This Sierra Leone Conflict arose from the society’s failure to institutionalize the requisite post-conventional organizing principle for collective will formation and for conflict resolution. In this post-traditional society - one artificially constructed from diverse political and cultural groups, without a shared ethos – only mutual (communicative) understanding can resolve differences and ensure solidarity. A lack of mutual understanding overburdens the adaptive capacity of the society, creating crises tendencies. Repression only intensified these tendencies, ensuring their eventual catastrophic explosion, 11 years civil conflict. State hindrances to social (communicative) interaction rendered the society incapable of realizing the requisite post conventional moral learning i.e. the social intelligence or problem-solving equipment required to resolve conflict, decolonize itself, neutralize normative power, shed dogmatic consciousness, change oppressive conventions, and influential customs. Thus, the study promotes civic virtues of post conventional morality (justice, truthfulness, moral rightness) as the key for liberating the society from its crisis-inducing colonial organizing principle. As the basis of sociology, the discipline the remains focused on society-wide problems, the theory of social evolution is adopted here to reconstruct the crisis in Sierra Leone’s constitutional democratic development. The study uses the rational reconstructive method to explicate problematic validity claims of norms, policy decisions, or the social order. The social order was rendered crisis-ridden because the reasons - the axis around which mutual understanding revolve - adduced for it cannot admit of consensus. The emerging social disintegration exemplifies use of deficient logic in social interaction, one below the requisite categorical moral cognitive consciousness. For this research, colonization is not necessarily externally induced, but forms of understanding in the political, legal, social, and educational interactions. The key point of the study is this: today Sierra Leone achieves solidarity, and decolonize from its conventional organizing principle, only if the state, economy, and civil society can find their limit in the socio-cultural domain.

過去二十多年來，心理語言學研究關注詞彙歧義解困 (lexical ambiguity resolution)歷程發生時，語義脈絡與多義詞的語義頻率之間的交互作用。許多研究發現，當語境支持非均勢同形異義詞 (unbalanced homograph) 的次要語義時，同形異義詞的凝視時間長於與其有相同字形頻率的單義詞 (unambiguous control)，此為次要語義偏向效應 (subordinate bias effect)。根據再排序觸接模型 (reordered-access model)，次要語義偏向效應來自於主要語義與次要語義的競爭；相對地，選擇觸接模型 (selective access model)則認為只有與語境相關的語義被激發，因此，次要語義偏向效應是因為提取到一個使用頻率較低的語義。本論文進行兩個眼動實驗。實驗一檢視中文多義詞的次要語義偏向效應以區辨兩種詞彙歧義解困模型分別提出的解釋。本實驗的材料使用了低頻同形異義詞、低頻單義詞、以及高頻單義詞。結果顯示，當使用的單義詞與多義詞字形頻率相同時，在目標詞及後目標詞上(目標詞後一個詞)皆發生了次要語義偏向效應。實驗二利用口語理解─視覺典範中透過受試者理解語音訊息時同步記錄眼動的作業方式來探究次要語義偏向效應是否來自於主要語義的激發。當口語句子中的目標詞被唸出後，會計算出隨著時間增加眼睛落在四個雙字詞的凝視比例。結果發現次要語義因為語境的選擇在聽到目標詞後大約500毫秒時就可被激發，主要語義則在一聽完多義詞後被激發。因此，多義詞的兩個語義在聽到目標詞後大約900至1300毫秒時(相當於在後目標詞時)發生競爭。整體而言，本研究顯示即使語境支持多義詞的次要語義，主要語義依然會被激發。因此，次要語義偏向效應是由兩個語義競爭後所造成的結果，符合再排序觸接模型的解釋。 / Research in psycholinguistics throughout the last two decades has focused on the interaction between linguistic context and meaning dominance during lexical ambiguity resolution. Many studies demonstrated the subordinate bias effect when the preceding context biased for the subordinate meaning (i.e. infrequent meaning) of an unbalanced homograph. According to the reordered access model, the SBE is due to competition between the dominant and subordinate meanings. On the contrary, the selective access model assumes only the context-relevant meaning is activated and the SBE is a result of access to a low frequent meaning. Two eye tracking experiments of sentence reading and sentence listening were conducted. Experiment 1 examined the SBE of Chinese homographs to differentiate the two accounts. We utilized low frequency homographs along with their matched low and high-frequency unambiguous words. The results showed the SBE emerging in fixation durations of the target region and post-target region (i.e. next two words of the target), when unambiguous controls were matched to the word-form frequency of ambiguous words. Experiment 2 used visual world paradigm to explore temporal dynamics of dominant meaning activation responsible for the SBE in an instructional eyetracking-during-listening task. Fixation probabilities on four disyllabic printed words were analyzed during a time period after a target word was uttered in a spoken sentence. The results supported the reordered access model. The subordinate meaning was activated by contextual information at about 500 ms after the onset of acoustic homograph at the time when context penetrated to make its favored meaning available. Soon after the offset of homograph, the dominant meaning became active. Both meanings associated with the homograph were activated during the time windows of 901 ms to 1300 ms, which approximately corresponding to the acoustic onset of post target. In sum, our studies demonstrate that the dominant meaning is activated even when the contextual information biases to the subordinate meaning of a homograph. The subordinate bias effect is the result of competition from two meanings, conforming to the reordered access model.

The Zionist type of churches under the African Independent Churches have proven to be a force to be reckoned with against the more organized ecclesiastical movements (in particular the Mission Churches). This can be seen in their emphasis around matters related to culture and its methods of healing. As s result this led to the migration of people from the mission churches to these churches and threatened their existence in Botswana. The mission churches have been experiencing the decline in their membership to the Zionist churches because of the lack of openness to the cultural and the value systems of Batswana in Botswana. Mission churches were left with an option of doing introspection and finally acknowledging their failures to contextualise their theology and Christianity among the people they serving. Mission churches ended up opening their doors to the needs of their members. / Christian Spirituality, Church History and Missiology / M.Th. (Church History)

A pragmatic method for selecting components and devices from a database or parameterized models is developed in this thesis. The quantitative framework presented here is sufficiently general to accommodate an entire device assembly, a component, or a sub-assembly. The details pertaining to a device or a component are classified into three sets of variables: (i) user-specifications, s (ii) device parameters, p , and (iii) device characteristics, c . Functional, practical, and performance-related attributes that a user can provide comprise user-specifications. Since, most often, a specification cannot be specified as a single number, we allow the user to enter a range with lower and upper bounds. Device parameters comprise the geometry and material properties, and device characteristics include functional requirements and performance criteria. Thus, for a device, all its functional and utility attributes are contained in the union of sets s and c , whereas the geometry and the material properties are in set p . The equations governing the physical behavior of the device are written in terms of s , p , and c . These equations may sometimes be readily available; when they are not, it may be necessary to formulate them as required. By solving the governing equations along with the inequalities that arise from the lower and upper bounds on s , we obtain feasible ranges on p and c . Then, for any pair of device characteristics, a 2D feasible map is drawn, to visually portray the consequences of user-specifications. If the feasible map is null, small, or large, it indicates that the user-specifications are infeasible, stringent, or there is much scope for design, respectively. This can be inferred even before the designs are considered. Juxtaposed on the feasible map are points or lozenges corresponding to the quantitative attributes of the entries in the database. The ones that lie inside the feasible map can be reckoned as meeting the user-specifications and thus, enabling selection. On the other hand, if there is no database or none of the devices in the database lie inside the feasible map, we can identify the feasible ranges of all the design parameters for every point inside the feasible map. This information is useful to the designer to redesign and arrive at feasible designs by using parameterized models of the device. A Graphical User Interface (GUI) is developed to facilitate the user-interaction. The utility of the selection framework is demonstrated with a variety of case-studies including miniature pumps, heat pulse-based soil-moisture sensors, springs, flywheels, compliant mechanisms, micromechanical suspensions, etc. The latter two use kineto-elastic characteristics of deformable components. The framework, when used for materials selection, can be seen as an extension of Ashby’s materials selection method. This is also illustrated with two examples.

The Brothers Karamazov was the last novel of Dostoievski and for that reason is in way a sort of synthesis of his thinking. In the article there is a brief development of some key ideas as these: in matter of guilt, the attitude has more importance than action; everyone is guilty of everything before the eyes of everyone (universal guilt); suffering purifies the individual and acts as a remedy that promotes his spiritual elevation; freewill is central in human existence. But the novel is also a novel about a crime. Somebody is murdered and the readers will discover the perpetrator at the very end. 25% of the novel is devoted to technical legal matters: the instruction of the summary and the court trial. But what is most interesting is that an innocent is found guilty, because law had no other choice having into account the facts that are backed by evidence. It would be possible to find him not guilty, but for doing so it would be necessary to change the paradigm that is the backbone of modern criminal law. / Los hermanos Karamazov fue la última obra de Dostoievski, por lo que se convierte en una especie de síntesis de su pensamiento. En el artículo se abordan algunas de las ideas clave del autor, como que en materia de culpa, la actitud es más importante que la acción; que todos somos culpables de todo ante todos; que el dolor purifica y es como un remedio para la elevación espiritual del individuo; así como la reivindicación del libre albedrío. Pero la novela es también la historia de un crimen. El autor nos introduce en el misterio de una muerte, cuyo autor descubriremos al final. También contiene un 25% dedicado a la instrucción del proceso y al juicio oral. Pero lo más interesante es que un inocente es declarado culpable y es declarado culpable porque el derecho no podría obrar de otra manera tal como son presentados los hechos. Sería posible declararlo no culpable, pero para ello tendríamos que inventar otro paradigma del proceso penal.

The goal of this thesis was to reassess the relationship between the moving body and technology, and more specifically, to focus on recent perspectives in the performing arts which inscribe new manifestations and dynamics of cross-pollination between the somatic and technology. According to Dr. Andrea Davidson, 'Such research has rarely been formally identified with the specialised field of somatics' (2013, p.3). The thesis thus proposes to reflect on the experience and conception of the performative body in the link it entertains with technology. Investigating this relationship, it defines a new paradigm, that of an 'interfaced intercorporeality'. This paradigm is constructed with special attention to a different relationship revealed between the interface and the notion of a corporal potentiality or 'interval'. In particular, the thesis focuses on the concept of a 'collective body' based on this relationship and on practical research conducted within the framework of my research, along with the methodology that supported it. The research and creative work that are presented derive from experiments I conceived, conducted and participated in making. My analysis is thus based on direct experience. The relationship between the somatic and technology notably led me to focus on the notion of embodied cognition or 'bodily knowledge' and for this, to re-examine the work of Maurice Merleau-Ponty. As a consequence, this return to the experiential also required revisiting definitions given by the Greeks concerning the aesthetic as a reference to sensation and the ability to perceive. The thesis approaches the body as the ground and basis for creating work, as well as for testing the effect(s) that technology has on it. Experiments conducted sought to develop greater sensory and perceptual awareness in order to invest the relationship of somatics/technology in a dimension that could potentially constitute a transformation of self, of one's relationship to others and to the world. Merleau-Ponty's phenomenological existentialism formed the basis for explorations made to forge links between the somatic and technology. However, it is important to clarify that my intention was not to make an analysis of phenomenology per se. It was rather referenced as a means to explain the framework of my research in relation to lived experience, sensation, and specifically, to my creative approach involving new technologies. Merleau-Ponty's methodology includes subjective, first-person accounts of 'lived experience'. Third-person accounts, or so-called 'objective' positions, are also included. These accounts are then shown to evolve towards an ecosystem of interaction and movement in order to experience and test the production of theory and practical experimentation involved in the methodology I adopted. The thesis incorporates knowledge from several disciplines, but principally from the field of dance and technology. Highlighting sensorial and perceptual phenomena related to the transformation of the body through technology and subjective experience, it takes into account an interdisciplinary perspective that is linked to this problematic. The thesis begins with an introduction to phenomenology in which the concepts and positions of Merleau-Ponty are outlined, including those of anti-dualism, the lived body, the ontology of the body, corporeality, intercorporeality and the flesh. Chapter 1 looks at the evolution of this philosophical movement throughout history and continues with a history of the body in phenomenology, an analysis of certain applications of phenomenology in the field of dance and subsequently, in the specific field of dance related to technology. Chapter 2 comprises a literature review. It also presents the bases of reductionist thinking, the proposition of a return to integrative thinking and issues concerning instrumentalisation, the double and the complexification of the self. It further examines the history of ideas surrounding the relationship between the body and technology, notions of the real-virtual-actual and a history and problematics of the interface. It concludes with a presentation of theories on the notions of potentiality, the interval and real-time. Chapter 3 presents my artistic background, an historical overview of the trends and principal ideas that have influenced my work, as well as an examination of the field of dance and technology from the point of view of its history and more recent developments. Chapter 4 is dedicated to an analysis of the research methodologies employed in the practical research for this thesis and identifies related issues. An analysis of problems encountered with existing methodologies notably highlights a need to invest in other methodological modes for practical research of an interdisciplinary nature. The chapter continues with a presentation of some of the methodologies currently used in the field of dance related to technology. The principles underpinning the specific creative research methodology I experimented with are then presented, proposing an adaptation of the aforementioned methodologies in order to respond to the dynamics of collective research of an empathic nature that are specific to my approach and also in order to invest in the link between the somatic and technology my project proposes. This proposition modestly attempts to respond to the lack of methodologies observed in the field of artistic practical research. A discussion of the experimentation involved in the practical research for the thesis is made in Chapter 5. Two creative experiments are analysed. Their aim was to investigate and develop a collective physical body composed of five dancers in constant contact, whose movement and relationships create what I call a 'collective sound body'. This collective entity produces sound in real-time which is simultaneously spatialised. The analysis takes into account the ways these two bodies are interdependent and constantly interrelated. Schematically, the first experiment served as a basis on which to found principles related to the collective body, while the second experiment developed them. The chapter further outlines creative strategies that were employed to test principles of self-organisation linked to sensation and stemming from the somatic techniques employed. It also returns to some of Merleau-Ponty's main concepts that were implemented and tested in performative experience: intercorporeality, the lived body, the dynamic of continual transformation and the principle of coexistence. Lastly, Merleau-Ponty's investigation of sensation and perception and his concept of sensory chiasms are related to the experiments' multisensory exploration and theme of intersubjectivity which are then proposed as leading to the possibility of intercorporeality. Chapter 6 forms the conclusion and seeks to identify new knowledge generated in the thesis. Essentially articulating another vision of the performative body as developed through its contact with technology, the findings, both practical and theoretical, bring to light a different understanding of the body rendered through a dissolution of psychophysical borders in the development of the performative model I called the 'collective body'. The thesis further proposes that the 'collective body' and its evolution as the 'collective sound body', open up the path to a new approach to interfaces and further, to what I propose as a theory of interfaced intercorporeality. This research aims to reintroduce the body and its specific intelligence in the understanding and building of relationships that can be renewed. The technology used in these experiments was considered as a physicality and the activator of a reconfiguration of sensory-perceptual processes that the thesis argues can lead to the final paradigm of 'interfaced intercorporeality' it proposes.

Submitted by Eduardo Sanchez Palma (edsanpa7@hotmail.com) on 2017-01-17T17:31:17Z No. of bitstreams: 1 17012017 MPA PALMA.pdf: 6332936 bytes, checksum: 491bc558997174d0785b04d3518b6105 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Fabiana da Silva Segura (fabiana.segura@fgv.br) on 2017-01-17T17:35:15Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 17012017 MPA PALMA.pdf: 6332936 bytes, checksum: 491bc558997174d0785b04d3518b6105 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-01-17T17:53:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 17012017 MPA PALMA.pdf: 6332936 bytes, checksum: 491bc558997174d0785b04d3518b6105 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-01-09 / A maioria dos investidores se vê esmagada por uma vasta quantidade de informações, muitas vezes de natureza abstrata. Além disso, o formato padrão utilizado para comunicar os riscos é, geralmente de difícil compreensão e de pouca ajuda na tomada da decisão de investimento, pois a mencionada padronização, raramente leva em consideração os diferentes níveis de conhecimento dos investidores sobre finanças (Sachse, Jungermann, & Belting, 2012, v. 33, p. 438, tradução nossa). Alinhada a isso, a presente pesquisa utiliza questionário baseado na Teoria do Paradigma Psicométrico, para investigar as percepções de risco entre especialistas e investidores leigos sobre seis produtos financeiros. Baseado no elevado conhecimento sobre investimentos que possuem, os Certified Financial Planners foram escolhidos como grupo de controle para comparar as percepções de risco da categoria profissional melhor remunerada no Brasil, qual seja a dos médicos da Grande São Paulo (IBRE, 2009). Testes t para diferença de médias foram feitos para avaliar as percepções entre gêneros e os cinco construtos de risco, respectivamente, relacionados à volatilidade, ao desconhecimento, a desconfiança, a adversidade e as falhas regulatórias; os testes mostraram que são distintas as percepções de risco entre CFPs e médicos, com resultados muitas vezes contrários aos indicados pela literatura, assim como a maior percepção de risco entre as mulheres somente para os construtos relacionados às falhas regulatórias e desconfiança nos consultores de investimento, instituições financeiras e órgãos reguladores. O estudo mostra, ainda, que estão negativamente correlacionadas as percepções do benefício/retorno com os construtos desconfiança e falhas regulatórias somente entre os médicos, e que há diferenças de percepção importantes para o Tesouro Direto e PGBL/VGBL entre as duas categorias profissionais. Dentre os resultados encontrados destacam-se as diferentes percepções de risco sobre os construtos falhas da regulamentação e desconfiança, sugerindo que iniciativas de educação voltadas ao investidor podem não surtir o efeito esperado em razão de serem patrocinadas exatamente por instituições vistas com suspeição pelos investidores. O estudo conclui atribuindo à comunicação o papel determinante do sucesso na relação com o investidor e a necessidade que ela seja construída a partir das percepções de risco e níveis de familiaridade com investimentos dos consumidores. / Most individual investors may be overwhelmed by this vast amount of information and by its abstract nature. Furthermore, this way of informing about risk might be hardly helpful when making a particular investment decision, because this kind of standardized information neglects different levels of experience and financial literacy of the clients (Sachse, Jungermann, & Belting, 2012, v. 33, p. 438). Aware of this, this research paper will use a questionnaire in Psychometric Paradigm Theory to investigate risk perceptions among specialists and lay investors of six financial products. Certified Financial Planners were selected as the control group to assess how risk perceptions of the best-paid category in Brazil, compounded by physicians in São Paulo Metropolis (IBRE, 2009). T Tests about average differences were taken to assess gender perceptions and the five risk constructors associated with volatility, lack of knowledge, mistrust, adversity and regulatory failures; tests showed that risk perceptions are different between CFPs and physicians, with some results contradicting literature, as well as a greater perception of risks among women only to risk constructs related to regulatory failures and mistrust in investment advisors, financial institutions and regulatory bodies. The study also shows that correlations between benefit/return and constructs distrust and regulatory failures are negative only among physicians, and that there are significant perceptual differences about Tesouro Direto and PGBL/VGBL among the two professional categories. Different risk perceptions about the lack of regulation, as well as distrust, suggest that investor education initiatives may not have the expected effect, since they are sponsored by the same institutions of which investors are suspicious. Finally, the study says consumer perceptions of risk and their level of familiarity with investments are crucial, and attributes to communication the role for determining success in the relationship with investors.

This study set-out to examine how university-industry linkage (UIL) is managed in government universities of Ethiopia to contribute to the economic development of the country. Basic questions related to the level of management of UIL, areas of linkage, benefits obtained so far from this partnership, challenges to the proper management of UIL, and the existing opportunities for promoting UIL were raised. In addition to this, strategies for strengthening UIL were also dealt with. In relation to this, the study was framed with the system theory viewpoints and human capital theory viewing universities as a system linked to its external environment like industries. As a model, interactive/balanced type of Triple Helix model was used as it integrates the activities of the government, universities and the industries. Moreover, this study reviewed global perspectives on UIL and an overview of the study context with greater emphasis on higher education reforms and proclamations. Philosophically, this study followed pragmatism research paradigm using mixed research approach. It also employed concurrent/parallel/convergent design in which both quantitative and qualitative data were collected simultaneously, interpreted separately and combined at the time of discussion for better understanding of the problem. Equal importance for both data sets was given. Data were gathered from 99 college deans and department heads, 200 instructors and 316 prospective graduates. In addition to this, 23 interviewees from UILOs, industries, MoE, and MoST took part in this study. Moreover, two focus group discussions were also conducted with the university alumni and data were gathered through survey questionnaires, semi-structured interview, FGD question guides and document reviews. The study result indicated that both quantitative and qualitative data support one another. It was found out that UIL was at its infant stage of development in government universities of Ethiopia with limited areas, dominated by students’ internship. Ethiopian government universities have a link with the industries in areas of some limited joint research projects, consultancies and capacity building. Consequently, universities benefitted by attaching their students with the industries and students got practical exposure to the real world of work. Industries also benefitted from the training provided to them, consultancies and joint research projects. On the other hand, UIL in government universities of Ethiopia was challenged by institutional bottlenecks, policy-practice gaps, contextual variation and information gaps, finance and awareness related caveats, work overload, and facility related hurdles. Moreover, lack of trust and commitment between U & I, lack of commitment and support from the leadership of both universities and industries, and the reluctance of the local industries to work with the universities remained a big rift to UIL. This study also sheds light on the expansion of universities and industries in different parts of the country as the opportunities to be tapped to promote UIL. Further, the attention of the government by designing different policies, strategies, directives and conferences was taken as the opportunity. As a major contribution, this study came up with the model that was designed to improve the practice of management of UIL in government universities of Ethiopia. To overcome the above challenges and to make use of existing opportunities, it was recommended that improving leadership and management related challenges through joint planning, organising, staffing and decision-making. Moreover, it was highly laudable to make a paradigm shift in the roles of universities from teaching dominated to research and innovation universities. Finally, bridging policy-practice gaps, increase networking, arranging various sensitising and advertising programmes and creating a further avenue for more research were commented. / Educational Leadership and Management / D. Ed. (Education Management)

The presence of pre-packed items contributes toward littering in schools and at home milieu. Most people particularly, and learners’ discard packages of pre-packed wrappers on the ground, thus contribute to littering. This study is intended to help all relevant stakeholders to plan activities that could reduce littering. The study is grounded within the critical theory and living paradigm exploring the effect of household and school practices on learners’ environmental awareness (EA) towards littering. This case study employed action research as a methodology to unpack the problem. Fourteen learners, who are referred to as co-researchers in this study, were selected randomly from seven classes and their parents were inevitably included in the study. Three cycles were conducted with the co-researchers. Five data collection methods are used to collect data. Tables, score total percentages and coding used to analyse data. The results of the study show that environmental activities could be useful within home and school setup and continued practice of environmental activities will in the end conscientise learners towards littering if approached through action research. / Science and Technology Education / M. Ed. (Environmental Education)

Text in Afrikaans / Die doel van die studie was om 'n model te ontwikkel vir openbare bibiioteekdiensiewering in 'n ontwikkelende land met 'n multikulturele samelewing. Die kernprobleem was om die teoretiese fundering van dienslewering en die toepassing daarvan in die praktyk te ondersoek. Die eerste subprobleem was om die eienskappe van 'n professie en professionele dienslewering te ondersoek. Die eienskappe van die professionalis/bibiiotekaris wat leiding aan die gebruiker moet gee, is geidentifiseer. Sleutelelemente is: outonomie (gekoppel aan deskundigheid en opieiding), 'n altruistiese diensorientasie en funksionele diens (volgens professionele riglyne en standaarde) aan alle groepe in die gemeenskap, ongeag sosiale kias. Die tweede subprobleem was om die doelstellings en funksies van die openbare biblioteek en die roi van gebruikersleiding daarin te ontleed. Daar is gevind dat diensleweringsfunksies in die teorie swak gefundeer is. 'n Kategorisering is voorgestel wat onderskei tussen ondersteuningsfunksies, diensleweringsfunksies en bestuursfunksies. Gebruikersleiding is geidentifiseer as oorkoepelende begrip en kernelement van alle diensleweringsfunksies wat gerig is op die optimalisering van die waarde van inligting tot beswil van die samelewing. Die derde subprobleem was om die ontstaan van 'n diensbegrip in die openbare biblioteek te beskryf en paradigmaverskuiwings uit te wys. Professionele riglyne, beginsels en standaarde, is ontleed. Afleidings is gemaak oor 'n heersende diensbegrip en rol van die openbare biblioteek. Daar is bevind dat die riglyne vir die identifisering van gebruikersgroepe en hulle behoeftes asook diensleweringsfunksies ontoereikend is. 'n Kategorisering van potensiele gebruikersgroepe en hul behoeftes is gedoen en 'n model vir openbare biblioteekdiensiewering ontwikkel om die leemte in teoretisering te vul. Die model onderskei 'n diensparadigma van dienslewering aan alie individue en groepe in die gemeenskap en missie van ontwikkeling; die primere doeiltelling opvoeding; beginsels van gemeenskapskontak; behoeftebepaling en toegang lot inligting; diensfunksies en uitreikaktiwiteite; die professionalis-klientverhouding; wetgewing, organisatoriese strukture en omgewingsfaktore. Die model is in 'n vraelysopname in die Suid-Afrikaanse openbare biblioteekpraktyk getoets. Daar is bevind dat die doelsteliings nagestreef en diensfunksies toegepas word. Die grootste probleme word in organisatoriese strukture en finansiering ondervind. Hierdie sake moet dringend aandag kry om die gestelde missie, naamlik om 'n wesenlike rol te speel in die ontwikkeling van die hele Suid-Afrikaanse samelewing, te verwesenlik. / The purpose of the study was to develop a model for public library service rendering in a developing and multicultural society. The core problem was to investigate the theoretical foundation of service rendering and the application thereof in practice. The first subproblem was to examine the characteristics of a profession and professional service rendering. The characteristics of the professional/ librarian who has to provide guidance to the user were identified. Key elements are: autonomy (linked to expertise and training), an altruistic service orientation and functional service (according to professional guidelines and standards) to all groups in the community irrespective of social class. The second subproblem was to analyse the aims and functions of the public library and the role of user guidance in it It was found that service rendering functions are not theoretically well grounded. A categorisation is proposed which distinguishes between supporting, service rendering and management functions. User guidance is identified as an umbrella concept and core element of all service rendering functions which is directed at optima/isirtg the value of information to the benefit of society. The third subproblem was to describe the origins of a service concept in the public library and to expose paradigm shifts. Professional guidelines, principles and standards were analysed. Conclusions were drawn about a predominant service concept and the role of the public library. It was found that guidelines for the identification of user groups and their needs as well as service rendering functions are inadequate. A categorisation of potential user groups and their needs was compiled and a model for public library service rendering was developed to bridge the gap in XXtheorisation. The model distinguishes a paradigm of service to all Individuals and groups in the community and a developmental mission; the primary aim of education; service principles of community networking, needs assessment and information access; service functions and outreach activities; the professionalclient- relationship; legislation, organisational structures and environmental factors. The model was tested in South African public library practice by means of a questionnaire survey. It was found that aims are pursued and service functions are applied. The greatest problems are experienced In organisational structures and financing. These issues must be urgently addressed to realise the public library's declared mission, namely to play a substantial role in the development of the South African society as a whole. / Information Science / D. Litt. et Phil. (Information Science)