Banco do Nordeste do Brasil / A avaliaÃÃo educacional dispÃe de mÃtodos para a obtenÃÃo de dados que podem ser Ãteis para avaliar grupos de indivÃduos (alunos, professores, administradores, tÃcnicos e outros), projetos, produtos e materiais, instituiÃÃes e sistemas educacionais, nos seus diversos nÃveis e competÃncias. No campo da educaÃÃo em engenharia, os processos avaliativos podem ajudar os gestores a tomarem decisÃes e a realizarem mudanÃas em cursos de graduaÃÃo. Esta tese investiga de forma inÃdita uma nova abordagem para a anÃlise e interpretaÃÃo de dados no campo da educaÃÃo em engenharia com Ãnfase no processo de avaliaÃÃo, levando em consideraÃÃo dois aspectos de modo integrado: a) a percepÃÃo/opiniÃo dos estudantes sobre o contexto/ambiente educacional (Learning Context - LC) e b) os resultados/rendimentos obtidos pelos mesmos discentes (Learning Outcomes - LO). Para a realizaÃÃo desta pesquisa, foram coletados dados de estudantes do curso de graduaÃÃo em Engenharia de TeleinformÃtica (ETI) do Centro de Tecnologia (CT) da Universidade Federal do Cearà (UFC). Os dados de LC foram coletados a partir da aplicaÃÃo do instrumento SEEQ (Studentâs Evaluation of Educational Quality) da metodologia SETE (Student Evaluate Teaching Effetivecness). Os dados de LO foram coletados a partir das informaÃÃes dos resultados de desempenho da aprendizagem dos mesmos discentes. Na realizaÃÃo do processamento da informaÃÃo dos dados matriciais e tensoriais obtidos, foram utilizadas duas ferramentas matemÃticas: a decomposiÃÃo bilinear, por meio da AnÃlise de Componentes Principais (Principal Component Analysis - PCA) e a decomposiÃÃo multilinear tensorial por meio da AnÃlise de Fatores Paralelos (Parallel Factor Analysis - PARAFAC). Os resultados obtidos permitem identificar caracterÃsticas comuns e semelhanÃas em componentes curriculares, tanto em termos da percepÃÃo quanto do desempenho dos estudantes. Os modelos PCA e PARAFAC tambÃm demonstraram um potencial significativo para extrair informaÃÃes de dados relacionados com variÃveis latentes em contextos educativos. / Educational evaluation provides methods to obtain data that can be useful for evaluating groups of individuals (students, teachers, administrators, technicians and others), projects, products and materials, educational institutions and systems at different levels and skills. In engineering education, evaluation processes can help managers to make decisions and changes in undergraduate courses. This thesis investigates in unprecedented way a new approach to the analysis and interpretation of data in the field of engineering education with emphasis in the evaluation process, taking into account two aspects in an integrated manner: a) perception / opinion of students about the context / educational environment (Learning Context - LC) and b) the results / income earned by the same students (Learning outcomes - LO). For this research, we collected data related to undergraduate students in Teleinformatics Engineering (TEI), at Technology Center (CT) of the Federal University of Cearà (UFC). LC data were collected from the application of SEEQ (Studentâs Evaluation of Educational Quality) instrument of SETE (Student Teaching Evaluate Effetivecness) methodology. The LO data was collected from the information of the performance of the studentsâ learning outcomes. Carrying out the information processing of the obtained tensor and matrix data, we have used two mathematical tools: the bilinear decomposition, called Principal Component Analysis - PCA decomposition and the multilinear tensor decomposition by Parallel Factor Analysis - PARAFAC. The results allow us to identify common features and similarities in curriculum components, both in terms of perception as the performance of students. The PCA and PARAFAC models also showed significant potential to extract data information related to latent variables in educational settings.

This dissertation presents experimental and instrumentation developments that take full advantage of the multidimensional nature of line narrowing spectroscopy at liquid nitrogen (77 K) and liquid helium (4.2 K) temperatures. The inconvenience of sample freezing procedures is eliminated with the aid of cryogenic fiber optic probes. Rapid collection of multidimensional data formats such as wavelength time matrices, excitation emission matrices, time-resolved excitation emission matrices and time resolved excitation emission cubes is made possible with the combination of a pulsed tunable dye laser, a spectrograph and an intensifier-charged coupled device. These data formats provide unique opportunities for processing vibrational luminescence data with second order multivariate calibration algorithms. The use of cryogenic fiber optic probes is extended to commercial instrumentation. An attractive feature of spectrofluorimeters with excitation and emission monochromators is the possibility to record synchronous spectra. The advantages of this approach, which include narrowing of spectral bandwidth and simplification of emission spectra, were demonstrated with the direct analysis of highly toxic dibenzopyrene isomers. The same is true for the collection of steady-state fluorescence excitation-emission matrices. These approaches provide a general solution to unpredictable spectral interference, a ubiquitous problem for the analysis of organic pollutants in environmental samples of unknown composition. Since commercial spectrofluorimeters are readily available in most academic institutions, industrial settings and research institutes, the developments presented here should facilitate the widespread application of line-narrowing spectroscopic techniques to the direct determination, no chromatographic separation, of highly toxic compounds in complex environmental matrixes of unknown composition.

Les sols boréaux représentent l’un des plus grands stocks de carbone terrestre à l’échelle globale. Ainsi, l'un des principaux transferts de matière des écosystèmes terrestres vers les écosystèmes aquatiques concerne le transport du carbone organique. Le carbone organique dissous (COD) joue un rôle crucial dans les cycles du carbone des systèmes aquatiques boréaux, reliant les écosystèmes terrestres et aquatiques. Il constitue une source d'énergie pour les micro-organismes présents dans le sol et dans l'eau. La matière organique dissoute (MOD) dans les lacs et les sols présente diverses compositions influencées par leur source et leur temps de résidence. Elle se compose principalement de matière organique allochtone caractérisée par des composés résistants de type humique et de matière organique autochtone contenant des composés facilement dégradables de type protéique. Les processus biogéochimiques le long du continuum terre-eau boréal influencent le cycle global du carbone et, par conséquent, le climat de la Terre. Les zones riveraines (ZR) constituent des passages critiques pour le transport hydrologique latéral de la matière organique dans les écosystèmes boréaux, facilitant la connexion entre les puits de matière organique terrestres et aquatiques. Les sols riches en matières organiques des ZR sont des processeurs biogéochimiques importants dans les bassins versants, influençant considérablement la concentration et la composition de la matière organique le long du continuum terre-eau. Malgré notre compréhension du budget de carbone dans les écosystèmes terrestres et aquatiques, la transformation de la MOD le long du gradient terre-eau, en particulier aux interfaces terre-eau, demeure mal comprise.. Dans notre étude portant sur 16 bassins versants des bassins des rivières La Romaine et Eastmain des régions de la Côte-Nord et de la Baie James, respectivement, nous avons déterminé la concentration, la composition et la réactivité de la MOD dans des compartiments clés des bassins versants: le sol forestier, la ZR, les cours d'eau et les lacs. Nous avons observé des différences significatives dans la concentration et la variabilité du COD entre les compartiments du bassin versant (forêt, ZR, ruisseau, lac). Dans l'ensemble, il y a eu une diminution des concentrations et de la variabilité du COD des milieux terrestres aux milieux aquatiques, accompagnée de changements prononcés lors du passage dans la ZR. Nos recherches ont révélé le rôle central des interfaces terre-eau sur les transformations quantitatives et qualitatives de la MOD. Les diminutions rapides des concentrations totales de COD et des 4 proportions de COD dégradable pendant le passage vers les cours d'eau indiquent des pertes immédiates se produisant soit dans les cours d'eau eux-mêmes, soit par dégradation dans la ZR. Cependant, nous avons observé une présence relativement persistante de MOD d'origine terrestre dans de multiples compartiments du bassin versant. En outre, nos résultats montrent des concentrations élevées de MOD de type protéique dans les échantillons de la forêt et de la ZR, ce qui permet de mieux comprendre les sources de la MOD potentiellement terrestres de type protéique. En résumé, notre recherche met en lumière la dynamique complexe de la MOD le long des continuums terre-eau, en fournissant des informations qui améliorent notre compréhension de ces éléments vitaux au sein des écosystèmes aquatiques. / A considerable portion of the Earth's carbon is stored within boreal soils. Thus, one of the predominant transfers of mass from terrestrial to aquatic ecosystems involves the movement of organic carbon. Dissolved organic carbon (DOC) is a crucial contributor to the carbon cycles of boreal aquatic systems, linking land and water ecosystems and representing an energy source for microorganisms in both soil and water. Dissolved organic matter (DOM) in lakes and soil embodies diverse compositions influenced by their source and residence time. It predominantly consists of allochthonous DOM characterized by resistant humic-like compounds and autochthonous DOM featuring easily degradable, protein-like compounds. The biogeochemical processes along the boreal land-water gradient influence the global carbon cycle and, consequently, the Earth's climate. The riparian zones (RZ) act as critical passages for lateral hydrological transport of DOM within boreal ecosystems, facilitating the connection between diverse terrestrial DOM pools and stream DOM pools. The organic-rich soils in RZ, highlighted as biogeochemical hotspots in watersheds, significantly influence the concentration and composition of DOM along the land-water continuum. Despite our grasp of carbon budgets in terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems, the processing of DOM along the land-water gradient, particularly at land-water interfaces, remains unclear. In our study across 16 watersheds in the "La Romaine" and "Eastmain" catchments, we identified the concentration, composition, and reactivity of DOM in key watershed compartments: forest soil, RZ, streams, and lakes. We observed significant distinctions in DOM concentration and variability across watershed compartments (forest, RZ, stream, lake). Overall, there was a decrease in DOC concentrations and variability from land to aquatic environments, accompanied by abrupt shifts as it passed through the RZ. Our research revealed the pivotal role of land-water interfaces on both the quantitative and qualitative changes observed in DOM. The rapid declines in total DOC concentrations and degradable DOC proportions during the transition to streams indicate immediate losses occurring either within the streams themselves or through degradation within the RZ. However, we observed a relatively persistent presence of terrestrially derived DOM in multiple compartments within the watershed. Additionally, our finding shows high concentrations of protein-like DOM in forest and RZ samples, providing insights into the probable terrestrial sources of protein-like DOM elements. In summary, our research illuminates 6 the complex dynamics of DOM along land-water continua, enhancing our understanding our comprehension of these vital elements within aquatic ecosystems.

Este projeto nasceu inserido num contexto de crescentes pesquisas em direção à construção de um cabedal de conhecimento acerca das ciências ambientais que tratam e estudam a dinâmica dos reservatórios de carbono e suas contribuições para o Efeito Estufa. Extrapolações de novos mapas digitalizados de solos sugerem que os espodossolos hidromórficos da Amazônia podem estar com uma contagem de carbono subestimada em até 12,3 Pg de C e trabalhos anteriores mostram que o carbono imobilizado neste perfil pode sofrer mineralização devido ao corte na rede de drenagem ou rebaixamento do nível freático, podendo assim contribuir em grande parte para o aumento de emissão dos Gases do Efeito Estufa. Nesta circunstância, coube a este trabalho, caracterizar espectroscopicamente, a matéria orgânica estocada em profundidade em 9 perfis de solo da região de São Gabriel da Cachoeira - AM, na floresta amazônica. Foram analisadas 127 amostras em quantidade de carbono e por fluorescência induzida por laser (FIL). A partir destas análises preliminares, foi possível selecionar 12 amostras de 2 perfis para análise mais detalhada através da extração das substâncias húmicas. Foram realizadas análises para obtenção da textura destes perfis, análise dos ácidos húmicos como relação C/N, espectroscopia de infravermelho com transformada de Fourier (FTIR), RMN de 13C no estado sólido, fluorescências bidimensional e tridimensional com aplicação do método estatístico análise dos fatores paralelos (PARAFAC) e também análise dos ácidos fúlvicos como carbono orgânico total (TOC), espectroscopia na região do ultra-violeta e visível e fluorescência 3D associada ao PARAFAC. Em geral, as amostras se dividiram em 3 grupos diferentes, onde a matéria orgânica em superfície se mostrou lábil e recente, a matéria orgânica nos horizontes B húmicos se mostraram com características recalcitrantes e a matéria orgânica contida nos horizontes onde existia água livre (lençol freático), se mostraram com características diferentes, indicando não serem tão jovens quanto as em superfície, porém mais jovens do que a armazenada no Bh, devido a uma possível migração por movimentos laterais do lençol freático. A correlação entre os resultados mostrou que a textura do solo é importante para o acúmulo da matéria orgânica e conseqüentemente sua humificação. Os resultados de fluorescência corroboraram a interpretação dos dados de RMN, FTIR e textura, apontando que o Perfil 4 (mais próximo ao rio) por ter C2 maior nos horizontes intermediários, contém maior quantidade de exsudatos microbianos frescos. Para o Perfil 5, que é uma mancha de Espodossolo dentro de um Latossolo e encontra-se mais longe do rio, os fluoróforos mais representativos são oriundos de anéis aromáticos mais antigos e conseqüentemente mais humificados, devido às maiores intensidades de C1 e C3. Vale ressaltar que esta interpretação se alinha com os resultados de datação do 14C desta região. Foi notório que a humificação ocorre a partir do começo do horizonte Bh e que seu acúmulo pode ocorrer tanto nos horizontes intermediários (Bh) quanto mais os profundos (úmidos). Dessa forma, pode-se concluir que uma drenagem excessiva das bordas dos rios nesta região que acumula carbono em profundidade, poderá expor a MO guardada e estocada a longo tempo, contribuindo para o aumento da temperatura global e por conseguinte catalisando um desequilíbrio no clima da sua maior reguladora no mundo: a Floresta Amazônica. / This project was born inserted in a context of increasing research towards building knowledge about environmental science that treat and study the dynamics of carbon reservoirs and their contribution to the greenhouse. Extrapolation of new digital soil maps suggests that Amazonian hydromorphic Spodosols may be with a carbon accounting underestimated by up to 12.3 Pg of C and previous work show that the carbon fixed in this profile may suffer mineralization due to the cut in the drainage network or lowering of the water level and can contribute largely to the increased emission of greenhouse gas. In this circumstance, it was instructed to this work, the spectroscopic characterization, of the stored organic matter in depth at 9 soil profiles of São Gabriel da Cachoeira - AM, in the Amazon rainforest. 127 samples were analyzed for amount of carbon and laser-induced fluorescence (LIF). From these preliminary analyzes, it was possible to select 12 samples of 2 profiles for humic substances extraction and further detailed analysis. Analyzes were conducted to obtain the texture of these profiles, analysis of humic acids as C/N ratio, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), solid state 13C NMR, two and three dimensional fluorescence with applying of the Parallel factors analysis (PARAFAC) statistical method and also fulvic acid analysis as Total Organic Carbon (TOC), ultra-violet and visible region spectroscopy and 3D fluorescence associated with PARAFAC. In general, the samples were divided into 3 different groups, wherein the surface organic matter evinced labile and recent. The B humic horizons organic matter proved recalcitrant characteristics and organic matter contained in horizons which had free water (groundwater), showed different characteristic, indicating they are not so young as the surface, but younger than stored in Bh, because of possible migration by lateral movements of the water table. The correlation between the results showed that soil texture is important for the accumulation of organic matter and therefore its humification. The fluorescence results confirmed the interpretation of the NMR, FTIR and texture datas, indicating that the profile 4 (closest to the river), presenting major C2 in intermediate horizons, contains larger amount of fresh microbial exudates. To profile 5, which is a Spodosol spot within a Ferrasol and is thither from the river, the most representative fluorophores came from older aromatic rings and therefore is more humified, due to higher intensities C1 and C3. It is noteworthy that this interpretation is in accord with the results of 14C dating of samples from this region. It was clear that the humification occurs from the beginning of the Bh horizon and their accumulation can occur both in the intermediate horizons (Bh) and in deeper (wet). Thus, it can be concluded that excessive drainage of the edges of rivers in this region that collects carbon in depth, may expose the OM stored for long time, contributing to increase the overall temperature and therefore catalyzing an imbalance in the climate of the biggest regulatory of it in the world: the Amazon rainforest.

Este projeto nasceu inserido num contexto de crescentes pesquisas em direção à construção de um cabedal de conhecimento acerca das ciências ambientais que tratam e estudam a dinâmica dos reservatórios de carbono e suas contribuições para o Efeito Estufa. Extrapolações de novos mapas digitalizados de solos sugerem que os espodossolos hidromórficos da Amazônia podem estar com uma contagem de carbono subestimada em até 12,3 Pg de C e trabalhos anteriores mostram que o carbono imobilizado neste perfil pode sofrer mineralização devido ao corte na rede de drenagem ou rebaixamento do nível freático, podendo assim contribuir em grande parte para o aumento de emissão dos Gases do Efeito Estufa. Nesta circunstância, coube a este trabalho, caracterizar espectroscopicamente, a matéria orgânica estocada em profundidade em 9 perfis de solo da região de São Gabriel da Cachoeira - AM, na floresta amazônica. Foram analisadas 127 amostras em quantidade de carbono e por fluorescência induzida por laser (FIL). A partir destas análises preliminares, foi possível selecionar 12 amostras de 2 perfis para análise mais detalhada através da extração das substâncias húmicas. Foram realizadas análises para obtenção da textura destes perfis, análise dos ácidos húmicos como relação C/N, espectroscopia de infravermelho com transformada de Fourier (FTIR), RMN de 13C no estado sólido, fluorescências bidimensional e tridimensional com aplicação do método estatístico análise dos fatores paralelos (PARAFAC) e também análise dos ácidos fúlvicos como carbono orgânico total (TOC), espectroscopia na região do ultra-violeta e visível e fluorescência 3D associada ao PARAFAC. Em geral, as amostras se dividiram em 3 grupos diferentes, onde a matéria orgânica em superfície se mostrou lábil e recente, a matéria orgânica nos horizontes B húmicos se mostraram com características recalcitrantes e a matéria orgânica contida nos horizontes onde existia água livre (lençol freático), se mostraram com características diferentes, indicando não serem tão jovens quanto as em superfície, porém mais jovens do que a armazenada no Bh, devido a uma possível migração por movimentos laterais do lençol freático. A correlação entre os resultados mostrou que a textura do solo é importante para o acúmulo da matéria orgânica e conseqüentemente sua humificação. Os resultados de fluorescência corroboraram a interpretação dos dados de RMN, FTIR e textura, apontando que o Perfil 4 (mais próximo ao rio) por ter C2 maior nos horizontes intermediários, contém maior quantidade de exsudatos microbianos frescos. Para o Perfil 5, que é uma mancha de Espodossolo dentro de um Latossolo e encontra-se mais longe do rio, os fluoróforos mais representativos são oriundos de anéis aromáticos mais antigos e conseqüentemente mais humificados, devido às maiores intensidades de C1 e C3. Vale ressaltar que esta interpretação se alinha com os resultados de datação do 14C desta região. Foi notório que a humificação ocorre a partir do começo do horizonte Bh e que seu acúmulo pode ocorrer tanto nos horizontes intermediários (Bh) quanto mais os profundos (úmidos). Dessa forma, pode-se concluir que uma drenagem excessiva das bordas dos rios nesta região que acumula carbono em profundidade, poderá expor a MO guardada e estocada a longo tempo, contribuindo para o aumento da temperatura global e por conseguinte catalisando um desequilíbrio no clima da sua maior reguladora no mundo: a Floresta Amazônica. / This project was born inserted in a context of increasing research towards building knowledge about environmental science that treat and study the dynamics of carbon reservoirs and their contribution to the greenhouse. Extrapolation of new digital soil maps suggests that Amazonian hydromorphic Spodosols may be with a carbon accounting underestimated by up to 12.3 Pg of C and previous work show that the carbon fixed in this profile may suffer mineralization due to the cut in the drainage network or lowering of the water level and can contribute largely to the increased emission of greenhouse gas. In this circumstance, it was instructed to this work, the spectroscopic characterization, of the stored organic matter in depth at 9 soil profiles of São Gabriel da Cachoeira - AM, in the Amazon rainforest. 127 samples were analyzed for amount of carbon and laser-induced fluorescence (LIF). From these preliminary analyzes, it was possible to select 12 samples of 2 profiles for humic substances extraction and further detailed analysis. Analyzes were conducted to obtain the texture of these profiles, analysis of humic acids as C/N ratio, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), solid state 13C NMR, two and three dimensional fluorescence with applying of the Parallel factors analysis (PARAFAC) statistical method and also fulvic acid analysis as Total Organic Carbon (TOC), ultra-violet and visible region spectroscopy and 3D fluorescence associated with PARAFAC. In general, the samples were divided into 3 different groups, wherein the surface organic matter evinced labile and recent. The B humic horizons organic matter proved recalcitrant characteristics and organic matter contained in horizons which had free water (groundwater), showed different characteristic, indicating they are not so young as the surface, but younger than stored in Bh, because of possible migration by lateral movements of the water table. The correlation between the results showed that soil texture is important for the accumulation of organic matter and therefore its humification. The fluorescence results confirmed the interpretation of the NMR, FTIR and texture datas, indicating that the profile 4 (closest to the river), presenting major C2 in intermediate horizons, contains larger amount of fresh microbial exudates. To profile 5, which is a Spodosol spot within a Ferrasol and is thither from the river, the most representative fluorophores came from older aromatic rings and therefore is more humified, due to higher intensities C1 and C3. It is noteworthy that this interpretation is in accord with the results of 14C dating of samples from this region. It was clear that the humification occurs from the beginning of the Bh horizon and their accumulation can occur both in the intermediate horizons (Bh) and in deeper (wet). Thus, it can be concluded that excessive drainage of the edges of rivers in this region that collects carbon in depth, may expose the OM stored for long time, contributing to increase the overall temperature and therefore catalyzing an imbalance in the climate of the biggest regulatory of it in the world: the Amazon rainforest.

<p>In this thesis some multivariate spectroscopic methods for the analysis of solutions are proposed. Spectroscopy and multivariate data analysis form a powerful combination for obtaining both quantitative and qualitative information and it is shown how spectroscopic techniques in combination with chemometric data evaluation can be used to obtain rapid, simple and efficient analytical methods. These spectroscopic methods consisting of spectroscopic analysis, a high level of automation and chemometric data evaluation can lead to analytical methods with a high analytical capacity, and for these methods, the term high-capacity analysis (HCA) is suggested. It is further shown how chemometric evaluation of the multivariate data in chromatographic analyses decreases the need for baseline separation. </p><p>The thesis is based on six papers and the chemometric tools used are experimental design, principal component analysis (PCA), soft independent modelling of class analogy (SIMCA), partial least squares regression (PLS) and parallel factor analysis (PARAFAC). The analytical techniques utilised are scanning ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopy, diode array detection (DAD) used in non-column chromatographic diode array UV spectroscopy, high-performance liquid chromatography with diode array detection (HPLC-DAD) and fluorescence spectroscopy. The methods proposed are exemplified in the analysis of pharmaceutical solutions and serum proteins.</p><p>In Paper I a method is proposed for the determination of the content and identity of the active compound in pharmaceutical solutions by means of UV-Vis spectroscopy, orthogonal signal correction and multivariate calibration with PLS and SIMCA classification. Paper II proposes a new method for the rapid determination of pharmaceutical solutions by the use of non-column chromatographic diode array UV spectroscopy, i.e. a conventional HPLC-DAD system without any chromatographic column connected. In Paper III an investigation is made of the ability of a control sample, of known content and identity to diagnose and correct errors in multivariate predictions something that together with use of multivariate residuals can make it possible to use the same calibration model over time. In Paper IV a method is proposed for simultaneous determination of serum proteins with fluorescence spectroscopy and multivariate calibration. Paper V proposes a method for the determination of chromatographic peak purity by means of PCA of HPLC-DAD data. In Paper VI PARAFAC is applied for the decomposition of DAD data of some partially separated peaks into the pure chromatographic, spectral and concentration profiles. </p>

In this thesis some multivariate spectroscopic methods for the analysis of solutions are proposed. Spectroscopy and multivariate data analysis form a powerful combination for obtaining both quantitative and qualitative information and it is shown how spectroscopic techniques in combination with chemometric data evaluation can be used to obtain rapid, simple and efficient analytical methods. These spectroscopic methods consisting of spectroscopic analysis, a high level of automation and chemometric data evaluation can lead to analytical methods with a high analytical capacity, and for these methods, the term high-capacity analysis (HCA) is suggested. It is further shown how chemometric evaluation of the multivariate data in chromatographic analyses decreases the need for baseline separation. The thesis is based on six papers and the chemometric tools used are experimental design, principal component analysis (PCA), soft independent modelling of class analogy (SIMCA), partial least squares regression (PLS) and parallel factor analysis (PARAFAC). The analytical techniques utilised are scanning ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopy, diode array detection (DAD) used in non-column chromatographic diode array UV spectroscopy, high-performance liquid chromatography with diode array detection (HPLC-DAD) and fluorescence spectroscopy. The methods proposed are exemplified in the analysis of pharmaceutical solutions and serum proteins. In Paper I a method is proposed for the determination of the content and identity of the active compound in pharmaceutical solutions by means of UV-Vis spectroscopy, orthogonal signal correction and multivariate calibration with PLS and SIMCA classification. Paper II proposes a new method for the rapid determination of pharmaceutical solutions by the use of non-column chromatographic diode array UV spectroscopy, i.e. a conventional HPLC-DAD system without any chromatographic column connected. In Paper III an investigation is made of the ability of a control sample, of known content and identity to diagnose and correct errors in multivariate predictions something that together with use of multivariate residuals can make it possible to use the same calibration model over time. In Paper IV a method is proposed for simultaneous determination of serum proteins with fluorescence spectroscopy and multivariate calibration. Paper V proposes a method for the determination of chromatographic peak purity by means of PCA of HPLC-DAD data. In Paper VI PARAFAC is applied for the decomposition of DAD data of some partially separated peaks into the pure chromatographic, spectral and concentration profiles.

La disponibilité et la persistance à l'échelle locale des métaux lourds pourraient être critiques notamment pour l'usage futur des zones agricoles ou urbaines, au droit desquelles de nombreux sites industriels se sont installés dans le passé. La gestion de ces situations environnementales complexes nécessitent le développement de nouvelles méthodes d'analyse peu invasives (capteurs environnementaux), comme celles utilisant des biosenseurs bactériens, afin d'identifier et d'évaluer directement l'effet biologique et la disponibilité chimique des métaux. Ainsi dans ce travail de thèse, nous avons cherché à identifier, à l'aide d'outils mathématiques de l'algèbre multi-linéaire, les réponses de senseurs bactériens fluorescents dans des conditions environnementales variées, qu'il s'agisse d'un stress engendré par la présence à forte dose d'un métal ou d'une carence nutritive engendrée par son absence. Cette identification est fondée sur l'analyse quantitative à l'échelle d'une population bactérienne de signaux multidimensionnels. Elle repose en particulier sur (i) l'acquisition de données spectrales (fluorescence) multivariées sur des suspensions de biosenseurs multicolores interagissant avec des métaux et sur (ii) le développement d'algorithme de décomposition tensoriels. Les méthodes proposées, développées et utilisées dans ce travail s'efforcent d'identifier " sans \textsl{a priori} " (\textsl{a minima}), la réponse fonctionnelle de biosenseurs sous différentes conditions environnementales, par des méthodes de décomposition de tenseurs sous \hyphenation{con-train-tes} des signaux spectraux observables. Elles tirent parti de la variabilité des réponses systémiques et permettent de déterminer les " sources " élémentaires identifiant le système et leur comportement en fonction des paramètres extérieurs. Elles sont inspirées des méthodes CP et PARALIND . L'avantage de ce type d'approche, par rapport aux approches classiques, est l'identification unique des réponses des biosenseurs sous de faibles contraintes. Le travail a consisté à développer des algorithmes efficaces de séparations de sources pour les signaux fluorescents émis par des senseurs bactériens, garantissant la séparabilité des sources fluorescentes et l'unicité de la décomposition. Le point original de la thèse est la prise en compte des contraintes liées à la physique des phénomènes analysés telles que (i) la parcimonie des coefficients de mélange ou la positivité des signaux "source", afin de réduire au maximum l'usage d'a priori ou (ii) la détermination non empirique de l'ordre de la décomposition (nombre de sources). Cette posture a permis aussi d'améliorer l'identification en optimisant les mesures physiques par l'utilisation de spectres synchrones ou en apportant une diversité suffisante aux plans d'expériences. L'usage des spectres synchrones s'est avéré déterminant à la fois pour améliorer la séparation des sources de fluorescence, mais aussi pour augmenter le rapport signal sur bruit des biosenseurs les plus faibles. Cette méthode d'analyse spectrale originale permet d'élargir fortement la gamme chromatique des biosenseurs fluorescents multicolores utilisables simultanément. Enfin, une nouvelle méthode d'estimation de la concentration de polluants métalliques présents dans un échantillon à partir de la réponse spectrale d'un mélange de biosenseurs non-spécifiques a été développée.

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京都大学 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(工学) / 甲第23179号 / 工博第4823号 / 新制||工||1754(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院工学研究科都市環境工学専攻 / (主査)教授 田中 宏明, 教授 清水 芳久, 講師 中田 典秀 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Philosophy (Engineering) / Kyoto University / DFAM