A batata (Solanum tuberosum L.) é uma importante fonte de alimentação, sendo o 4º alimento mais consumido no mundo, depois do arroz, trigo e milho. Várias são as doenças e pragas que atacam esta cultura, com a necessidade de um alto investimento com produtos fitossanitários para se obter uma boa produção. Dentre as principais pragas, destaca-se a traça-dabatata, Phthorimaea operculella (Zeller, 1873) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae). Esta praga pode causar grandes perdas na produção de batata, podendo causar danos tanto no campo como durante o armazenamento da batata-semente. Devido à presença de populações resistentes da traça aos produtos químicos comumente utilizados para seu controle, além do impacto ambiental causado por agroquímicos, a procura por métodos de controle alternativos está cada vez maior. Assim, este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a eficiência do parasitóide de ovos, Trichogramma atopovirilia Oatman & Platner, 1983 (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae), no controle de P. operculella, em batata em condições de campo, bem como fornecer dados básicos para sua utilização no controle da traça durante o período de armazenamento. Foram realizados ensaios em campo e semi-campo, utilizando-se gaiolas dentro de casa de vegetação. Os resultados obtidos mostraram que T. atopovirilia apresenta alto potencial para o controle de P. operculella, em batata, em condições de campo. No campo, sua capacidade de dispersão, 24 horas após a liberação, é de 8,5 m (raio de ação), sendo a sua área de dispersão de 97,6 m2. Com base nestes resultados foi possível concluir que são necessários 100 pontos de liberação de T. atopovirilia por hectare, para uma distribuição homogênea em toda a área e um controle efetivo de P. operculella, no campo. Observou-se também que a quantidade de 400.000 parasitóides por hectare, distribuídas em duas liberações semanais, se mostrou adequada para o controle de P. operculella, em campo, uma vez constatada a infestação pela praga. Em relação aos estudos do controle da praga em caixas de batatas armazenadas, ficou demonstrado que o tamanho das mesmas interfere no comportamento de P. operculella e T. atopovirilia. Observou-se que P. operculella oviposita, preferencialmente, na camada localizada entre 5,0 e 20,0 cm de profundidade, em caixas de batatas utilizadas para armazenamento e que T. atopovirilia apresenta pouca mobilidade horizontal e movimentação ascendente nas mesmas e parasita, principalmente, ovos de P. operculella na camada superior da caixa de armazenamento. Considerando-se o local de postura de P. operculella e a dispersão de T. atopovirilia atopovirilia em caixas de batatas utilizadas no armazenamento, concluiu-se que existe potencial de controle de P. operculella com T. atopovirilia em armazéns, sendo que a forma de liberação do parasitóide deve ser aprimorada. / Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) is an important food source, being the 4th most consumed food after rice, wheat and maize. Potato is attacked by many insect pests and diseases; therefore, demanding high investments in pesticides in order to get a good production. Among the major insect pests, the potato tuber moth, Phthorimaea operculella (Zeller, 1873) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae), is one of the most important. It causes severe losses in potato production, both in field and storage. Due to both the appearance of resistant populations to commonly used pesticides and the environmental impact caused by them, the demand for alternative control methods has increased in recent years. Thus, this study aimed at evaluating the efficacy of the egg parasitoid Trichogramma atopovirilia Oatman & Platner, 1983 (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) in controlling P. operculella in field, besides providing initial information concerning its utilization to control the potato tuber moth in storage. Trials were carried out under field and semifield conditions, by the utilization of cages inside a greenhouse. The results showed that there is great potential in the use of T. atopovirilia for controlling P. operculella in field. The dispersion capacity of T. atopovirilia 24 hours after release was 8.5 m, with a dispersion area of 97.6 m2. Based on these results, a minimum of 100 release points per hectare is necessary for uniform dispersal of T. atopovirilia and, consequently, an effective control of P. operculella. The quantity of 400,000 parasitoids per hectare, released twice a week, after the presence of the pest was observed, proved to be adequate for controlling P. operculella in field. Regarding the trials for controlling the moth in potato boxes, in storage, it was observed that the size of the potato boxes has an effect on P. operculella and T. atopovirilia behavior P. operculella oviposited, preferably, in the layer ranging from 5.0 to 20.0 cm of depth, in the potato boxes used. T. atopovirilia showed little horizontal mobility and ascending movement, parasitizing mainly the eggs of P. operculella found on the top layer in potato boxes. Taking into account the oviposition site of P. operculella and the dispersal of T. atopovirilia in in potato boxes used in storage, the present study points out the potential of using T. atopovirilia for controlling P. operculella in storage, and that further studies on release techniques, in storage, should be carried out in order to obtain optimal control.

This thesis investigates a range of genealogical approaches to making quantitative inferences about the spatial and demographic history of populations with application to two insect systems: A local radiation of high alpine ground beetles (Carabidae) in the genus Trechus and major refugial populations of the oak gall parasitoid Cecidostiba fungosa (Pteromalidae). i) Summary statistics, which make explicit use of genealogical information are developed. Using simulations their power to detect a history of population growth is shown to be higher than that of standard measures such as Tajima’s D for single and multilocus data. The improvement arises from the fact that in contrast to pairwise measures, the new statistics are minimally confounded with the topology. ii) A Bayesian method to reconstructing character states is used to infer the Pleistocene history of populations of high alpine Trechus sampled along a singlemountain range frommitochondrial and nuclear data. Despite evidence for some incomplete lineage sorting, a simple model of a series of extreme founder events out of two refugia during or before the last glacial maximum provides a good fit to the data. iii) A large set of exon-primed, intron-spanning (EPIC) loci is developed for Hymenoptera from EST and genomic data. Amplification success is screened on a range of Hymenopteran species associated with two insect-plant interactions: Oak galls and figs. iv) Borrowing model-based approaches developed to quantify species divergence, the new EPIC loci are used to investigate the relationships between three major European refugia in the oak gall parasitoid C. fungosa. These analyses reveal strong support for an eastern origin, effective ancestral population sizes comparable to insect model species and evidence for recent population divergence during the last interglacial. The results also suggest that there is significant information in minimal samples provided a large number of loci are available. v) Results for the probability of gene tree topologies are derived for a model of divergence with gene flow between three populations. I outline how the asymmetries in the frequency of gene tree topologies may be used to distinguish incomplete lineage sorting from migration and discuss the results in the context of next generation sequence data from D. melanogaster and humans and Neanderthals.

Our earth is currently undergoing unprecedented human induced climate change, which is expected to drive widespread changes in species distributions and abundances that will affect natural pest suppression. Recent studies have suggested that climate change may cause changes to predator and herbivore assemblages in ways that alter multi-trophic food webs and affect the stability of ecosystems. Moreover, higher temperatures and increased climatic variability are expected to induce differential responses from predators and their prey that will undoubtedly disrupt species interactions. This thesis aims to test how climate change will impact the ability of natural enemies to continue to control pests in agroecosystems, and how they will continue to survive and function. In a field experiment using 13 farm sites across a natural temperature gradient, I found that temperature had direct positive effects on the abundances of the dominant parasitoid (an aphid specialist) and hyperparasitoid species, highlighting the importance of specific species responses in shaping larger communities. I also found that overall community composition was affected by temperature, with composition in warmer sites changing more throughout the season than cooler sites. In a future of inevitable climatic changes this result tells us we can expect arthropod community structure to change, which will have questionable impacts on overall population dynamics. To build on the field experiments, I used laboratory experiments to test differential responses of species to both drought and temperature and found that natural enemies responded to drought and temperature in a non-additive way, suggesting that the interaction between various climate change drivers is more important than their singular effect. Also, different species of natural enemies responded differently to abiotic factors, highlighting the importance of conserving natural enemies that can maintain important functional attributes in the face of climate change. Although biodiversity can be important for ensuring ecosystem functioning, response diversity, rather than species richness, may better promote ecosystem resilience, especially in the face of changing climate. The mechanisms underlying biodiversity effects are often difficult to disentangle, however, by manipulating the diversity of climate responses exhibited by ecosystem service providers, I tested how the rates and stability of prey suppression by predators are affected by climate warming and drought. I found that predator combinations with different individual responses to climate change maintained greater and less variable (i.e. more stable) prey suppression, compared with single predator species or combinations of predators with similar climate responses. This response complementarity became strongest through time and under drought or high temperature treatments. I suggest that response complementarity provides ‘insurance’ effects, which may be more important than previously envisaged for maintaining ecosystem functions such as biological control under global environmental change. Overall, the non-additive effects of different climate drivers, combined with differing responses across trophic levels, suggests that predicting future pest outbreaks will be more challenging than previously imagined.

In host-parasitoid systems, there is a continuous coevolutionary arms race where each species imposes a strong selection pressure on the other. The host needs to develop defence strategies in order to escape parasitism and the parasitoid must evolve counter-defence strategies in order to overcome the host’s immune defence and successfully reproduce. This makes host-parasitoid systems excellent model systems for understanding evolutionary processes underlying host race formation and speciation. In order to gain a better understanding of the complexity of host-parasitoid interactions several aspects must be considered, such as search behaviour and host selection in the parasitoid, the development of immune responses in the host and counter-defence strategies in the parasitoid. In this thesis, I investigate interactions and coevolution in a natural host-parasitoid system, consisting of five species of Galerucella leaf beetles and three species of Asecodes parasitoids, by combining behavioural ecology with chemical ecology and immunology. In the studies performed, I found that pheromone production and responses in the beetles are connected to the phylogenetic relatedness between the Galerucella species (Paper I). I found no evidence that Asecodes exploits the adult pheromone to locate host larvae, but observed an ability in the parasitoids to distinguish a better host from a less suitable one based on larval odors (Paper II). The studies also revealed large differences in immune competence between the Galerucella species, which were linked to differences in hemocyte composition in the beetle larvae (Paper III, IV). Further, the results suggest that parasitism success in polyphagous Asecodes is strongly affected by former host species of the parasitoid (Paper IV). In conclusion, the results of this thesis suggest an on-going evolution in both parasitoid virulence and host immune responses in the Asecodes-Galerucella system. / <p>At the time of the doctoral defense, the following papers were unpublished and had a status as follows: Paper 2: Manuscript. Paper 4: Manuscript.</p>

Made available in DSpace on 2015-04-17T14:55:19Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Arquivototal.pdf: 1356123 bytes, checksum: 7115ed47a5956fbd95bdffd700b48424 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-11-30 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / Trichogramma species are identified by the morphology of the male genitalia, making the identification difficult due to the small size of the individual (0.25 mm) and/or the presence of cryptic species. Therefore molecular biology constitutes a good alternative for the identification of Trichogramma species and is also used in the identification of Proteobacteria of the genus Wolbachia, known to induce parthenogenesis in Trichogramma species. The purpose of this thesis was to use molecular methods to identify Trichogramma species, verify the diversity of Trichogramma pretiosum populations in 11 cities in Brazil and its association with bacteria of the genus Wolbachia. The samples of Trichogramma pretiosum species and Trichogramma populations were submitted to extraction of genomic DNA for PCR using the forward primer ITS-2- 5 TGTGAACTGCAGGACACATG-3 and the reverse primer IT2-5 GTCTTGCCTGCTCTGCTCTGAG.-3`. The DNA products obtained from Trichogramma species and populations of T. pretiosum were purified and sequenced. To detect the presence of bacteria of the Wolbachia genus in T. pretiosum populations, the amplifications were done using wsp specific primers, with a final reaction volume of 25 μl. The size of PCR products was determined using a molecular weight marker 100 bp using a negative control without DNA, the remaining components and a positive control containing Wolbachia. It can be verified that it was possible to extract DNA from all the Trichogramma species with quantities and qualities sufficient for electrophoretic profiles with genomic DNA concentrations ranging from 15.3 to 50ng/μl. Using PCR, the fragments of the ITS2 region of ribosomal DNA were amplified and one can identify the species of Trichogramma with the sequencing by using the similarity search of the BLAST program in the GenBank database (NCBI - National Center for Biotechnology Information) and dendrogram analysis performed according to the genetic distance matrix, from which three groups were formed, the first by T. exigum, the second by T. pretiosum and the third by T. galloi. With the results of the query by similarity using the BLAST program in the GenBank database a maximum identification average of 92,2% was obtained regarding the species of Trichogramma pretiosum, confirming the correct sequencing. The size of the sequences ranged from 355 to 503 bp. The average G + C content (guanine + cytosine) was 53,2%. After aligning the 11 sequences of T. pretiosum, 391 sites were found conserved, reflecting 73% of the total of 536 sites found, confirming the similarity between samples, as well as confidence in the sequences obtained. The average found for this distance matrix was 0.30. According to the dendrogram obtained from the genetic distance matrix using the neighbor-joining method one can verify the presence of four groups, the first formed by the TPAES, TPPARS, TPRMT TPCVMT populations and the second by the TPSPMT population, the third group by the TPPPE, TPMVCE, TPPPB, TPPPMT, TPJSP populations, and the fourth by the TPPLMT population, being the most genetically distant population. The geographical distance did not affect the genetic similarity or dissimilarity between parasitoids having no significant difference between geographic distance and genetic similarity of the T. pretiosum samples in the locations collected. Of the T. pretiosum populations analyzed, the presence of viii endobacterias occurred in the population from the state of Espírito Santo, the first local record of the presence of this α proteobacteria for the species. / As espécies de Trichogramma são identificadas por meio da morfologia da genitália do macho, sendo dificultada pelo tamanho reduzido do indivíduo (0,25 mm) e/ou a presença de espécies crípticas. Por esta razão, a biologia molecular se constituí em uma boa alternativa para a identificação de espécies de Trichogramma, sendo também utilizada na identificação de proteobactéria do gênero Wolbachia, conhecida por induzir partenogênese em espécies de Trichogramma. O objetivo desta tese foi utilizar métodos moleculares para identificação de espécies de Trichogramma, verificar a diversidade de populações de Trichogramma pretiosum em 11 municípios no Brasil e sua associação com a bactéria do gênero Wolbachia. As amostras de espécies do gênero Trichogramma e de populações de Trichogramma pretiosum foram submetidas à extração de DNA genômico para a realização de PCR utilizando o primer direto ITS-2- 5 TGTGAACTGCAGGACACATG-3 e o reverso IT2-5 GTCTTGCCTGCTCTGCTCTGAG.-3`. Os produtos de DNA obtidos das espécies de Trichogramma e das populações de T. pretiosum foram purificados e submetidos ao seqüenciamento. Para detectar a presença de bactérias do gênero Wolbachia em populações de T. pretiosum, as amplificações foram realizadas com primers específicos wsp, com um volume final da reação de 25 μl. O tamanho dos produtos de PCR foi determinado utilizando um marcador de peso molecular de 100 pb, sendo utilizado um controle negativo sem DNA e o restante dos componentes e um controle positivo com a presença de Wolbachia. Pode-se verificar que foi possível extrair DNA de todas as espécies de Trichogramma estudadas com quantidades e qualidades suficientes para obter perfis eletroforéticos, com concentrações do DNA genômico variando entre 15,3 e 50 ng/μl. Por meio da técnica de PCR, os fragmentos da região ITS2 do DNA ribossomal foram amplificados, sendo possível identificar as espécies de Trichogramma pelo sequenciamento, sendo realizada a busca por similaridade utilizando o programa BLAST, no banco de dados do GenBank (NCBI National Center for Biotechnology Information) e feita a análise de dendrograma de acordo com a matriz de distância genética, onde foi obtido três grupos, o primeiro formado pela espécie T. exigum, o segundo pela espécie T. pretiosum e o terceiro pela espécie T. galloi. Com o resultado da busca por similaridade utilizando o programa BLAST, no banco de dados do GenBank, obteve-se uma média de 92,2% de máxima identificação referente à espécie de Trichogramma pretiosum, confirmando o correto sequenciamento. O tamanho das sequências variaram de 355 a 503 pb. A média do conteúdo G + C (Guanina + Citosina) foi de 53,2%. Após o alinhamento das 11 sequências de T. pretiosum, foram encontrados 391 sítios conservados, que refletem 73 % do total de 536 sítios encontrados, confirmando a semelhança entre as amostras, bem como a confiança nas sequências obtidas. A média encontrada para essa matriz de distância foi de 0,30. De acordo com o dendrograma obtido a partir da matriz de distância genética pelo método do vizinho próximo (Neighbor-Joining), pode-se verificar a presença de quatro grupos: o primeiro, formado pelas populações TPAES, TPPARS, TPRMT e TPCVMT; o segundo, pela população de TPSPMT; o terceiro grupo, pelas populações de TPPPE, TPMVCE, TPPPB, TPPPMT, TPJSP e o quarto pela população de TPPLMT, sendo a população mais distante geneticamente. A distância geográfica não afetou a similaridade ouvi dissimilaridade genética entre os parasitóides, não existindo, diferenças significativas entre distância geográfica e a similaridade genética das amostras de T. pretiosum nas localidades coletadas. Das populações de T.pretiosum analisadas, a presença da endobactérias ocorreu na população proveniente do Estado do Espírito Santo, sendo o primeiro registro local da presença dessa α proteobactéria para a espécie.

Les interactions multi-trophiques jouent un rôle clé dans la structuration des agrosystèmes et régissent la dynamique des populations qui les composent. L’objectif de cette thèse fut (i) d’étudier la perturbation des interactions liée à une espèce invasive (Tuta absoluta) dans les cultures de tomates européennes, (ii) de rechercher de nouveaux auxiliaires autochtones, puis (iii) d’évaluer l’efficacité de ces auxiliaires lorsqu’ils sont intégrés dans l’agrosystème. Nous avons montré que de nouvelles interactions sont apparues suite à l’invasion, notamment la compétition apparente entre les aleurodes et T. absoluta en présence du prédateur généraliste et omnivore M. pygmaeus. Dans un second temps, nous avons recherché de nouveaux auxiliaires, en se focalisant d’abord sur les trichogrammes, Trichogramma achaeae étant déjà commercialisé contre T. absoluta en France. Les expérimentations de laboratoire et de terrain n’ont pas permis de mettre en évidence un trichogramme plus intéressant que celui déjà commercialisé. De plus, nous avons observé une prédation intra-guilde de M. pygmaeus sur les trichogrammes juvéniles i.e. œufs parasités, et nous avons montré que T. absoluta n’était pas un hôte approprié pour ces parasitoïdes. Les trichogrammes ne s’installant pas sur la culture, les études concernant les parasitoïdes oophages se sont arrêtées là et nous nous sommes intéressés aux parasitoïdes larvaires. La biologie de deux parasitoïdes larvaires a été étudiée et a souligné l’intérêt de Stenomesius japonicus (Eulophidae) en tant que potentiel agent de lutte biologique contre T. absoluta. Malgré les interactions négatives subies par le parasitoïde, des expérimentations sous serre en conditions réalistes ont montré que le prédateur et le parasitoïde larvaire pouvaient coexister pendant plusieurs mois. Cela a été montré y compris en présence d’une proie alternative pour le prédateur omnivore. / Multi-trophic interactions play a key role in structuring agro-ecosystems and regulating arthropod population dynamics. The objective of the PhD was (i) to study the possible disruptions of biotic interactions owing to the recent invasion by T. absoluta in European tomato crops, (ii) to identify local natural enemies attacking T. absoluta, (iii) to evaluate their effectiveness against T. absoluta when integrated into the agro-ecosystem. We showed that new interactions occurred after the arrival of T. absoluta, mainly apparent competition between whiteflies and T. absoluta, in presence of the omnivorous and generalist predator M. pygmaeus. We recorded possible new biocontrol agents and focused first on Trichogramma parasitoids, as Trichogramma achaeae was promptly commercialized against T. absoluta in France. Laboratory and field experiments failed to detect promising Trichogramma strains. In addition, intraguild predation of M. pygmaeus on parasitoid juveniles i.e. parasitized eggs, was observed and we demonstrated that T. absoluta was not a suitable host for Trichogramma parasitoids. Therefore, further studies switched on parasitoids of larval stages of T. absoluta. We demonstrated the importance of Stenomesius japonicus (Eulophidae) as a possible biological control agent against T. absoluta. The parasitoid was able to reproduce on T. absoluta over several generations under laboratory and greenhouse conditions. Despite negative interactions between the predator and the larval parasitoid, further greenhouse experiments demonstrated that two competitors can coexist for several months. Moreover, the presence of an alternative prey for the omnivorous predator (whitefly) in the agro-ecosystem did not prompt larval parasitoid exclusion, and the parasitoid remained in the crop even in the presence of other prey for the predator.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-12T19:15:24Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 ROBERTA KELIA B SILVA A.pdf: 784643 bytes, checksum: 092fd8f80edefb4e66110de6f8ed33b1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-04-02 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The leafminer Liriomyza trifolii is nowadays the main pest of melon orchards in the region of Chapada do Apodi, Northeast of Brazil. In order of the high infestation level of this insect, the control based only in pesticides has not been plenty satisfactory. However, considerable parasitism levels occasioned by Opius sp. have been found in field, mainly in the beginning of the production. Because of this fact, the first studies with this parasitoid are been developed in the Entomology Laboratory of UFERSA. The present study had the objective of adapting a rearing technique to the parasitoid Opius sp. in laboratory conditions, and study the aspects of it s parasitism, aiming the future utilization of this parasitoid in the leafminer integrated management programs, in the Semi-Arid conditions of Rio Grande do Norte State. Initially, infested melon leaves with L. trifolii larvae were collected in field to obtain the parasitoids. From the first parasitoids obtained from field, a technique to multiply them in L. trifolii on melon plants was developed. In the observations of the parasitism aspects of Opius sp., was perceived that it prefer to oviposite in 2nd and 3rd instar larvae. In addition, was observed that females present the highest levels of parasitism in the first two days of life / A mosca-minadora Liriomyza trifolii (Diptera: Agromyzidae), é atualmente a principal praga do meloeiro Cucumis melo L., na região da Chapada do Apodi, nordeste brasileiro. Devido às altas infestações deste inseto, o controle baseado exclusivamente no uso de inseticidas não tem sido plenamente satisfatório. Por outro lado, índices consideráveis de parasitismo, ocasionados pelo parasitóide Opius sp. (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), têm sido constatado em campo, principalmente no início da safra. Em função deste fato, estudos básicos com este parasitóide estão sendo realizados no Laboratório de Entomologia da UFERSA, Mossoró, RN. Dessa forma, o presente trabalho objetivou descrever uma técnica para criação de Opius sp., em condições de laboratório, e estudar aspectos de seu parasitismo, visando sua utilização em futuros programas de manejo integrado da mosca-minadora do meloeiro, nas condições do semi-árido do Rio Grande do Norte. Inicialmente, folhas de meloeiro infestadas com larvas da mosca-minadora foram coletadas em campo para obtenção dos parasitóides. A partir dos primeiros parasitóides obtidos foi adaptada uma técnica para multiplicação destes sobre L. trifolii em plantas de meloeiro. Nas observações sobre os aspectos do parasitismo do Opius sp., constatou-se que estes preferem ovipositar em larvas de 2º e 3º ínstar. Além disso, foi observado que as fêmeas do Opius sp. apresentam maiores índices de parasitismo nos primeiros dois dias de vida

Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-12T19:18:24Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 GleiderMMC_TESE.pdf: 1026348 bytes, checksum: c5ea2b42208979c2fd529b86808efddd (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-03-04 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Rio Grande do Norte State (RN) is one of the greatest producers of tropical fruits, for it has adequate edaphoclimatic conditions for the large scale development of such activity. Due to the negative impact that fruit flies represent to agribusiness, studies regarding this plague are necessary in regions with potential for fruit production. It is also crucial the knowledge on the existing region fruit parasites as to strategically plan the biological control and integrated handling of plagues. The present work was performed in the metropolitan areas of Apodi and Baraúna, located in the semiarid region of RN. It had as objectives identifying the fruit fly species, the distribution patterns and the relationships with their host plants and the associated parasitoids. After three years of data collection, 15.608 fruits and 9.961 tephritid were obtained, of which 4.953 samples of Anastrepha and 5.008 of Ceratitis capitata. The Anastrepha species present in individualized fruits were Anastrepha zenildae (35,82%), Anastrepha sororcula (8,19%), Anastrepha obliqua (4,45%), Anastrepha pickeli (0,74%) and C. capitata (50,8%). Considering the simultaneous presence of fruit flies and parasitoids of the same fruit, it was found Doryctobracon areolatus associated with A. obliqua in cajá fruits; in guavas, there was an association of the parasite with A. sororcula and A. zenildae; in juá fruits, the association was observed only with A. zenildae. The only parasitoid found was the D. areolatus. The total parasite rate found was 4%, valid only for Anastrepha, for it was not found an association of D. areolatus with C. capitata in a same fruit. The cajá host has presented a greater rate of natural parasitism (19%). The logistic regression analysis indicates that the fruit size does not influence the condition of being or not infested. The results of the simple linear regressions indicate that, in general, the fruit weight does not determine the number of puparium. The correlations between the climatic and the biotic factors only point that rainfall affects negatively the percentage of infected fruits / O Estado do Rio Grande do Norte (RN) é um dos maiores produtores de frutas tropicais, dispondo de condições edafoclimáticas adequadas para o desenvolvimento dessa atividade em grande escala. Diante do impacto negativo que as moscas-das-frutas representam para o agronegócio, faz-se necessário que estudos sobre essa praga sejam realizados nas regiões com potencial frutícula, como também é crucial o conhecimento dos parasitóides existentes na região, com vistas ao planejamento estratégico de controle biológico e manejo integrado de pragas. Este trabalho foi realizado nos municípios de Apodi e Baraúna, localizados na região semiárida do RN. Teve como objetivos identificar as espécies de moscas-das-frutas, o padrão de distribuição e as relações com plantas hospedeiras e seus parasitóides associados. Após três anos de coletas, obteve-se 15.608 frutos e 9.961 tefritídeos, sendo 4.953 exemplares de Anastrepha e 5.008 de Ceratitis capitata. As espécies de Anastrepha presentes nos frutos individualizados foram Anastrepha zenildae (35,82%), Anastrepha sororcula (8,19%), Anastrepha obliqua (4,45%), Anastrepha pickeli (0,74%) e C. capitata (50,8%). Considerando a presença simultânea de moscas-das-frutas e parasitóides em um mesmo fruto, encontrou-se em cajá Doryctobracon areolatus associado com A. obliqua; em goiabas, houve associação do parasitóide com A. sororcula e A. zenildae; em juá, a associação foi observada apenas com A. zenildae. O único parasitóide encontrado foi o D. areolatus. O índice de parasitismo total encontrado foi de 4%, válido apenas para Anastrepha, pois não se constatou associação de D. areolatus com C. capitata em um mesmo fruto. O hospedeiro cajá apresentou o maior índice de parasitismo natural (19%). A análise de regressão logística indica que o tamanho do fruto não influencia a condição de ser ou não infestado. Os resultados das regressões lineares simples indicam que, de modo geral, o peso dos frutos não determina o número de pupários. As correlações entre os fatores meteorológicos e os fatores bióticos apontam que apenas a pluviosidade afeta negativamente a porcentagem de frutos infestados

Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-12T19:18:45Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 ROBERTA KELIA B SILVA A.pdf: 784643 bytes, checksum: 092fd8f80edefb4e66110de6f8ed33b1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-04-02 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The leafminer Liriomyza trifolii is nowadays the main pest of melon orchards in the region of Chapada do Apodi, Northeast of Brazil. In order of the high infestation level of this insect, the control based only in pesticides has not been plenty satisfactory. However, considerable parasitism levels occasioned by Opius sp. have been found in field, mainly in the beginning of the production. Because of this fact, the first studies with this parasitoid are been developed in the Entomology Laboratory of UFERSA. The present study had the objective of adapting a rearing technique to the parasitoid Opius sp. in laboratory conditions, and study the aspects of it s parasitism, aiming the future utilization of this parasitoid in the leafminer integrated management programs, in the Semi-Arid conditions of Rio Grande do Norte State. Initially, infested melon leaves with L. trifolii larvae were collected in field to obtain the parasitoids. From the first parasitoids obtained from field, a technique to multiply them in L. trifolii on melon plants was developed. In the observations of the parasitism aspects of Opius sp., was perceived that it prefer to oviposite in 2nd and 3rd instar larvae. In addition, was observed that females present the highest levels of parasitism in the first two days of life / A mosca-minadora Liriomyza trifolii (Diptera: Agromyzidae), é atualmente a principal praga do meloeiro Cucumis melo L., na região da Chapada do Apodi, nordeste brasileiro. Devido às altas infestações deste inseto, o controle baseado exclusivamente no uso de inseticidas não tem sido plenamente satisfatório. Por outro lado, índices consideráveis de parasitismo, ocasionados pelo parasitóide Opius sp. (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), têm sido constatado em campo, principalmente no início da safra. Em função deste fato, estudos básicos com este parasitóide estão sendo realizados no Laboratório de Entomologia da UFERSA, Mossoró, RN. Dessa forma, o presente trabalho objetivou descrever uma técnica para criação de Opius sp., em condições de laboratório, e estudar aspectos de seu parasitismo, visando sua utilização em futuros programas de manejo integrado da mosca-minadora do meloeiro, nas condições do semi-árido do Rio Grande do Norte. Inicialmente, folhas de meloeiro infestadas com larvas da mosca-minadora foram coletadas em campo para obtenção dos parasitóides. A partir dos primeiros parasitóides obtidos foi adaptada uma técnica para multiplicação destes sobre L. trifolii em plantas de meloeiro. Nas observações sobre os aspectos do parasitismo do Opius sp., constatou-se que estes preferem ovipositar em larvas de 2º e 3º ínstar. Além disso, foi observado que as fêmeas do Opius sp. apresentam maiores índices de parasitismo nos primeiros dois dias de vida

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:32:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2007-07-31Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:02:20Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 benassi_vlrm_dr_jabo.pdf: 640231 bytes, checksum: 0c7673eae4836b48469919f23b4b1921 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária (EMBRAPA) / Avaliou-se o desenvolvimento de Prorops nasuta e Cephalonomia stephanoderis, em condições de laboratório, em câmaras climatizadas com temperaturas constantes de 17, 21, 25, 29 e 32 (±1º C); umidade relativa de 70±10% e fotofase de 10 horas. Como hospedeiro dos parasitóides utilizou-se formas imaturas da broca-do-café, Hypothenemus hampei, fornecendo-se, diariamente, larvas do último ínstar e pupas para a oviposição, e ovos e larvas dos primeiros estádios para a alimentação. Os maiores índices de viabilidade total das fases imaturas de C. stephanoderis ocorreram nas temperaturas de 25º (80,3%) e de 29º C (76,6%), e para P. nasuta, à 21º (70,4%) e 25º C (61,0%). A 25º C, as durações médias de ovo-adulto foram de 22,8 e 19,8 dias, para P. nasuta e C. stephanoderis, respectivamente. A longevidade média das fêmeas das duas espécies foi mais elevada na temperatura de 17º C, de 91,3 e 162,2 dias, respectivamente, para P. nasuta e C. stephanoderis. Observaram-se diferenças significativas entre as médias dos períodos de préoviposição das duas espécies, em todas as temperaturas, excetuando-se entre as obtidas à 25º C. O número médio de ovos/fêmea, colocados nas temperaturas de 21 e 25º C, foram de 13,6 e 18,8; e, de 24,5 e 22,5, respectivamente, para P. nasuta e C. stephanoderis. Levantamentos de campo efetuados no período de 2001 a 2003, constataram a presença desta última espécie em dezoito municípios do Espírito Santo e em seis do estado de São Paulo. P. nasuta foi encontrada nos municípios paulistas de Campinas, Mococa e Dois Córregos. Constatou-se ainda, a espécie C. hyalinipennis nas localidades de Ribeirão Preto, Mococa e Campinas. / It was evaluated the biological development of the parasitoids Prorops nasuta and Cephalonomia stephanoderis, in laboratory conditions, in acclimatized chambers at 17, 21, 25, 29 and 32 (± 1º C) constant temperatures; relative humidity of 70 ± 10% and a 10-hour photophase. As the parasitoid host, it was used immature phases of the coffee berry borer, Hypothenemus hampei, providing, daily, larvae and pupae for oviposition, as well as eggs and young larvae were supplied as food. The highest total viability indexes of C. stephanoderis development phases were obtained at temperatures of 25º C (80.3%) and 29º C (76.6%), while the most favorable indexes of P. nasuta were observed in 70.4 and 61.0% respectively, at temperatures of 21 and 25º C. The egg-adult period at 25o C ranged 22.8 and 19.8 days for P. nasuta and C. stephanoderis respectively. The average longevity of females from both species was higher at 17º C, reaching means duration of 91.3 and 162.2 days for P. nasuta and C. stephanoderis, respectively. Significative differences were observed between the preoviposition periods of both species in all temperatures, except for the ones obtained at 25º C. Females of P. nasuta laid a mean of 13.6 and 18.8 eggs, and females of C. stephanoderis laid a mean of 24.5 and 22.5 eggs, at 21 and 25º C respectively. A survey of the parasitoids was carried out between 2001 and 2003 in different coffee plantation sites in Espirito Santo State and São Paulo State. The presence of C. stephanoderis was detected in eighteen coffee areas of Espírito Santo State and in six sites of São Paulo State. P. nasuta was record in Campinas, Mococa and Dois Córregos, in São Paulo State. It was also observed the C. hyalinipennis in three sites of São Paulo State.