A presente dissertação versa sobre o estudo da regulação financeira sistêmica brasileira e está dividida em quatro capítulos. No primeiro capítulo, descreve-se a essência das atividades financeiras e narra-se a trajetória histórica que deu ensejo à criação de Bancos Centrais e o surgimento da regulação bancária no mundo. Em seguida, discorre-se sobre o processo de expansão do sistema financeiro e sua internacionalização face à globalização financeira dos mercados. Após a exposição de razões políticas, comportamentais, econômicas e técnicas consideradas determinantes para a consumação da última crise financeira mundial (caso subprime), demonstra-se que uma regulação financeira sistêmica adequada constitui um processo complexo, dinâmico e contínuo de gestão pública com vistas a evitar ou atenuar os efeitos de crises sistêmicas. Nesse sentido, são expostos os motivos por que o Brasil enfrentou bem tal crise, através da apresentação da evolução dos processos regulatórios domésticos nos últimos anos. No segundo capítulo, utilizado o marco político-filosófico de John Rawls, sustenta-se a ideia de que a estabilidade financeira sustentável ao longo do tempo é uma questão de justiça básica que deve influenciar o desenho político-institucional em sociedades democráticas constitucionais. Nesse sentido, afirma-se a possibilidade de geração de um consenso sobreposto, segundo o ideal de razão pública, quanto à necessidade de estabelecimento de instituições, relativamente descoladas dos ciclos político-eleitorais e dotadas de especialização técnica, responsáveis pelo planejamento e acompanhamento público e transparente da sustentabilidade da execução da política monetária e da regulação financeira sistêmica propriamente dita no longo prazo. Adicionalmente, em razão da globalização financeira dos mercados, discorre-se sobre os limites e possibilidades do ideal de razão pública nos organismos financeiros internacionais (redes globais de governo), instituídos para definir padrões de regulação financeira sistêmica, e são feitos comentários acerca da existência de um Direito Administrativo Global. No terceiro capítulo, defende-se a ideia de razão prática regulatória como a diretriz adequada de atuação sustentável do Estado na economia com foco em resultados, a fim de estimular o progresso nos processos regulatórios, mediante o uso do better regulation como paradigma de análise de custos e benefícios. Após, expõe-se a noção de juridicidade administrativa como a mais compatível com a Constituição, além de defender-se a legitimidade democrática e o poder normativo das agências reguladoras financeiras. Por fim, com fundamento nas características do desenho institucional da estrutura regulatória brasileira, são formuladas propostas de aprimoramento institucional. No último capítulo, são feitos comentários sobre as vantagens, limites e riscos de judicialização dos processos regulatórios financeiros em democracias constitucionais, o que motiva a construção de parâmetros institucionais e materiais de atuação judicial, posteriormente analisados em precedentes importantes julgados no Brasil nos últimos anos. / This dissertation deals with the study of systemic financial regulation in Brazil and is divided into four chapters. The first chapter describes the essence of the financial activities and narrates the historical trajectory that gave rise to the creation of Central Banks and the emergence of banking regulation in the world. Afterwards, it exposes the expansion process of the financial system and its internationalization due to globalization of financial markets. Then, it presents political, behavioral, economic and technical reasons considered crucial to the consummation of the last global financial crisis (subprime case) and concludes that an adequate systemic financial regulation is a complex, dynamic and continuous public management process in order to prevent or mitigate the effects of systemic crises. In this sense, it shows why Brazil faced the last crisis well, through the exposure of the evolution of the domestic regulatory processes in recent years. In the second chapter, based on the John Rawlss political liberalism framework, it holds up the idea that sustainable financial stability over time is a matter of basic fairness that should influence the design of political institutions in democratic constitutional societies. In this sense, it states the possibility of generating overlapping consensus, according to the ideal of public reason, on the need to establish institutions, relatively detached from electoral cycles and endowed with technical expertise, responsible for planning and monitoring the long run sustainability implementation of accountable monetary policy and systemic financial regulation as well. Additionally, due to the globalization, it discusses the limits and possibilities of the ideal of public reason in the international financial organizations (global networks of government), established to set systemic financial regulatory standards, as well as comments are made about a Global Administrative Law. In the third chapter, it argues the idea of regulatory practice reason as the appropriate guideline for sustainable state performance in the economy with a focus on results, in order to stimulate progress in regulatory processes through the use of better regulation as a paradigm of cost-benefit analysis. After, it exposes the notion of constitutional legality and it defends the democratic legitimacy and the normative power of the financial regulatory agencies. Finally, based on the characteristics of the institutional design of the regulatory framework in Brazil, proposals for institutional improvement are formulated. In the last chapter, it comments the advantages, limitations and risks involved in judicialization of financial regulatory processes in constitutional democracies, which motivates the construction of institutional and material parameters of judicial action, subsequently analyzed in important cases judged in Brazilian courts.

Dans cette étude, les relations entre la structure forestière à l’échelle du paysage d’une part, la composition et le fonctionnement des forêts d’autre part, ont été analysées dans un écosystème de transition forêt-savane (Département de Tanda, Est Côte d’Ivoire). L’objectif principal de cette thèse était de tester l’hypothèse centrale de l’écologie du paysage, connue sous le vocable pattern-process paradigm, selon laquelle les trois composantes du système écologiques à savoir la structure, la composition et le fonctionnement, sont interdépendantes, et qu’en analysant l’une d’elle, des déductions utiles peuvent être faites sur les autres. <p>Nos résultats ont montré que l’équilibre écologique des forêts de la zone d’étude était fortement perturbé. L’agriculture itinérante sur brûlis, l’exploitation forestière et les feux de végétation ont été identifiés comme étant les principaux agents de ces dynamiques. La matrice du paysage, qui était initialement constituée d’une couverture continue de forêt dense, a été substituée par une mosaïque de savanes, de champs et de forêts exploitées, présentant des niveaux variables de dégradations anthropiques. L’utilisation de données multi-spectrales a permis de quantifier ces dégradations. Premièrement, sur base de l’information spectrale, nous avons distingué deux sous-types de forêts, différents entre eux en termes de densité, de composition, de stratégie dominante et de niveau de dégradation. Deuxièmement, une corrélation significative a été obtenue entre la dégradation et le degré de fragmentation des forêts, quantifiable à partir d’indices structuraux basés sur le nombre de taches, la proportion de forêts et le périmètre des taches forestières dans le paysage. La fragmentation semble avoir produit deux effets distincts sur la composition forestière ;elle détermine la taille et l’isolation des fragments aussi bien que les lisières forestières. Les dynamiques temporelles de la structure et de la composition du paysage forestier dans notre région d’étude a montré que la déforestation était plus sensible dans la partie Sud de la zone d’étude, en dépit du climat favorable, alors que dans la partie Nord, proche des savanes Guinéennes, la simulation des dynamiques à partir de la chaine de Markov a montré une tendance à la reprise forestière.<p>En définitive, notre étude a mis en évidence que la zone de transition forêt-savane étudiée était fortement dynamique. Dans une région où aucune réserve forestière n’existe réellement et où le front forestier régresse ou se dégrade rapidement, notre approche permet de poser les bases d’une politique rationnelle de protection des forêts, en établissant des seuils structuraux minimaux des fragments nécessaires à la préservation du biotope originel.<p>/<p><p> / Doctorat en Sciences / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

Etude historique des conditions d’émergence du champ de recherches de la perception des risques ;analyse critique du paradigme psychométrique et de la théorie culturaliste, ainsi que des conceptions du risque qui les sous-tend. /<p>Historical study of the emergence conditions of risk perception as a research field; critical analysis of the psychometric paradigm and cultural theory, as well as of the underlying risk conceptions. / Doctorat en Philosophie / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

Analysis of networks is quite interesting, because they can be interpreted for several purposes. Various features require different metrics to measure and interpret them. Measuring the relative importance of each vertex in a network is one of the most fundamental building blocks in network analysis. Between’s Centrality (BC) is one such metric that plays a key role in many real world applications. BC is an important graph analytics application for large-scale graphs. However it is one of the most computationally intensive kernels to execute, and measuring centrality in billion-scale graphs is quite challenging. While there are several existing e orts towards parallelizing BC algorithms on multi-core CPUs and many-core GPUs, in this work, we propose a novel ne-grained CPU-GPU hybrid algorithm that partitions a graph into two partitions, one each for CPU and GPU. Our method performs BC computations for the graph on both the CPU and GPU resources simultaneously, resulting in a very small number of CPU-GPU synchronizations, hence taking less time for communications. The BC algorithm consists of two phases, the forward phase and the backward phase. In the forward phase, we initially and the paths that are needed by either partitions, after which each partition is executed on each processor in an asynchronous manner. We initially compute border matrices for each partition which stores the relative distances between each pair of border vertex in a partition. The matrices are used in the forward phase calculations of all the sources. In this way, our hybrid BC algorithm leverages the multi-source property inherent in the BC problem. We present proof of correctness and the bounds for the number of iterations for each source. We also perform a novel hybrid and asynchronous backward phase, in which each partition communicates with the other only when there is a path that crosses the partition, hence it performs minimal CPU-GPU synchronizations. We use a variety of implementations for our work, like node-based and edge based parallelism, which includes data-driven and topology based techniques. In the implementation we show that our method also works using variable partitioning technique. The technique partitions the graph into unequal parts accounting for the processing power of each processor. Our implementations achieve almost equal percentage of utilization on both the processors due to the technique. For large scale graphs, the size of the border matrix also becomes large, hence to accommodate the matrix we present various techniques. The techniques use the properties inherent in the shortest path problem for reduction. We mention the drawbacks of performing shortest path computations on a large scale and also provide various solutions to it. Evaluations using a large number of graphs with different characteristics show that our hybrid approach without variable partitioning and border matrix reduction gives 67% improvement in performance, and 64-98.5% less CPU-GPU communications than the state of art hybrid algorithm based on the popular Bulk Synchronous Paradigm (BSP) approach implemented in TOTEM. This shows our algorithm's strength which reduces the need for larger synchronizations. Implementing variable partitioning, border matrix reduction and backward phase optimizations on our hybrid algorithm provides up to 10x speedup. We compare our optimized implementation, with CPU and GPU standalone codes based on our forward phase and backward phase kernels, and show around 2-8x speedup over the CPU-only code and can accommodate large graphs that cannot be accommodated in the GPU-only code. We also show that our method`s performance is competitive to the state of art multi-core CPU and performs 40-52% better than GPU implementations, on large graphs. We show the drawbacks of CPU and GPU only implementations and try to motivate the reader about the challenges that graph algorithms face in large scale computing, suggesting that a hybrid or distributed way of approaching the problem is a better way of overcoming the hurdles.

This thesis focuses on the projects and experiences of social justice organizers who place an emphasis on working to address heteropatriarchy and its impacts, work that I call men’s work. In particular, these are organizers who take an intersectional, social justice approach to this work. In order to recognize who organizers are and the kinds of projects they engage in, I describe four major project themes within men’s work and briefly explore their potentials and pitfalls according to those who are involved in them. I then analyze a number of the various considerations, tensions, and difficulties that arise for these organizers, particularly the personal and interpersonal components. In order to support organizers to be resilient and successful when faced with these issues, I conclude by sharing a variety of ways they may choose to navigate the various complexities they encounter in their organizing and in their communities. / Graduate

The mystery behind the origin of the pain and the difficulty to propose methodologies for its quantitative characterization fascinated philosophers (and then scientists) from the dawn of our modern society. Nowadays, studying patterns of information flow in mesoscale activity of brain networks is a valuable strategy to offer answers in computational neuroscience. In this paper, complex network analysis was performed on the time-varying brain functional connectomes of a rat model of persistent peripheral neuropathic pain, obtained by means of local field potential and spike train analysis. A wide range of topological network measures (14 in total, the code is publicly released at: https://github.com/biomedical-cybernetics/topological_measures_wide_analysis) was employed to quantitatively investigate the rewiring mechanisms of the brain regions responsible for development and upkeep of pain along time, from three hours to 16 days after nerve injury. The time trend (across the days) of each network measure was correlated with a behavioural test for rat pain, and surprisingly we found that the rewiring mechanisms associated with two local topological measure, the local-community-paradigm and the power-lawness, showed very high statistical correlations (higher than 0.9, being the maximum value 1) with the behavioural test. We also disclosed clear functional connectivity patterns that emerged in association with chronic pain in the primary somatosensory cortex (S1) and ventral posterolateral (VPL) nuclei of thalamus. This study represents a pioneering attempt to exploit network science models in order to elucidate the mechanisms of brain region re-wiring and engram formations that are associated with chronic pain in mammalians. We conclude that the local-community-paradigm is a model of complex network organization that triggers a local learning rule, which seems associated to processing, learning and memorization of chronic pain in the brain functional connectivity. This rule is based exclusively on the network topology, hence was named epitopological learning.

本研究的主要目的有二：其一，驗證經過修改後的「句詞關聯作業」此一實驗派典，是否可以成為一套能有效區辨高、低社交焦慮者解釋性認知偏誤的測量工具。其二，驗證以「句詞關聯作業」作為解釋性認知偏誤修正工具時，是否能夠有效且持續地改善高社交焦慮者不適應的解釋性偏誤情形與社交焦慮症狀。為達到上述兩個研究目的，分為研究一與研究二進行。研究一選取86名高社交焦慮與59名低社交焦慮之非臨床大學校內學生，施予社交焦慮與情緒相關量表、句詞關聯作業以及解釋性偏誤相關問卷。研究一的結果顯示，相較於低社交焦慮者，高社交焦慮者同時具有較高程度的威脅解釋偏誤，以及較低程度的非威脅解釋偏誤。當執行組內比較時，則進一步發現並非高社交焦慮者具備某種解釋性的偏誤，反而是低社交焦慮者的解釋傾向展現出某些特殊性。此外，藉由相關分析，發現解釋性偏誤的在線與離線歷程、威脅與非威脅解釋偏誤之間具有緊密關聯，而句詞關聯作業與其他相關的測量工具彼此具備聚斂性。研究二邀請研究一之80名高社交焦慮者繼續參與實驗，隨機分派為改善訓練組與中性訓練組。受試者根據所屬組別接受相對應的訓練程序，為期四週共八次。訓練結束後再度施予社交焦慮與情緒相關量表、句詞關聯作業以及解釋性偏誤相關問卷，並於一個月後進行追蹤評估。研究二的結果顯示，改善訓練程序的確可有效地降低高社交焦慮者的威脅解釋偏誤，並且提升其非威脅解釋偏誤。細究此療效之所以發生的機制，主要在於促使高社交焦慮者形成與低社交焦慮者相似的解釋偏誤特性。然而，在降低社交焦慮症狀上，本研究並未看見明顯效果，內文將對此非預期結果進行討論。總體而言，針對社交焦慮者的解釋性偏誤情形，「句詞關聯作業」的確具備成為輔助性評估與介入工具之潛力。 / The purpose of the present study was twofold. First, it aimed to examine if the modified paradigm, sentence word association paradigm (SWAP), can differentiate interpretation between high and low social anxious individuals. Second, it tried to investigate the effects of interpretational training, using the training version of SWAP as cognitive bias modification program, in modifying interpretative bias and in reducing social anxiety symptoms in high social anxious individuals. In study 1, a total of 86 high social anxious and 59 low social anxious participants completed seven questionnaires and SWAP. The results showed that high social anxious individuals had greater threat interpretative bias and smaller benign interpretative bias compared to low social anxious individuals. Further, it was important to note that when comparing within group, actually not high but low social anxious individuals showed some special interpretation patterns. In addition, the statistics revealed significant correlations between on-line and off-line data, threat and benign interpretative bias. The current study also had found the consistency between SWAP and questionnaires measurements. In study 2, eighty high social anxious participants from study 1 were assigned randomly into modification training and neutral control group. All participants completed eight interpretaional training sessions delivered over four weeks (twice a week). Participants were also required to complete postassessments and follow-up assessments. The results indicated that the modification training program successfully increased the benign interpretative bias and decreased the threat interpretative bias, compared to the neutral control condition. When exploring the training mechanism, the current study discovered that modification training program helped high social anxious individuals gain the same interpretation patterns as low social anxious individuals had. However, the modification training program didn’t reduce social anxiety symptoms in high social anxious individuals. This unexpected finding were discussed. In conclusion, SWAP may have clinical utility when applied as assessment and intervention.

Working with an organization outside the public school system that was creating schoolyard gardens, I began to think about culture and cultivation inside and outside of schooling practices. The liveliness of the schoolyard gardens presented possibilities for enlivening educational discourses. With two participants I planted a container box schoolyard garden outside Lamoureux Hall, which houses the Faculty of Education. Utilizing aspects of place-based pedagogy, ecoliteracy, ecopedagogy and a metissage of a/r/tography, eco-art and writing as a method of inquiry, we tended the garden and dwelled upon ideas of nature, culture, and their intersection in a particular place. Our garden experiences left cyber footprints in virtual space as blog spots on a thesis blog site. The garden and the inquiry it generated outside,is brought back inside the education building as a Master's thesis. The garden grew in different and unpredictable ways due to intense construction on site, entwining the planter boxes with unseen variables.

A Bruxelles comme dans d’autres contextes régionaux et nationaux, de nombreux professionnels et spécialistes présentent les notions de discrimination et de diversité dans le domaine de l’emploi comme « les deux faces d’une même pièce » : au dépassement de la première répondrait l’avènement de la seconde. Considérant ce discours comme problématique, nous retraçons dans notre thèse l’émergence et le développement de l’action publique bruxelloise de lutte contre les discriminationsethno-raciales et de promotion de la diversité en matière d’emploi, depuis la fin des années 1990. Dans une perspective qualitative, nous analysons les conditions d’élaboration et de mise en oeuvre de cette action publique régionale, en prêtant une attention particulière aux pratiques des acteurs et aux effets concrets des dispositifs (en particulier le « Plan de diversité »). Au-delà du caractère éduisant et consensuel de la notion de diversité, nous montrons que les interventions qui s’en réclament tendent à perdre de vue le problème des discriminations ethno-raciales en matière d’emploi, qu’elles devaient pourtant contribuer à réduire. Les entreprises privées peuvent ne pas voir l’utilité ni la pertinence des « bonnes pratiques » de gestion des ressources humaines promues dans ce cadre. Et même lorsque les pratiques managériales évoluent, cela n’a pas forcément d’effet en matière de recrutement ou de reconnaissance symbolique des minorités ethno-raciales. / In Brussels as in many other regional and national contexts, discrimination and diversity are often described as “two sides of the same coin”, diversity being thought of as a solution to discrimination. We question this argument in our doctoral dissertation and examine how authorities in the Brussels region implemented a new public policy to tackle discrimination and promote diversity since the end of the 1990s. We analyse in a qualitative perspective how measures and instruments were designed and brought into action. In particular, we focus on social practices and also on the practical effects of the policy instruments mobilized in this context (especially the “Diversity plan”). The seducing notionof diversity seems to produce consensus, but we also show that it often leads to losing sight of the discrimination problem. Furthermore, public authorities promote “best practices” to improve diversity in the workplace, but these are not always considered useful nor relevant by private companies. Even when changes appear to happen in management practices, we observe a limited impact on ecruitmentand also on symbolic recognition of ethno-racial minorities.

Alors que les mutations s’accélèrent et l’instabilité semble permanente, l’esprit d’entreprise est valorisé par les acteurs publics et privés. En France, l’auto-entrepreneur, créé par la loi n° 2008-776 du 4 août 2008, favorise l’accès à l’entrepreneuriat au plus grand nombre. Depuis 2009, les créations d’entreprises comptent pour plus de moitié d’auto-entrepreneurs. Aussi, l’existence d’une dynamique entrepreneuriale spécifique à ces créations se pose. La recherche s’inscrit dans une approche constructiviste d’essai d’explication du phénomène par l’identification des caractéristiques des auto-entrepreneurs en comparaison aux autres entrepreneurs. Elle prend racine dans l’examen de 700 dossiers d’évaluation de projets en phase amont de la création/ reprise dans le sud Finistère, soit, de fin 2008 à début 2012 près d’1% des créations / reprises en Bretagne. L’appui sur les paradigmes entrepreneuriaux amène à rapprocher des standards théoriques génériques à des constatations issues du terrain. Une approche hypothético-déductive permet d’identifier les caractéristiques des auto-entrepreneurs en comparaison aux autres entrepreneurs. L’analyse qualitative thématique d’entretiens biographiques d’auto-entrepreneurs triangule et confirme les résultats. La recherche questionne le paradigme de la création/ obtention de valeur nouvelle ou existante. Elle interroge le processus schumpétérien d’innovation créatrice versus destructrice, et sa possible mobilisation dans une lecture du succès de l’auto-entrepreneur. Elle propose une approche effectuale de la création en auto-entrepreneuriat. Elle confirme le rôle de l’accompagnement en phase amont de la création/ reprise d’entreprises. / While mutations accelerate and instability seems to be permanent, entrepreneurship is valued by public and private actors. In France, the auto-entrepreneur, created by Law No. 2008-776 of 4 August 2008, promotes access to entrepreneurship to greater numbers. Since 2009, the auto-entrepreneurs account for more than half of self-employed entrepreneurs. Also, the existence of a specific entrepreneurial approach to business creation projects under this status arises. This research is part of a constructivist approach to explain the phenomenon by identifying the characteristics of auto-entrepreneurs in comparison to other entrepreneurs. It is rooted in the examination of 700 projects evaluated in upstream phase of the creation / buyout in the southern Finistère, from late 2008 to early 2012, almost 1% of the creation / buyout firms on the Brittany area. The support of entrepreneurial paradigms leads to closer generic theoretical standard to findings from the field. A counterfactual approach identifies the characteristics of auto-entrepreneurs in comparison to other entrepreneurs. Thematic qualitative analysis of biographical interviews of auto-entrepreneurs triangulates and confirms the results. The research questions the paradigm of creating / obtaining new or existing value. She questions the Schumpeterian process of creative versus destructive innovation, and its possible mobilization in a reading of the success of the auto-entrepreneur. It offers effectual approach creation depending on the status of auto-entrepreneur. It confirms the role of the accompanying upstream phase of the creation / buyout business.