capilariza o sistema de assistência à saúde pelo país; e instrumentaliza a organização dos modelos municipais de saúde. No que se refere à análise de eficácia, a abordagem empregada foi a econometria de painel de dados, com base na amostra dos municípios da Região Sudeste entre 1999 e 2003. Com base na evolução da cobertura populacional do Programa Saúde da Família e do Programa de Agentes Comunitários de Saúde, constatou-se que a política de atenção básica reduz de forma significativa a mortalidade infantil e a subnotificação de óbitos. Porém, não gera redução das internações hospitalares. Os aspectos concernentes à gestão do programa, por sua vez, foram avaliados com base nos relatórios do programa de fiscalização a partir de sorteios públicos da Controladoria Geral da União. Como principal conclusão derivada de sua análise é que há limitado incentivo para a fiscalização das ações no escopo da atenção básica por parte dos munícipes, uma vez que a política é majoritariamente custeada pela União, ou seja, as populações beneficiárias não internalizam a análise de seu custo-benefício. Além disso, a limitada transparência na condução do programa, fiscalização incipiente e a probabilidade reduzida de punição aos indivíduos envolvidos em irregularidades representam inibidores da disseminação de boas práticas de gestão. / This research investigates two aspects of Brazilian primary health care policy: estimates its impact on municipalities health indicators and analysis the quality on policy management. Primary health care policy consists in an essential foundation of SUS (health care system), as it embraces a wide range of activities focused on preventive care. Besides that, once municipalities are in charge of providing primary care to inhabitants, the policy contributes to scatter attendance over the country and to organize municipals health systems. Our estimates were developed on a panel data approach based on southeastern municipalities data from 1999 to 2003. The coverage of Programa Saude da Familia (Family Health Program) and Programa de Agentes Comunitarios de Saude (Health Community Agents Program) are used as proxies of primary health care presence on each locality. Our results show the negative impact of primary care both on infant mortality and underreporting of deaths (among the whole population), but they suggest primary care policy did not reduce hospitalization. In what concerns policy management, our analysis was settled on reports developed by the Federal Agency Controladoria Geral da Uniao under its Inspection on States and Municipalities by means of Public Lottery Program. Our main conclusion is that programs design rears low incentives for city citizens to inspect resources expended on primary care. Due to policy funding structure, in which Federal Government finances most of total expenses, local citizens do not internalize its cost-benefit analysis. Besides that, low transparency, inadequate inspection and unlikely punishment for individuals caught committing irregularities inhibit proper management practices adoption.

Submitted by Marcos Monteiro (marcosjpmonteiro@gmail.com) on 2013-11-25T12:36:26Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese_MarcosMonteiro_BibDigital.pdf: 6452091 bytes, checksum: a383cce225e07feeae297413e9250c18 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by ÁUREA CORRÊA DA FONSECA CORRÊA DA FONSECA (aurea.fonseca@fgv.br) on 2013-12-04T11:51:40Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese_MarcosMonteiro_BibDigital.pdf: 6452091 bytes, checksum: a383cce225e07feeae297413e9250c18 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Marcia Bacha (marcia.bacha@fgv.br) on 2013-12-16T15:51:50Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese_MarcosMonteiro_BibDigital.pdf: 6452091 bytes, checksum: a383cce225e07feeae297413e9250c18 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2013-12-16T15:52:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese_MarcosMonteiro_BibDigital.pdf: 6452091 bytes, checksum: a383cce225e07feeae297413e9250c18 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-04-24 / This dissertation is composed of three articles. Two of them investigate taxation issues and the third is a paper on savings. Although the subject of analysis is different among them, they all share the com- mon feature of applying panel-data econometric techniques on newly assembled datasets. Two of the essays employ GMM estimation on dynamic panel frameworks and the remaining one is an application on panel limited-dependent variable models. A short summary of each paper is provided below. It starts with the two essays on taxation, which share a common contextualizing section on the Brazilian state level value-added tax (ICMS), and finishes with the one on savings. Essay 1 makes an assessment of the importance of enforcement as an instrument to deter tax evasion and increase tax revenue, in the case of a developing country Value-Added Tax (VAT). It uses data from the Brazilian State of São Paulo. To cope with inertia in the revenue series and potential endogeneity, dy- namic panel-data techniques are employed. The level of regional GDP and two proxies for enforcement, namely the quantity and the value of penalties inflicted, were used as covariates. The results indicate a significant impact of the enforcement on tax revenues. The paper indirectly provides evidence on how non-compliance is affected by the penalty for detected evasion. Its conclusions are also relevant for the discussions on Brazilian fiscal federalism, specially in the case of a potential tax reform. Essay 2 examines one of the main tasks of a tax revenue service, which is to periodically choose which taxpayers will be subject to auditing. Improved efficiency in the audit selection mechanism is likely to impact positively the probability of fraud detection, resulting in better allocation of scarce fiscal resources. This paper attempts to design such a mechanism by computing the taxpayers probabilities of non-compliance. This is done by optimally combining on latent-dependent variable formulations several already existing indicators with information of ex-post audit results on a restricted sample of audited companies. With the estimated coefficients, tax non-compliance probabilities are calculated to the entire universe of taxpayers. The method was employed on a panel of firm-level micro-data from the state of São Paulo VAT tax (ICMS), corresponding to the fiscal region of Guarulhos. Essay 3 revisits the stylized fact of low saving rates in Latin American countries over the last decades. To investigate this situation, it employs panel data techniques to identify savings determinants and per- form counterfactual analysis using China, whose savings rate have been booming in the same period. Special attention is given to Brazil, which has fallen far behind its BRIC peers on this matter. The pa- per contributes to the existing literature in several ways. It combines two different and comprehensive datasets to encompass a vast array of savings determinants, including social security and demographic factors. It restates previous findings in the literature, albeit benefiting from the robustness conferred by richer datasets. For some Latin American countries, it reveals that their saving rates would increase if they perform more like China in other areas, but the increment would not be so dramatic. / Esta tese é composta por três artigos. Dois deles investigam assuntos afeitos a tributação e o terceiro é um artigo sobre o tema 'poupança''. Embora os objetos de análise sejam distintos, os três possuem como característica comum a aplicação de técnicas de econometria de dados em painel a bases de dados inéditas. Em dois dos artigos, utiliza-se estimação por GMM em modelos dinâmicos. Por sua vez, o artigo remanescente é uma aplicação de modelos de variável dependente latente. Abaixo, apresenta-se um breve resumo de cada artigo, começando pelos dois artigos de tributação, que dividem uma seção comum sobre o ICMS (o imposto estadual sobre valor adicionado) e terminando com o artigo sobre poupança. O primeiro artigo analisa a importância da fiscalização como instrumento para deter a evasão de tributos e aumentar a receita tributária, no caso de um imposto sobre valor adicionado, no contexto de um país em desenvolvimento. O estudo é realizado com dados do estado de São Paulo. Para tratar questões relativas a endogeneidade e inércia na série de receita tributária, empregam-se técnicas de painel dinâmico. Utiliza-se como variáveis de controle o nível do PIB regional e duas proxies para esforço fiscal: a quantidade e o valor das multas tributárias. Os resultados apontam impacto significativo do esforço fiscal nas receitas tributárias. O artigo evidencia, indiretamente, a forma como a evasão fiscal é afetada pela penalidade aplicada aos casos de sonegação. Suas conclusões também são relevantes no contexto das discussões sobre o federalismo fiscal brasileiro, especialmente no caso de uma reforma tributária potencial. O segundo artigo examina uma das principais tarefas das administrações tributárias: a escolha periódica de contribuintes para auditoria. A melhora na eficiência dos mecanismos de seleção de empresas tem o potencial de impactar positivamente a probabilidade de detecção de fraudes fiscais, provendo melhor alocação dos escassos recursos fiscais. Neste artigo, tentamos desenvolver este mecanismo calculando a probabilidade de sonegação associada a cada contribuinte. Isto é feito, no universo restrito de empresas auditadas, por meio da combinação 'ótima' de diversos indicadores fiscais existentes e de informações dos resultados dos procedimentos de auditoria, em modelos de variável dependente latente. Após calculados os coeficientes, a probabilidade de sonegação é calculada para todo o universo de contribuintes. O método foi empregado em um painel com micro-dados de empresas sujeitas ao recolhimento de ICMS no âmbito da Delegacia Tributária de Guarulhos, no estado de São Paulo. O terceiro artigo analisa as baixas taxas de poupança dos países latino-americanos nas últimas décadas. Utilizando técnicas de dados em painel, identificam-se os determinantes da taxa de poupança. Em seguida, faz-se uma análise contrafactual usando a China, que tem apresentado altas taxas de poupança no mesmo período, como parâmetro. Atenção especial é dispensada ao Brasil, que tem ficado muito atrás dos seus pares no grupo dos BRICs neste quesito. O artigo contribui para a literatura existente em vários sentidos: emprega duas amplas bases de dados para analisar a influência de uma grande variedade de determinantes da taxa de poupança, incluindo variáveis demográficas e de previdência social; confirma resultados previamente encontrados na literatura, com a robustez conferida por bases de dados mais ricas; para alguns países latino-americanos, revela que as suas taxas de poupança tenderiam a aumentar se eles tivessem um comportamento mais semelhante ao da China em outras áreas, mas o incremento não seria tão dramático.

Civil wars, insecurity, and ethnic disputes have imposed a high human and economic toll in Africa. In this dissertation, I examine the destructive impacts of war on agricultural productivity growth across the continent. Poor agricultural sector performance is more likely to be present around or during times of conflict. Using a panel of 51 countries from 1962-2009 I find that war impedes agricultural productivity growth. But a decline in productivity growth is not associated with the onset of civil war. Results show that low per capita income, stagnant economic growth, a large population, and lack of political freedom correspond to higher incidence of war, while conflict and lack of rainfall are associated with low agricultural productivity growth. I find that armed conflict reduces agricultural productivity growth by 0.76 percent per year and a major armed conflict reduces TFP growth by 1.16 percent. The incidence of a major armed conflict is associated with an efficiency decline in the year by 1.24 percent, substantial setback, for more than three-quarters of countries. This dissertation extends the discussion from productivity and efficiency analysis to the inclusion of the spatial dimension by applying exploratory and confirmatory spatial data analysis and capitalizing on successful spatial techniques and analytical tools proven in geospatial science. The exploratory spatial data analysis provides evidence of spatial autocorrelation in agricultural TFP growth rates in Africa. The results of hot spot analysis reveal that Algeria, Tunisia, Libya in the northern region and Nigeria and Benin in the western region constitute hot spots of agricultural performance and the cold spot, which includes areas of meager productivity, Rwanda and Burundi in central Africa. Africa suffers substantial losses in agricultural productivity when certain countries experience major armed conflict. The dissertation shows that a war may reduce productivity in a given country, but its real effects are larger because it impacts surrounding countries. Overall African TFP declined by 0.0572 percent per year as a result of conflict in Sudan. A war in the Democratic Republic of Congo caused African TFP growth to decline by 0.0285 percent per year.

Cette thèse s’attache à apporter un éclairage nouveau sur le lien âprement discuté et contesté entre fluctuations de change et croissance économique. Nous avons cherché à rendre compte, sous divers exercices empiriques de l'impact des mésalignements sur la croissance économique d'un grand nombre de pays développés, émergents et en voie de développement depuis les années 1980 jusqu'à la période la plus récente. Les quatre applications empiriques de cette thèse ont ainsi toutes vocation à répondre à cette question, mais sous divers angles de vue.Trois principales contributions émanent de notre thèse. La première réside dans l'identification l'impact des mésalignements de change sur la croissance économique, et de son évolution au cours du temps. Cette thématique a fait l'objet des premier et quatrième chapitres. Nous avons montré que les mésalignements sont néfastes pour la croissance sur l'ensemble de la période étudiée (1980-2010) et que la résorption progressive de leur ampleur s'accompagne d'une réduction de leur impact sur la croissance économique pour les principales économies du G7. Ces deux applications, ont mis en lumière la nécessité de rendre compte de la dynamique des mésalignements au cours du temps et de ne pas se cantonner à une approche statique lorsque l'on étudie le lien mésalignement-croissance. La deuxième contribution de notre thèse réside dans la recherche d'une éventuelle non-linéarité dans le lien mésalignement-croissance. Ainsi, nous avons retenu dans le deuxième chapitre un cadre dans lequel les mésalignements peuvent avoir un impact différencié sur la croissance selon que l'on atteint un certain seuil, c'est-à-dire un certain niveau de sur ou de sous-évaluation. A l'aide d'un modèle à seuil, nous avons mis en lumière l'existence de non linéarités dans la relation entre mésalignement et croissance. Plus spécifiquement, nous avons montré qu'une monnaie sous-évaluée a un impact positif sur la croissance, et ce, jusqu'à un certain seuil. Conformément aux attentes, ce seuil est plus élevé pour notre échantillon de pays asiatiques, mais est en outre de moindre ampleur pour notre échantillon de pays émergents. Nous relions ce résultat au concept de péché originel, qui empêche ces pays d'emprunter dans leur propre monnaie. Bien que l'analyse non-linéaire souligne les effets bénéfiques d'une monnaie mésalignée jusqu'à un certain seuil de sous-évaluation, il convient de souligner que la modélisation retenue n'autorise pas des seuils propres à chaque individu du panel. La troisième contribution de notre thèse réside dans l'analyse de la transmission internationale des mésalignements des devises sur la croissance économique de l’ensemble des pays, développés et émergents. Ainsi, à l’aide d’un modèle GVAR autorisant les interdépendances et, par conséquent, les phénomènes de spillover entre pays, nous étudions les effets de la surévaluation et de la sous-évaluation du dollar, de l’euro et du renminbi sur leur propre croissance mais également celle de leurs partenaires. Les résultats font ressortir le leadership de l’économie américaine dans la croissance mondiale, mais il apparait également que la réduction des déséquilibres mondiaux ne passe pas par un ajustement du dollar. / This thesis attempts to shed new light on the link hotly debated and contested between exchange rates fluctuations and economic growth. We sought to report under various empirical exercises the impact of misalignments on economic growth in many developed, emerging and developing countries since the 1980s until the most recent period. The four empirical applications of this thesis and all intended to answer this question, but from different angles of view. Three main contributions come from our thesis. The first on is to identify the impact of exchange rate misalignments on economic growth, and its evolution accross time. We have shown that misalignments are harmful for growth throughout the following period (1980-2010) and the gradual reduction of their magnitude is accompanied by a reduction of their impact on economic growth in the major economies G7. The second contribution of this thesis lies in the search for a possible non-linearity in the misalignment-growth nexus. Using a threshold model, we have highlighted the existence of non-linearities in the relationship between misalignments and growth. The third contribution of this thesis lies in the analysis of the international transmission of currency misalignments on economic growth for both developed and emerging markets. Thus, using a GVAR model, we investigate the effects of overvaluation and undervaluation of the dollar, the euro and the renminbi on their own growth, but also that of their partners. The results highlight the leadership of the U.S. economy in global growth, but it also appears that the reduction of global imbalances is not linked to an adjustment of the dollar.

Les forêts de l'Union Européenne croissent de 1.2 milliards de m³ par an. La moitié de ce volume reste en forêt. L'autre moitié alimente trois filières industrielles: la filière matériaux, la filière papiers et la filière énergie. Ces flux de produits industriels sont mis en mouvement et financés par divers consommateurs. Or depuis 2000, la consommation change de régime, au point de perturber fortement certains flux de bois et d'impacter l'emploi et la balance commerciale du secteur. Pour prévoir l'impact de ces changements, les économistes modélisent les relations entre l'offre de matières premières, la demande de produits finis, les prix, la production et le commerce international. Cette thèse construit un modèle empirique à même d'évaluer l'impact de ces changements pour le secteur forêt-bois en Europe.Un chapitre introductif définit le contexte des ressources forestières et des produits analysés au niveau macroéconomique. Puis je présente les principaux modèles en équilibre partiel utilisés pour les études prospectives du secteur forêt-bois. A partir d'un cadre général incluant la production et le commerce international, je détaille les problèmes spécifiques rencontrés lors de l'estimation des fonctions de demande. Un deuxième chapitre étudie l'impact potentiel d'un accord commercial entre l'Union Européenne et les États-Unis sur le secteur forestier. Nous avons trouvé que le bien-être total augmenterait dans la région de l'accord et diminuerait légèrement ailleurs. De plus l'accord est plus avantageux pour les consommateurs que pour les producteurs. Les résultats montrent aussi que des pays tiers sont impactés par l'accord, ce qui souligne l'importance d'utiliser un modèle mondial. Dans un troisième chapitre, j'estime les élasticités prix et revenu de la demande en produits forestiers sur un panel de pays européens. Je traite des problèmes de non stationnarité en panel et j'estime les élasticités au sein de panels cointégrés. Les élasticités de demande sont inférieures aux estimations précédentes dans la littérature. Ces élasticités robustes insérées dans un modèle secteur forêt-bois projettent une demande plus faible sur une période de 20 ans. Dans un quatrième chapitre, j'analyse les changements structurels dans la consommation de papier. J'utilise un modèle économétrique sur données de panel permettant d'estimer les effets de seuil dans la relation entre l'utilisation des technologies de l'information et la consommation de papier: papier journal, papier d'impression et papier d'écriture. Je montre comment l'élasticité de demande de papier dépend de la pénétration d'internet dans la population. Un effet de seuil a lieu lorsque la majorité d'une population a accès à internet. Après le seuil, les coefficients liant la consommation et ses variables explicatives (prix et revenu) diminuent en valeur absolue ou changent de signe. A partir d'une projection du nombre d'utilisateurs d'internet par pays, les projections de consommation de papier pourraient être mises à jour avec ce type de modèles à transition. Une plus faible demande de papier libère des ressources et les rend disponibles pour le développement d'autres produits et services forestiers innovants. / Forests in the European Union grow by 1.2 billion m³ per year. Half of this volume stays in the forest, in particular for sustainable forest management purposes. The other half flows into three industrial sectors: wooden material, paper products and wood energy. These industrial product flows are set into motion and paid for by diverse final consumers. Since 2000, consumption is undergoing important structural changes which cause large disturbances in material, paper and fuel flows. To predict the impact of these changes, economists model relationships between raw material supply, final products demand, prices, production and international trade. This thesis uses panel data econometrics to estimate parameters of empirical models. An introductory chapter sets the policy context of forest resources and forest products of interest at a macroeconomic level. Then I review major forest sector models and I focus on issues encountered while estimating parameters of demand models. A second chapter investigates the potential impact of a trade agreement between the EU and the US on the forest sector. We found that total welfare would increase in the region of the agreement, in addition the agreement benefits more to consumers than to producers. Results show that third party countries are impacted by the agreement too, which highlights the importance of using a global trade model in analysing the impacts of the agreement. In a third chapter I estimate revenue and price elasticities of demand for forest products on a panel of European countries. I deal with non stationarity issues and estimate demand elasticities within cointegrated panels. I demonstrate that revenue elasticities of demand are lower than previous estimates from the literature. Simulations using these robust elasticities in a forest sector model, show a lower demand over a 20 years time horizon. In a fourth chapter, I analyse structural changes in paper products consumption. For this purpose, I use a panel threshold model to estimate the relationship between information technology use and paper products consumption: newsprint, printing and writing paper. I show how paper demand elasticities depend on internet penetration in the population. Thresholds occur once a majority of the population has access to the internet. After the threshold, coefficients between paper consumption and its explanatory variables revenue and price become smaller in absolute terms or even change sign. Based on projections of the number of internet users per country, paper consumption projections could be updated with this type of thresholds models. From a policy perspective, lower demand for graphics paper would free resources and make them available for innovative forest products and services.

Bien que les pays de l’Europe Centrale et Orientale montrent de plus en plus des similitudes structurelles avec des pays développés, leurs économies restent vulnérables aux facteurs d’instabilité financière caractéristiques aux pays en développement. La présence de ces vulnérabilités a conduit aux débats sur les avantages de l’adhésion rapide à l’Union Economique et Monétaire (UEM). Traditionnellement, selon de la Théorie des Zones Monétaires Optimales, l’adoption de l’euro peut être bénéfique éliminant le risque du taux de change, donnant un meilleur accès au financement externe et atténuant l’impact des crises financières. De l’autre côté, l’abandon de l’autonomie de la politique monétaire et du taux de change prive les autorités nationales d’une marge de manœuvre dans le cas où le pays soit touché par les chocs asymétriques (d’offre) ou sa réponse aux chocs symétriques diverge de celle de la zone monétaire. L’objective de cette thèse est de déterminer les vulnérabilités financières des PECO et le degré d’asymétrie de leurs économies afin de participer aux débats sur la stratégie d’adhésion à l’euro. / Although the Central and Eastern European countries show in many respects increasing similarities to developed economies they still present some characteristics pointing to potential sources of increased financial vulnerability. The presence of these vulnerabilities has raised the discussion about whether early euro adoption could represent an effective policy remedy for the CEECs’ economies. Traditionally, in the sense of the Optimum Currency Area (OCA) Theory, the arguments vary between two points of view. On the one side, the EMU adhesion would have a beneficial effect eliminating exchange rate risks, giving a better access to external financing and attenuating the impact of financial crises. On the other side, EMU membership may not protect these countries against asymmetric shocks. In fact, in the case of (real) asymmetric shocks or asymmetric response to common (real and nominal) shocks, the output and employment costs of the euro adoption could be very high. The objective of this dissertation is to study these issues, focusing first on potential source of financial vulnerabilities, and then to assess the degree of the CEECs’ shock asymmetry to participate in debates on the euro adoption.