The failure of the centralized top down approach to management of common pool resources such as forests led policy makers and donors to conclude that devolution of forest management to local communities can be the only solution to such failures. Developing countries have thus resorted to devolution of forest management to forest adjacent communities through approaches such as joint forest management (JFM) and participatory forest management (PFM). PFM is part of the initiative towards devolution of power of management and decision making from government to local communities. Communities therefore self-organize into community forest associations (CFAs) or forest user groups to manage forest resources. In Kenya for instance, the recent and ongoing forest sector reforms as envisaged in the Forest Act (2005) and the Forest Act (2016) led to devolution of forest management through CFAs and provision of incentives such as plantation establishment and livelihood improvement scheme (PELIS), eco-tourism, harvesting of forest products among others. These efforts were aimed at deepening community participation in forest management and improving welfare of forest adjacent communities. However, despite the numerous efforts aimed at empowering communities to sustainably manage forest resources through PFM and provision of various incentives, the success of PFM in terms of efficiency, equity, accountability and environmental outcomes have been mixed. In this thesis, we contribute empirically to the understanding of how PFM can be successfully implemented and make suggestion for more inclusive, equitable and sustainable forest management in Kenya from a micro perspective using household and community level data collected from 22 CFAs in the Mau forest conservancy. We take into account the values and preferences attached to salient forest ecosystem services by local communities and how this can be used to design incentive schemes like PES to incentivize local communities and also influence devolution of forest management. We also assess the impact of existing incentives specifically PELIS on welfare of forest adjacent communities as well as the environment and the heterogeneous impact of the scheme on household welfare. We then look at the context specific factors influencing the varying levels of success among the CFAs. The thesis therefore, comprises of three separate, but related analysis chapters.

Participatory management of the organizationin pre-primary education Renata Capová ABSTRACT This diploma thesis deals with the participatory management of the organization in pre-primary education. The theoretical part of this diploma thesis is dealt with in the first chapter by management in educational institutions, managerial management styles, decision making by an individual and participative and worker self-management. In the second chapter, in the theoretical part of the thesis, it deals with the management in pre-school education, the styles of leadership in nursery school and the head of the kindergarten. The practical part, in the form of indirect, standardized observation and structured interviews, focuses on the management of participatory management in the form of a worker self- management in the International Private Kindergarten and the Bambíno Dejvice Nursery. The aim of the diploma thesis is to analyze the specifics of the management system in the pre- primary education of the organization based on the principle of a worker self-management. KEYWORDS Management, participation, participatory management, pre-primary education, co-decision, worker self-management.

<p>The exploitation of natural resources in general and biodiversity in particular by human beings, is remarked to be associated with unsustainable practices that place the survival of these resources at stake. An assessment of the exploitation of <em>prunus africana</em> around the mount Cameroon region can be linked with the trend of unsustainable exploitation prevailing in other parts of the world. <em>Prunus africana</em>, is a tree cherished by the local population for its varied values, with its medicinal values propelling it to international popularity. This has been characterized by the massive demand for its bark by western pharmaceutical companies. The huge demand of the tree in the international market is remarked to be a major factor that contributed to the tree’s mass unsustainable exploitation by the local population in the studied region. This paper has looked at the factors responsible for the mass unsustainable exploitation of <em>prunus</em> and the measures that local based organizations, MOCAP-CIG and MCP had adopted to promote participatory management of the tree. Three major factors; poverty, the issuing of 50 exploitation permits and international demand were identified to have contributed to the involvement of the local population in unsustainable exploitation of the tree. The concept of sustainable development was used as the theoretical framework to examine if the three dimensions can be attained without one affecting the other. The results showed that it is quite difficult to achieve this especially in the case of  the exploitation and conservation of <em>prunus africana</em>.</p>

The exploitation of natural resources in general and biodiversity in particular by human beings, is remarked to be associated with unsustainable practices that place the survival of these resources at stake. An assessment of the exploitation of prunus africana around the mount Cameroon region can be linked with the trend of unsustainable exploitation prevailing in other parts of the world. Prunus africana, is a tree cherished by the local population for its varied values, with its medicinal values propelling it to international popularity. This has been characterized by the massive demand for its bark by western pharmaceutical companies. The huge demand of the tree in the international market is remarked to be a major factor that contributed to the tree’s mass unsustainable exploitation by the local population in the studied region. This paper has looked at the factors responsible for the mass unsustainable exploitation of prunus and the measures that local based organizations, MOCAP-CIG and MCP had adopted to promote participatory management of the tree. Three major factors; poverty, the issuing of 50 exploitation permits and international demand were identified to have contributed to the involvement of the local population in unsustainable exploitation of the tree. The concept of sustainable development was used as the theoretical framework to examine if the three dimensions can be attained without one affecting the other. The results showed that it is quite difficult to achieve this especially in the case of  the exploitation and conservation of prunus africana.

O Estado do Cearà foi um dos pioneiros no cenÃrio nacional a estabelecer sua legislaÃÃo estadual, a Lei n 11.996/1992, atualizada pela Lei n 14.844/2010, que teve como base legal e institucional, a SRH e a COGERH, componentes do SIGERH, que implantou a gestÃo de Ãgua por bacias hidrogrÃficas, bem como, o modelo de gestÃo compartilhada, com foco na parceria entre Estado e Sociedade. Foi com o recorte na Bacia HidrogrÃfica do Rio Jaguaribe, mais pontualmente, nos ComitÃs das Sub-Bacias HidrogrÃficas do Baixo e do MÃdio Jaguaribe, que se pretende realizar uma anÃlise de forma comparativa das semelhanÃas e diferenÃas desses dois comitÃs. ConstituÃdos no mesmo perÃodo, porÃm apresentam diferenÃas perceptÃveis na forma de funcionamento, no nÃvel de participaÃÃo dos seus membros, nos encaminhamentos das reuniÃes e nas deliberaÃÃes, dentre outros. Tendo em vista essas diferenÃas que sÃo relevantes, este trabalho tem por objetivo realizar uma anÃlise da dinÃmica social destes comitÃs, investigando os seguintes aspectos: gerenciamento dos recursos hÃdricos nas bacias hidrogrÃficas; cobranÃa pelo uso da Ãgua; conflito pelo uso da Ãgua; participaÃÃo social e redes sociais. A metodologia utilizada trata de uma abordagem quanti/qualitativa, tendo como foco os colegiados, universo da pesquisa. Na conclusÃo do trabalho foi observado com relaÃÃo aos comitÃs, que apesar das diferenÃas que sempre existiram entre os mesmos, no olhar da pesquisadora, a dimensÃo dessas diferenÃas se apresentava de forma bem maior, uma impressÃo cristalizada. ApÃs a tabulaÃÃo dos dados, essas diferenÃas passaram a serem vistas de outra forma. Cada comità faz o seu prÃprio caminho, em alguns aspectos se encontram, em outros se divergem. Portanto, os comitÃs se encontraram quando apresentaram os seguintes pontos em comum: falta de apoio financeiro para a implantaÃÃo de projetos, que implica em uma maior autonomia; dificuldade das organizaÃÃes da sociedade civil para participar das reuniÃes dos comitÃs por falta de transporte (hoje està equilibrado); e divergiram em outros pontos como a distÃncia espacial entre os municÃpios da bacia, contrapondo as realidades do vale e da âÃrea secaâ, que tem interesses diferentes e a falta da cultura de participaÃÃo. / The state of Cearà was one of the pioneers on the national scene to establishits state legislation through the Law No. 11.996/1992, updated by Law No.14.844/2010, which had the legal and institutional basis, SRH and COGERH, SIGERH components, which implemented the water management by watershed, as well as the shared management model, focusing on the partnership between State and Society. The research had focused on the Jaguaribe Watershed, punctually, on the Committees of the Sub-Watershed of the Lower and Middle Jaguaribe, which aims to conduct a comparative analysis of the similarities and differences of these two Committees. They were made in the same period, but they have noticeable differences in operation, in the level of participation of its members in referrals and the deliberations of meetings, among others. Because of these differences that are relevant, this work aims to conduct an analysis of the social dynamics of these committees, investigating the following aspects: management of water resources in the watersheds; charging for water use; conflict over water use; social participation and social networks. The methodology is a quantitative / qualitative approach , focusing on the collegiate , the research universe . At the conclusion of the study it was observed, with regard to the Committees, that despite the differences that have always existed between them , in the eyes of the researcher , the magnitude of these differences is presented in a much larger form , a crystallized impression. After tabulating the data , these differences were regarded in another way . Each committee makes its own way: in some respects they are similar, in others they diverge . Therefore the Committees met when presented the following points in common : lack of financial support for the implementation of projects , which implies greater autonomy ; difficulty of civil society organizations to participate in committee meetings for lack of transport ( today is balanced) and differed on other points as the spatial distance between the municipalities of the watershed , contrasting the realities of the valley and the ' dry area' which has different interests , and the lack of a culture of participation.

Orientador: Maria José de Oliveira Lima / Resumo: A presente pesquisa teve por objetivo geral compreender a gestão das políticas sociais para a infância e adolescência na perspectiva democrática e participativa através das políticas de Assistência Social e da Educação no Município de Franca-SP, na busca de compreender os impactos destas ações na garantia dos direitos da criança e do adolescente. Desta forma, é imprencindivel uma gestão comprometida com uma gestão democrática e participativa que visa à efetivação eminente das políticas. Para tanto a pesquisa se fundamenta na perspectiva crítica se apoiando no método materialismo histórico-dialético, já que, permite uma apreensão real dos fenômenos na busca da transformação da realidade. A pesquisa se deu com abordagem qualitativa e os procedimentos metodológicos se deram por meio da pesquisa bibliográfica e pesquisa documental. Assim, esta permitiu uma apreensão teórica, que foi capaz de trazer uma compreensão da formação sócio-histórica brasileira, transitando por questões históricas, sociais, economicas e culturais. Fatores históricos e culturais, impulsionaram para a legitimação das políticas enquanto direito. A história da infãncia e adolêscencia frente aos complexos determinantes da sociedade brasileira resulta em uma história marcada pela violência e pela violação dos direitos à crianças e adolescentes. As ações para a proteção à infância e adolescência se davam por meio da filantropia e com ações repressivas, se legitimando enquando direito somente com a Constituição F... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The objective of this research was to understand the management of social policies for children and adolescents in the democratic and participatory perspective through Social Assistance and Education policies in the city of Franca, SP, in the search to understand the impacts of these actions in the rights of children and adolescents. In this way, a management committed to a democratic and participatory management that aims at the effective implementation of policies is indispensable. For this, the research is based on the critical perspective, based on the method of historical-dialectical materialism, since it allows a real apprehension of the phenomena in the search for the transformation of reality. The research was carried out with a qualitative approach and the methodological procedures were done through bibliographical research and documentary research. Thus, this allowed a theoretical apprehension, which was able to bring an understanding of Brazilian socio-historical formation, transiting through historical, social, economic and cultural issues. Historical and cultural factors have boosted the legitimacy of policies as a right. The history of childhood and adolescence in relation to the complex determinants of Brazilian society results in a history marked by violence and violation of the rights of children and adolescents. Actions to protect children and adolescents were carried out through philanthropy and repressive actions, legitimating only the Federal Constitution... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

A sociedade, em suas múltiplas dimensões, tem estado em constante construção de uma nova realidade. Valores, ideias e paradigmas se a lternam em \"des\" e \"reconstrução\" daquilo que a sustenta e norteia. A Reforma Sanitária se torna um movimento específico, porém contextualizado num processo de redemocratiz ação política da sociedade brasileira. Esse movimento, além de representar uma luta específica pelo modelo de atenção à saúde, também é parte de uma totalidade, uma vez que consolidava, na saúde, os direitos democráticos debatidos por diversos setores da sociedade brasileira. A busca por um novo desenho do cuidado da saúde pela sociedade se dá a partir dos princípios e dire trizes fundamentais do Sistema Único de Saúde, uma vez que estes, além de garantir um novo modelo de atenção, possibilitariam as bases para um modelo de gestão mais participativo que daria condições de continuidade deste movimento. Nesse contexto, a enfermagem carece de um processo de atualização em seus conceitos e arranjos. Pr ecisa permitir que as transformações sociais colaborem na construção do perfil profissional que se necessita para que se garanta a \"continuidade\" no processo natural de mudanças das políticas públicas que requerem, dentre outras, \"flexibilidade e criatividade\" por parte dos trabalhadores. Este estudo teve como objetivo analisar a Gestão Participativa, no contexto do Sistema Único de Saúde, à luz das evidências científicas, visando a identificação de categorias relevantes na construção do processo do trabalho em enfermagem. Para atender aos objetivos deste estudo, foi realizada a revisão integrativa da lite ratura existente que propo rcionou um aprofundamento no conhecimento dessa temática e deu condições para o desenvolvimento de um conceito próprio. A leitura dos artigos selecionados seguiu a proposta da análise temática de conteúdo, segundo Minayo, e alguns temas emergiram da leitura, de modo que eles representam alguns aspectos importantes do Trabalho em Enfermagem no contexto da Gestão Participativa. Desta forma, identificou-se os seguintes temas nas amostras selecionadas: Reorientação da Prática Assistencial, Sobrecarga de Trabalho, Gestão Ética, Participação, Liderança, Administração de Conflitos, Qualificação Profissional, Formação Política e Flexibilização das Relações. Conclui-se que a enfermagem necessita de uma reorientação sistemática de seu processo de trabalho de modo que possa se alinhar com a política pública da Gestão Participativa e alcançar os benefícios desta gestão no perfil de seus trabalhadores. / The society, in its multiple dimensions, has been in constant construction of a new reality. Values, ideas and paradigms alternate in \"des\" and \"reconstruction\" of what sustains and guides. The Sanitary Reform becomes a particul ar movement, but contextualized in a process of political democratization of Brazilian society. This movement represents a struggle for specific model of health care and is also part of a totality, since consolidated in health, democratic rights debated by various sectors of Brazilian society. The search for a new design of health care by society starts from the fundame ntal principles and guidelines of the Unified Health System, since these, in addition to ensure a new model of care, would allow the foundation for a more participatory management model which would enable the continuation of this movement. In this context, nursing lacks a process to update its concepts and arrangements and needs to allow social change to collaborate in building the profile that is needed to ensure the \"continuity\" in the natural process of changing public policies that require, among other things, \"fle xibility and creativity\" by wo rkers. This study aimed to analyze the participatory management in the cont ext of the Unified Health System, in light of the scientific evidence for the identification of relevant categories in the construction process of nursing work. To meet the objectives of this study, we performed an integrative review of existing literature that provided a deeper knowle dge of thematic and gave conditions for the development of a specific concept. The reading of the articles followed the proposal of thematic content analysis, by Minayo, and some themes emerged from the reading, so that they represent some important aspects of nursing work in the context of Participatory Management. Thus, we identified the following themes in the selected samples: Reorientation of Care Practice, Work Overload, Ethics Ma nagement, Participation, Leadership, Conflict Management, Professional Qualification, Political Education, and Flexibilization of the Relations. It is concluded that nursing requires a systematic reorientation of their work process, so that it can align itself with the public policy of participatory management and achieve the benefits of this management in the profile of their workers.

O estudo de percepção ambiental demonstra importante aplicabilidade nas mais variadas áreas do conhecimento, por permitir a detecção das necessidades e potencialidades de uma população em relação ao meio no qual está inserida. Tal pesquisa torna-se essencial para a intervenção através de medidas de sensibilização e educação ambiental que resultem em atitudes com potencial transformador efetivo. Tendo em vista a relevância destas pesquisas, o presente trabalho tem como objetivo avaliar a percepção ambiental da comunidade vinculada às associações de moradores da cidade de Porto Alegre, RS, em relação ao lago Guaíba e a sua gestão participativa. Para tanto, fez-se uso do método fenomenológico e da aplicação de questionário junto a representantes de 20 associações. Os questionários abrangeram quatro blocos principais, destinados à identificação dos participantes, à percepção sobre a água, à percepção sobre o lago Guaíba e à compreensão sobre a gestão do mesmo, totalizando 28 questões. O questionário também contou com um quinto bloco direcionado para a manifestação livre dos indivíduos, suas sugestões e considerações. A aplicação dos questionários foi realizada via on line, pessoalmente e por telefone, de acordo com a disponibilidade e preferência de cada participante. A partir das respostas obtidas, foi realizada a análise descritiva das mesmas, conciliando-as com dados quantitativos da cidade de Porto Alegre, no intuito de compreender a percepção dos participantes em um contexto mais amplo. Desta forma, é possível observar que os participantes possuem conhecimento sobre o lago e a sua dinâmica em relação à capital gaúcha, enquanto provedor da água usada para abastecimento e destino dos esgotos produzidos na cidade. Os membros das associações também demonstraram-se sensibilizados com a questão hídrica, apresentando hábitos sustentáveis referentes à economia de água e descarte de resíduos. Contudo, foi possível observar que os participantes desconhecem o Comitê Lago Guaíba e as atividades que envolvem a gestão do manancial, mesmo que reconheçam a importância da ação cidadã em prol da administração do mesmo. Os membros das associações ainda elencaram a falta de vontade/interesse da população e a falta de incentivo por parte do governo como os principais elementos que dificultam e/ou impedem a participação cidadã na gestão hídrica local, destacando, desta forma, a apatia política e a abulia política como os principais problemas participativos no contexto estudado. Após a realização do diagnóstico, foi produzido um material informativo que buscou contemplar as principais dúvidas evidenciadas pelos participantes ao longo do projeto. / The environmental perception study shows an important applicability in several areas of knowledge, since it allows the detection of the needs and potentialities of a population in relation to the environment in which it is inserted. Such research becomes essential for intervention through environmental awareness and esucational measures that result in attitudes with effective transformative potential. Considering the relevance of these researches, the present work has the objective of diagnosing the environmental perception of the community linked to the Resident's Associations from the city of Porto Alegre, Brazil, regarding Lake Guaíba and its Participatory Management. In order to do so, the phenomenological method was used and a questionnaire was applied to representatives of twenty associations. This questionnaire covered four main blocks, aimed at identifying the participants, their perception about water, the Lake itself, and their understanding of the management of the lake, totaling twenty eight questions. The questionnaire also counted on a fifth block directed to the free manifestation of the participants, their suggestions and considerations. The methods of application were online, in person and by telephone, according to the availability and preference of each participant. From the answers obtained it was possible to carry out their descriptive analysis of the same, conciliating them with quantitative data from the city of Porto Alegre, in order to understand the participants' perception in a broader context. Among the results obtained, it can be observed that the participants have considerable knowledge about the lake and its dynamics in relation to the city, as a source for supply and destination of the sewage produced in the city. The participants were also sensitized to the water issue, presenting sustainable habits related to water saving and waste disposal. However, it was possible to observe that the participants are unaware of the Lago Guaíba Committee and the activities that involve the management of the resourse, even though they recognize the importance of the citizen action in favor of it's administration. The members of the associations also pointed out the lack of will / interest of the population and the lack of incentive by the government as the main elements that hinder and / or impede citizen participation in local water management, thus highlighting political apathy and political abulia as the main participatory problems in the context studied. Thus, after the diagnosis was made, an informative material was produced that sought to contemplate the main doubts evidenced by the participants throughout the project.

Managing natural resources and socio-ecological systems sustainably is one of the greatest challenges for society today. In order to deal with the complexities and uncertainties inherent to this challenge, adaptive management, collaborative (participatory) management and adaptive co-management have been advocated as governing tools instead of a traditional top-down approach. Much research has advocated that the crucial element of these three alternative management approaches is social learning. While a lot of research has investigated the preconditions, contents and outcomes of social learning, little is known about the processes of social learning. This thesis explores how social learning processes unfolded in a regional collaborative project, the Resolve project, carried out in Sweden. The methodological approach used is action research. The data was collected mainly by observing the project team’s internal workshops and also through observing interviews and official workshops in which diverse local stakeholders participated. The present study makes several noteworthy contributions to existing knowledge about social learning by providing detailed descriptions of social learning processes. The significant findings of thesis were that social learning was facilitated and encouraged through the opportunity to ask critical questions and to engage in collective decision-making. These findings enhance our understanding of social learning processes.

Σκοπός της παρούσας μελέτης είναι να διερευνήσουμε την ύπαρξη συμμετοχικής διοίκησης και την αποτελεσματικότητά της στα Δημοτικά Σχολεία της Αιγιαλείας. Για το λόγο αυτό χρησιμοποιήθηκε αυτοσχέδιο ερωτηματολόγιο κλειστών ερωτήσεων που αναπτύχθηκε σε 5 θεματικούς άξονες. Τα δεδομένα συλλέχθηκαν από 121 εκπαιδευτικούς των Δημοτικών Σχολείων της Αιγιαλείας. Για την ανάλυση των δεδομένων χρησιμοποιήθηκε η περιγραφική στατιστική ανάλυση συχνοτήτων. Το σύνολο των αποτελεσμάτων έδειξε ότι στη μεγάλη πλειοψηφία των Δημοτικών Σχολείων στην περιοχή της Αιγιαλείας εφαρμόζεται συλλογική διοίκηση που είναι πολύ αποτελεσματική (Μ.Ο. 4,00). Ειδικότερα: 1. Το 79,3% των σχολικών μονάδων διοικούνται, τουλάχιστον, με αρκετά συλλογικό τρόπο (Μ.Ο. 2,96). 2. Οι εκπαιδευτικοί συμμετέχουν καθολικά στις συνεδριάσεις του Συλλόγου Διδασκόντων του σχολείου τους. 3. Το 81,82% των συνεδριάσεων του Συλλόγου Διδασκόντων είναι καλά οργανωμένες (Μ.Ο. 4,02). 4. Στο Σύλλογο Διδασκόντων τίθενται στόχοι που υλοποιούνται σε ποσοστό 80,17% (Μ.Ο. 4,04). 5. Οι σχέσεις και το κλίμα μεταξύ των εκπαιδευτικών στο Σύλλογο Διδασκόντων είναι καλές έως πολύ καλές σε ποσοστό 98,34% (Μ.Ο. 4,63). 6. Οι Σύλλογοι Διδασκόντων αξιοποιούν τους ειδικούς στη διαδικασία λήψης αποφάσεων ελάχιστες έως λίγες φορές σε ποσοστό 68,6% (Μ.Ο. 2,03). 7. Δεν πραγματοποιήθηκαν ή δεν ολοκληρώθηκαν δραστηριότητες ή εκδηλώσεις που είχαν αποφασιστεί σε ποσοστό 19,83% επί του συνόλου των στόχων. Κύριες αιτίες είναι η έλλειψη οικονομικών πόρων (28,97%), η έλλειψη υλικοτεχνικής υποδομής (26,94%) και η έλλειψη χρόνου (24,54%). 8. Το 64,46% των σχολικών μονάδων παρουσιάζει αρκετή κινητικότητα του διδακτικού τους προσωπικού (Μ.Ο. 3,03). 9. Επίσης σχετιζόμενα με την αποτελεσματικότητα της συλλογικής διοίκησης είναι και τα ευρήματα ότι οι άνδρες εκπαιδευτικοί μετατίθενται συχνότερα από τις γυναίκες και οι έγγαμοι εκπαιδευτικοί περισσότερο από τους άγαμους. / The purpose of this study is to investigate the existence of participatory management and its effectiveness in the elementary schools of Egialia. For this reason, it was used an improvised questionnaire of close-end questions, which was developed in five thematic areas. The data was collected from 121 teachers of the Primary Schools of Egialia. For the data analysis was used the descriptive statistical analysis of frequencies. The overall results showed that in the vast majority of the Primary Schools in the region of Egialia collective administration is applied, which is very effective (average 4.00). More specifically: 1. The 79.3% of school units are run, at least, with quite a collective manner (average 2.96). 2. Teachers are participating unanimously in the meetings of the Teachers’ Association of their schools. 3. The 81.82% of the meetings of the Association of Teachers is well organized (average 4.02). 4. In the Teachers’ Association objectives are implemented, which are fulfilled at a rate of 80.17% (average 4.04). 5. The relationship and the climate among the teachers in the Association of Teachers are good to very good in a rate of 98.34% (average 4.63). 6. The Teachers' Unions make use of the experts for decision making only a few to few times at a rate of 68.6% (average 2.03). 7. Neither took place nor were completed activities or events that were decided at a rate of 19.83% of the total of overall targets. Main causes are the lack of financial resources (28.97%), lack of logistics infrastructure (26.94%) and lack of time (24.54%). 8. The 64.46% of school units presents enough mobility of their teaching staff (average 3.03). 9. Also related to the effectiveness of collective administration are the findings that male teachers are transferred more frequently than female teachers and that married teachers more frequently than the unmarried ones.