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For over 20 years, the phenomenon of parental alienation and its related characteristics has been described in literature. Various clinicians independently researched and described the pathological alignment of a child within the context of divorce. In the 1980’s Richard Gardner coined this “Parental alienation syndrome” (PAS). According to Gardner PAS is characterised by a child’s profound preoccupation with criticism against a parent. This criticism is overstated and ungrounded, and it is caused by both conscious and unconscious behaviour by the alienating parent, which influences the child negatively against the alienated parent. In essence, PAS is the subjective contamination of the child’s understanding and beliefs about his/her environment. The alienating parent gives the impression that the targeted parent is unworthy, dangerous, unloving and deserving of the child’s rejection. This is done by a series of alienation strategies like bad-mouthing, blaming, limiting contact and belittling. The alienated child, as a result responds with unjustified expressions of hate and discontent towards the targeted parent. The experience of divorce can be very challenging to children. Research about the relationship between divorce and child adjustment holds that a child’s exposure to inter parental conflict and the quality of the parent-child relationship are the two major predictors of children’s adjustment during divorce. Research suggests that the negative effects of PAS may include guilt, self-hatred, distortion of reality testing, and general emotional and psychological problems. The aim of this study was to provide an in-depth exploration and description of how PAS is experienced, and the possible effect it has on children from the perspective of young adults who was possible exposed to PAS as children. This was done by exploring their memories and their recalled experiences of their parents’ divorce and the possible effect on their current lives. In this study a collective exploratory/descriptive case study design was used. Nine voluntary participants, between 18 and 28 years of age, were chosen for this study by means of purposeful sampling strategies. Data were collected through in-depth semi-structured interviews that were audio taped and transcribed verbatim. Transcribed data were analysed by means of thematic analysis from which themes and sub-themes were derived. Two main themes with sub-themes were identified. It was found that some of the parental behaviour evident in PAS cases may fall under specific subtypes of psychological maltreatment and leave children feeling angry, worthless, flawed, unloved, unwanted, incompetent and sceptical about trusting other individuals. It was found that parents who engage in alienation strategies are likely to discourage autonomous behaviour and lack nurturance and emotional responsiveness towards their children’s needs. As result children exposed to PAS learn parental love and acceptance is conditional and is based needs fulfilment of the alienating parent. These expectations are brought forward from the early relationship into adulthood and influences individual’s expectations, behaviour, and beliefs about relationships across the lifespan. The results indicate that the lack parental support, encouragement, and responsiveness may negatively influence the self-esteem, autonomy, competence, and relatedness of individuals exposed to PAS. They reported difficulties with trust, intimacy and social skills and depression as adults. / MA (Clinical Psychology), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2014

The aim of this study was to make recommendations for the facilitation of professional socialization of the newly qualified registered nurse (NQRN) through exploration and description of the NQRN„s experience of professional socialization at a specific private hospital and factors that may contribute to the resignation of bursary holders. The rationale behind this study was that bursary holders resign before or just after completing their contractual binding. An explorative, descriptive and qualitative research design was used. The sample included al the NQRN who met the inclusive criteria. Data collection was done by the writing of narratives by eight (8) participant‟s and followed with a focus group discussion to confirm the data. The contents was analyzed independently by two coders and three (3) themes and four (4) sub themes where identified. The first theme describes the NQRNs‟ experience of professional socialization and includes the sub themes, organizational climate and accompaniment. The second theme describes the reasons for resignation, namely salary and further study or training. A third theme describes the participants‟ recommendations to management to prevent resignation. The themes were described with relevant research- and subject literature. Each theme was summarized in a conclusion that served as basis for recommendations regarding the facilitation of the NQRNs‟ professional socialization to the private hospital‟s management and training department, as well as recommendations for further research. The study was concluded with the researcher‟s evaluation of the study, identification of limitations and the researcher‟s reflection on the study. / MCur, North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2014

For over 20 years, the phenomenon of parental alienation and its related characteristics has been described in literature. Various clinicians independently researched and described the pathological alignment of a child within the context of divorce. In the 1980’s Richard Gardner coined this “Parental alienation syndrome” (PAS). According to Gardner PAS is characterised by a child’s profound preoccupation with criticism against a parent. This criticism is overstated and ungrounded, and it is caused by both conscious and unconscious behaviour by the alienating parent, which influences the child negatively against the alienated parent. In essence, PAS is the subjective contamination of the child’s understanding and beliefs about his/her environment. The alienating parent gives the impression that the targeted parent is unworthy, dangerous, unloving and deserving of the child’s rejection. This is done by a series of alienation strategies like bad-mouthing, blaming, limiting contact and belittling. The alienated child, as a result responds with unjustified expressions of hate and discontent towards the targeted parent. The experience of divorce can be very challenging to children. Research about the relationship between divorce and child adjustment holds that a child’s exposure to inter parental conflict and the quality of the parent-child relationship are the two major predictors of children’s adjustment during divorce. Research suggests that the negative effects of PAS may include guilt, self-hatred, distortion of reality testing, and general emotional and psychological problems. The aim of this study was to provide an in-depth exploration and description of how PAS is experienced, and the possible effect it has on children from the perspective of young adults who was possible exposed to PAS as children. This was done by exploring their memories and their recalled experiences of their parents’ divorce and the possible effect on their current lives. In this study a collective exploratory/descriptive case study design was used. Nine voluntary participants, between 18 and 28 years of age, were chosen for this study by means of purposeful sampling strategies. Data were collected through in-depth semi-structured interviews that were audio taped and transcribed verbatim. Transcribed data were analysed by means of thematic analysis from which themes and sub-themes were derived. Two main themes with sub-themes were identified. It was found that some of the parental behaviour evident in PAS cases may fall under specific subtypes of psychological maltreatment and leave children feeling angry, worthless, flawed, unloved, unwanted, incompetent and sceptical about trusting other individuals. It was found that parents who engage in alienation strategies are likely to discourage autonomous behaviour and lack nurturance and emotional responsiveness towards their children’s needs. As result children exposed to PAS learn parental love and acceptance is conditional and is based needs fulfilment of the alienating parent. These expectations are brought forward from the early relationship into adulthood and influences individual’s expectations, behaviour, and beliefs about relationships across the lifespan. The results indicate that the lack parental support, encouragement, and responsiveness may negatively influence the self-esteem, autonomy, competence, and relatedness of individuals exposed to PAS. They reported difficulties with trust, intimacy and social skills and depression as adults. / MA (Clinical Psychology), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2014

The aim of this study was to make recommendations for the facilitation of professional socialization of the newly qualified registered nurse (NQRN) through exploration and description of the NQRN„s experience of professional socialization at a specific private hospital and factors that may contribute to the resignation of bursary holders. The rationale behind this study was that bursary holders resign before or just after completing their contractual binding. An explorative, descriptive and qualitative research design was used. The sample included al the NQRN who met the inclusive criteria. Data collection was done by the writing of narratives by eight (8) participant‟s and followed with a focus group discussion to confirm the data. The contents was analyzed independently by two coders and three (3) themes and four (4) sub themes where identified. The first theme describes the NQRNs‟ experience of professional socialization and includes the sub themes, organizational climate and accompaniment. The second theme describes the reasons for resignation, namely salary and further study or training. A third theme describes the participants‟ recommendations to management to prevent resignation. The themes were described with relevant research- and subject literature. Each theme was summarized in a conclusion that served as basis for recommendations regarding the facilitation of the NQRNs‟ professional socialization to the private hospital‟s management and training department, as well as recommendations for further research. The study was concluded with the researcher‟s evaluation of the study, identification of limitations and the researcher‟s reflection on the study. / MCur, North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2014

Thesis (MScMedSc)--Stellenbosch University, 2012. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: BACKGROUND: The emergence of mycobacterium tuberculosis resistance to first line drugs has renewed interest in second-line anti-tuberculosis drugs. Generally, Paraaminosalicylic acid (PAS) is less potent and frequently more toxic than the first line drugs. Furthermore, the pharmacokinetics of PAS in children has not been well characterized. AIMS: The aims of the present study were (1) to determine the pharmacokinetics of PAS in pediatric patients, (2) to describe the discrepancy between children and adult pharmacokinetics and the appropriate dosing regimen of PAS and (3) to investigate the potential of the second-line anti-tuberculosis drugs PAS, terizidone and ethionamide (often used as first-line drug in children) to inhibit the catalytic activities of CYP450 1A2 and 2C9. PATIENTS: Twenty two patients with drug resistant tuberculosis were included in the study. Ten patients were children with mean age of 4.2 years (range: 1 to 12 years). Twelve patients were adults with mean age of 31.3 years (range: 18 to 53). 4 children (40%) and 4 adults (33.3%) were HIV positive and were on ART. METHODS: Children received 75 mg/kg twice daily on the first visit and after two weeks they received 150 mg/kg once. Adults received a standard 4 g twice daily. Blood samples were taken at different time points after the dose. In the additional study, the inhibitory effects of PAS, ethionamide and terizidone on phenacetin O-deethylation, a marker substrate of CYP1A2 and diclofenac 4’-hydroxylation, a marker substrate of CYP2C9, were studied using human liver microsomes. RESULTS: For the 75 mg/kg dose, the mean AUC was 233.3 =g•h/ml and the mean CL was 10.4 l/h/kg. The mean of the observed Cmax of the drug was 45.4 =g/ml and the mean Tmax was 4.8 hrs. For the 150 mg/kg dose, the mean AUC of PAS was 277.9 =g•h/ml and the mean CL was 47.1 l/h/kg. The mean of the observed Cmax of the drug was 56.5 =g/ml and the mean Tmax was 4.8 hrs. On the first visit the mean AUC was 368 =g•h/ml and the mean CL was 13.2 l/h/kg. The mean of the observed Cmax of PAS was 51.3 =g/ml and the mean Tmax was 5.2 hrs. On the second visit the mean AUC was 230 =g•h/ml and the mean CL was 23.9 l/h/kg. The mean of the observed Cmax of PAS was 37.6 =g/ml and the mean Tmax was 5.2 hrs. The comparisons between pharmacokinetics profile of PAS and patients characteristics e.g. age, indicated no statistically significant differences between children (both treatment regimens) and adult patients as well as HIV positive and negative patients. In the in vitro study, all drugs demonstrated no inhibition potency towards the investigated CYP450 enzymes. CONCLUSIONS:The dose of 75 mg/kg twice daily in children appears to be appropriate to achieve serum concentration above the PAS minimum inhibitory concentration of approximately 1 =g/ml. PAS, ethionamide and terizidone are unlikely to affect the metabolism of concomitantly administered medications that are metabolized by either CYP450 1A2 and/or 2C9 isoenzymes. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: AGTERGROND: Die opkoming van eersteliniemiddel-weerstandige mycobacterium tuberculosis het opnuut belangstelling in tweedelinie-antituberkulosemiddels aangewakker. Oor die algemeen is para-aminosalisielsuur (PAS) minder kragtig en dikwels ook meer toksies. Verder is die farmakokinetika van PAS in kinders nog nie goed vasgestel nie. DOELSTELLINGS: Die doelstellings van hierdie studie was (1) om die farmakokinetika van PAS in pediatriese pasiënte vas te stel, (2) om die diskrepansie tussen kinder- en volwasse-farmakokinetika, sowel as die toepaslike doseringskedule, van PAS te beskryf en (3) om die potensiaal van die tweedeline-antituberkulosemiddels PAS, terisidoon en etioonamied (gereeld gebruik as eerste linie middels in kinders) te ondersoek wat betref hul vermoë om die katalitiese werking van CYP450 1A2 en 2C9 te inhibeer. PASIËNTE: Twee-en-twintig pasiënte met middelweerstandige tuberkulose is in hierdie studie ingesluit. Tien pasiënte was kinders met ‘n gemiddelde ouderdom van 4.2 jaar (reeks: 1 tot 12 jaar). Twaalf pasiënte was volwassenes met ‘n gemiddelde ouderdom van 31.3 jaar (reeks: 18 tot 53 jaar). 4 kinders (40%) en 4 volwassenes (33.3%) was MIV positief en was op TRM’s. METODES: Kinders het 75 mg/kg twee maal daaliks gedurende die eerste besoek ontvang en 150 mg/kg een maal ná twee weke ontvang. Volwassenes het ‘n standaarddosis van 4 g twee maal daagliks ontvang. Bloedmonsters is op verskillende tye ná die dosering geneem. In die addisionele studie is in die inhiberende effekte van PAS, etioonamied en terisidoon op fenasetien-O-deëtilering, ‘n merkersubstraat van CYP1A2 en diklofenak-4’-hidroksilasie, ‘n merkersubstraat van CYP2C9, ondersoek deur gebruik te maak van menslike lewermikrosome. RESULTATE: Vir die 75 mg/kg dosis was die gemiddelde area-onder-die-kurwe (AOK) 233.3 =g•h/ml en die gemiddelde middelopruiming (CL) 10.4 l/h/kg. Die gemiddelde geobserveerde Cmaks van die middel was 45.4 =g/ml en die gemiddelde Tmaks was 4.8 h. Vir die 150 mg/kg dosering was die gemiddelde AOK van PAS 277.9 =g•h/ml en die gemiddelde CL 47.1 l/h/kg. Die gemiddelde geobserveerde Cmaks van die middel was 56.5 =g/ml en die gemiddelde Tmaks was 4.8 h. Gedurende die eerste besoek was die AOK 368 =g•h/ml en die gemiddelde CL was 13.2 l/h/kg. Die gemiddelde geobserveerde Cmaks van PAS was 51.3 =g/ml en die gemiddelde Tmaks was 5.2 h. Gedurende die tweede besoek was die gemiddelde AOK 230 =g•h/ml en die gemiddelde CL 23.9 l/h/kg. Die gemiddelde geobserveerde Cmaks van PAS was 37.6 =g/ml en die gemiddelde Tmaks was 5.2 h. Die vergelyking van PAS-farmakokinetika en eienskappe van die pasiënte het geen statisties beduidende verskille in die gemiddelde AOK tussen kinders (op albei doserings) en volwassenes getoon nie. Met die in vitrostudie het geen van die middels inhibisie-werking teenoor die CYP450-ensieme wat ondersoek is, getoon nie. GEVOLGTREKKINGS: Die gevolgtrekking kan gemaak word dat die dosering van 75 mg/kg twee maal daagliks voldoende is om serumkonsentrasies wat bo PAS se minimum inhiberende konsentrasie van 1 =g/ml te bereik. Dit is onwaarskynlik dat PAS, etioonamied en terisidoon die metabolisme van gelyktydig-toegediende medikasies, wat op hul beurt deur die CYP240-isoënsieme 1A2 en/of 2C9 gemetaboliseer word, sal affekteer. / Division of Pharmacology, Stellenbosch University / National Research Foundation (NRF) grant generously offered by Professor Donald Grant

Cette thèse a pour objet le développement d'outils de conception de machines polyphasées à pôles lisses alimentées par onduleur de tension à modulation de largeur d'impulsion. Basée sur la décomposition multimachine de la machine polyphasée en une somme de machines fictives magnétiquement découplées et mécaniquement couplées, l'approche adoptée consiste à étudier le problème de l'adaptation convertisseur-machine en reportant les objectifs sur les machines fictives. Une représentation matricielle du bobinage polyphasé, le développement d'un modèle de calcul analytique du champ et l'introduction de la Transformée de Fourier Discrète permettent d'associer aux machines fictives un bobinage et une couche d'aimants. Les objectifs et contraintes liés à la réduction des courants arasites et à l'amélioration de la qualité du couple peuvent alors être formulés directement sur des grandeurs fictives, ce qui permet de déduire des démarches de conception optimale.

Mémoire numérisé par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal.

Cette recherche vise à rendre compte du fonctionnement et des conditions d’emploi de quelques marqueurs discursifs, en relation avec la problématique de l’intersubjectivité. Elle s’inscrit dans le cadre théorique développé par A. Culioli « la Théorie des Opérations Prédicatives et Énonciatives ». Ce travail est consacré d’abord aux descriptions des emplois de hein, quoi et n'est-ce pas en français du point de vue distributionnel, sémantique, pragmatique et prosodique. L’analyse se fonde sur un corpus oral constitué de séquences tirées de film et d’émissions de télévision. L’étude porte également sur les descriptions des emplois de darô, yo, ne et yone en japonais qui sont des marqueurs comparables à hein ; elle se termine par une analyse comparative entre hein et les marqueurs japonais étudiés dans le but de montrer dans quelle mesure leur enjeux énonciatifs se recouvrent. Il s’avère que ces deux ensembles de marqueurs jouent un rôle crucial dans l’organisation des rapports intersubjectifs entre l’énonciateur et le coénonciateur / This research aims to account for the functions and the conditions of the usage of the discourse markers in connection to the problem of intersubjectivity. It falls within the theoretical framework developed by A. Culioli “Theory of Enunciative Operations”. This work is devoted primarily to the descriptions of the usage of hein, quoi and n’est-ce pas in French with the distributional, semantic, pragmatic and prosodic point of view. The analysis is based on a corpus consisting of the clips from film and television. The study is also concerned with the descriptions of darô, yo, ne and yone in Japanese which are comparable with the marker hein. It is followed by a comparative analysis between hein and these Japanese markers which shows how their enunciative issues intersect. It proves that all these markers play a very important part in the organization of the intersubjective relations between the enunciator and coenunciator

Pas de résumé en français / In plants, long distance transport of sugars from photosynthetic source leaves to sink organs comprises different crucial steps depending on the species and organ types. Sucrose, the main carbohydrate for long distance transport is synthesized in the mesophyll and then loaded into the phloem. After long distance transport through the phloem vessels, sucrose is finally unloaded towards sink organs. Alternatively, sugar can also be transferred to non‐plant sinks and plant colonization by heterotrophic organisms increases the sink strength and creates an additional sugar demand for the host plant. These sugar fluxes are coordinated by transport systems. Main sugar transporters in plants comprise sucrose (SUTs) and monosaccharide (MSTs) transporters which constitute key components for carbon partitioning at the whole plant level and in interactions with fungi. Although complete SUTs and MSTs gene families have been identified from the reference Dicot Arabidopsis thaliana and Monocot rice (Oriza sativa), sugar transporter families of the leguminous plant Medicago truncatula, which represents a widely used model for studying plant-fungal interactions in arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM), have not yet been investigated.With the recent completion of the M. truncatula genome sequencing as well as the release of transcriptomic databases, monosaccharide and sucrose transporter families of M. truncatula were identified and now comprise 62 MtMSTs and 6 MtSUTs. I focused on the study of the newly identified MtSUTs at a full family scale; phylogenetic analyses showed that the 6 members of the MtSUT family distributed in all three Dicotyledonous SUT clades; they were named upon phylogenetic grouping into particular clades: MtSUT1-1, MtSUT1-2, MtSUT1-3, MtSUT2, MtSUT4-1 and MtSUT4-2. Functional analyses by yeast complementation and expression profiles obtained by quantitative RT-PCR revealed that MtSUT1-1 and MtSUT4-1 are H+/sucrose symporters and represent key members of the MtSUT family. Conservation of transport capacity between orthologous leguminous proteins, expression profiles and subcellular localization compared to previously characterized plant SUTs indicate that MtSUT1-1 is the main protein involved in phloem loading in source leaves whilst MtSUT4-1 mediates vacuolar sucrose export for remobilization of intracellular reserve.The AM symbiosis between plants and fungi from the phylum Glomeromycota is characterized by trophic exchanges between the two partners. The fungus supplies the autotrophic host with nutrients and thereby promotes plant growth. In return, the host plant provides photosynthate (sugars) to the heterotrophic symbiont. Here, sugar fluxes from plant source leaves towards colonized sink roots in the association between the model leguminous plant M. truncatula and the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus (AMF) Glomus intraradices were investigated. Sugar transporter candidates from both the plant and fungal partners presenting differential expression profiles using available transcriptomic tools were pinpointed. Gene expression profiles of MtSUTs and sugar quantification analyses upon high and low phosphorus nutrient supply and inoculation by the AMF suggest a mycorrhiza-driven stronger sink in AM roots with a fine-tuning regulation of MtSUT gene expression. Conserved regulation patterns were observed for orthologous SUTs in response to colonization by glomeromycotan fungi.In parallel, a non-targeted strategy consisting in the development of a M. truncatula - G. intraradices expression library suitable for yeast functional complementation and screening of symbiotic marker genes, similar to the approach that led to the identification of the first glomeromycotan hexose transporter (GpMST1), has been developed in this study. [...]