CUTRIM JUNIOR, José Antônio Alves. Alternativas de manejo do capim-tifton 85 sob pastejo por cabras leiteiras em lotação rotativa. 2011. 148 f. Tese (Doutorado em Zootecnia)-Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, 2011. / Submitted by Vitor Campos (vitband@gmail.com) on 2016-10-06T22:31:28Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2011_tese_jaacutrimjunior.pdf: 3140781 bytes, checksum: bd58061ca65a37ad4648a45a2478cec1 (MD5) / Rejected by Jairo Viana (jairo@ufc.br), reason: Item duplicado on 2016-10-06T22:39:21Z (GMT) / Submitted by Vitor Campos (vitband@gmail.com) on 2016-10-25T20:46:28Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2011_tese_jaacutrimjunior.pdf: 3140781 bytes, checksum: bd58061ca65a37ad4648a45a2478cec1 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Jairo Viana (jairo@ufc.br) on 2016-10-27T18:01:09Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2011_tese_jaacutrimjunior.pdf: 3140781 bytes, checksum: bd58061ca65a37ad4648a45a2478cec1 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-10-27T18:01:09Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2011_tese_jaacutrimjunior.pdf: 3140781 bytes, checksum: bd58061ca65a37ad4648a45a2478cec1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / Was conducted this study to evaluate management alternatives grazing Bermuda grass (Tifton 85), grazing by dairy goats in intermittent stocking, carried at Embrapa Goats and Sheeps in Ceara (3º40’42” latitude, 40º16’50.5” longitude and 79 m high). The management were combinations of residual height and nitrogen doses (N), consisted of Conventional (height 10 cm and residual without fertilization), Lightweight (20 cm residual height and unfertilized), Moderate (residual height 20 cm and fertilizer equivalent to 300 kg N/ha x year) and Intensive (height 10 cm and residual fertilizer equivalent to 600 kg N / ha x year). A randomized design was used with repeated measures over time (grazing cycles), in two periods of the year, with four replicates on management. There were four replicates per management throughout the year for characteristics of the pasture. For animal characteristics were four replications during the rainy period and five repetitions during the dry period. Was established the entry criteria of the animals at light intercepted by the canopy, where it achieved 95% of photosynthetic active radiation (PAR). The grazing period consisted of four days. Among the characteristics of the biomass flow measured the leaf elongation rate (LER) was greatly influenced by managements (P<0,05), with less elongation on Light management during the dry period under irrigation (1.54 cm/day x tiller), period wich had lower average LER in all managements. The rates of leaf senescence earlier (LSRe), posterior (LSRp) and total leaf senescence (TLS) were higher (P<0,05) during the rainy season (1.04, 0.55 and 1.59 cm/day x tiller, respectively). The higher leaf appearance rate (LAR) was observed in the Intensive management during the dry season under irrigation with 0.38 leaves/day. Among the structural features of the tiller density population (TDP) was higher during the dry season under irrigation in all managements, enhanced by nitrogen fertilizer due to higher TDP in the Intensive management in this period. The dry mass total herbage (DMTH) and dry mass green herbage (DMGH) were higher in Moderate management of the average periods of the year with 7292 and 5118 kg/ha, respectively. Was also this mentioned in these residual mass provided. Along with Moderate management, the Intensive management has a high dry mass green leaves (1849 kg/ha – DMGL) but a lower dry mass green stem (2541 kg/ha – DMGS), which favored greater leaf/stem relationship for this management, also showed in residual condition. The weight of the animals during the rainy period was decreasing unlike than the score that presented little variation. Was effect of managements under weight and body scores of animals in dry period under irrigation, with less weight for the animals in Intensive management. There was a great fluctuation in weight of animals during the dry period under irrigation, as well as for the score, but this has been a growing from the month of December. There was a high frequency of grade Famacha® 3 along the dry period under irrigation, having started with immediately increased rainfall. During the dry period under irrigation control worms Famacha® method was more effective. There was also a large number of deworming Moderate for management in the rainy period, showing the high incidence of parasitism occurred reflecting the lower body condition score of the animals of this management. Was higher stocking rate for Intensive management (P<0.05) both in the rainy period and during the dry period under irrigation. The management without fertilizer had a lower stocking rate. The total milk yield and lactation length in the rainy period were higher for Conventional management, unlike in the dry period under irrigation was not different managements for this feature. As for productivity in all characteristics, the Intensive management was superior to other management. In what refers to individual production, Conventional management presented values above other managements in both rainy and dry period under irrigated with an average of 0.782 and 1.453 kg of milk/goat x day, for the periods, respectively. The lactation curve in the rainy period showed up short in all management, with peak lactation in the first week of lactation and production slump soon after. In the dry period under irrigation the lactation curve was more extensive, with peak times between the different managements, with higher peak lactation Light management with 2243 kg of milk/goat x day. Was observed higher MLR in the Intensive management both in systems for 1 and 3 hectares, without discarding the milk with hand milking. With mechanical milking there was a decrease in monthly income in all simulations. The Intensive management in areas 1 and 3 hectares with hand milking show with good economic indicators. Goats Milk production in Bermuda grass (Tifton 85) pasture appears to be more efficient in Intensive management conditions of the pasture maximized by irrigation during the dry period of the year due to improved environmental conditions of grazing and lower problems with worms. / O presente estudo foi conduzido com o objetivo de avaliar alternativas de manejo da pastagem de capim-tifton 85, sob pastejo por cabras leiteiras em lotação rotativa, realizado na Embrapa Caprinos e Ovinos no Ceará (3°40´58.42” latitude sul; 40°16’50.5” longitude e 79 m de altitude).Os manejos foram combinações entre altura residual e doses de nitrogênio (N), consistiram em Convencional (altura residual 10 cm e sem adubação), Leve (altura residual 20 cm e sem adubação), Moderado (altura residual 20 cm e adubação equivalente a 300 kg de N/ha x ano) e Intensivo (altura residual 10 cm e adubação equivalente a 600 kg de N/ha x ano). Utilizou-se um delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com medidas repetidas no tempo (ciclos de pastejo) em dois períodos do ano. Foram quatro repetições por manejo ao longo do ano para as características do pasto. Para as características animal foram quatro repetições no período chuvoso e cinco repetições no período seco sob irrigação. O critério de entrada dos animais foi estabelecido em função da luz interceptada pelo dossel, quando esta atingia 95% da radiação fotossinteticamente ativa (IRFA). O período de pastejo consistiu em quatro dias. Dentre as características do fluxo de biomassa avaliadas a taxa de alongamento foliar (TAlF) foi bastante influenciada pelos manejos (P<0,05), apresentando menor alongamento no manejo Leve durante o período seco sob irrigação (1,54 cm/perf x dia), período este que apresentou menor TAlF na média de todos os manejos. As taxas de senescência foliar anterior (TSFa), posterior (TSFp) e senescência total (TST) foram maiores (P<0,05) durante o período chuvoso (1,04; 0,55 e 1,59 cm/perf x dia, respectivamente). A maior taxa de aparecimento foliar (TApF) foi observada no manejo Intensivo durante o período seco sob irrigação com 0,38 folhas/dia. Dentre as características estruturais a densidade populacional de perfilhos (DPP) foi maior durante o período seco sob irrigação em todos os manejos, potencializada pela adubação nitrogenada devido à maior DPP no manejo Intensivo neste período. As massas seca de forragem total (MSFT) e forragem verde (MSFV) foram superiores no manejo Moderado na média dos períodos do ano com 7292 e 5118 kg/ha, respectivamente. Fato também observado nessas mesmas massas na condição residual. Juntamente com o manejo Moderado, o manejo Intensivo apresentou elevada massa seca de lâmina foliar verde (1849 kg/ha, MSLV), mas uma menor massa seca de colmo verde (2541 kg/ha - MSCV) o que favoreceu maior ralação folha/colmo para este manejo, observado também na condição residual. O peso dos animais ao longo do período chuvoso foi decrescente ao contrário do escore que apresentou pouca variação. Houve efeito dos manejos sobre o peso e o escore dos animais no período seco sob irrigação, com menor peso para os animais do manejo Intensivo. Houve uma grande oscilação do peso dos animais ao longo do período seco sob irrigação, assim como para o escore, mas este apresentando uma crescente a partir do mês de Dezembro. Houve uma grande frequência de graus Famacha® 3 ao longo do período seco sob irrigação, tendo iniciado logo com o aumento das chuvas. No período seco sob irrigação o controle da verminose pelo método Famacha® foi mais efetivo. Verificou-se ainda um elevado número de vermifugações para o manejo Moderado no período chuvoso, mostrando a elevada incidência de verminose ocorrida refletindo no menor escore de condição corporal dos animais desse manejo. Foi observada maior taxa de lotação para o manejo Intensivo (P<0,05) tanto no período chuvoso quanto no período seco sob irrigação. A produção total de leite e a duração da lactação no período chuvoso foram maiores para o manejo Convencional, diferentemente no período seco sob irrigação que não apresentou diferença entre os manejos para tal característica. Quanto à produtividade, em todas as características analisadas, o manejo Intensivo foi superior aos outros manejos. Já no que se refere à produção individual, o manejo Convencional apresentou valores acima dos outros manejos tanto no período chuvoso quanto no período seco sob irrigação com média de 0,782 e 1,453 kg de leite/animal x dia, nos períodos, respectivamente. A curva de lactação no período chuvoso apresentou-se curta em todos os manejos, com picos de lactação logo na primeira semana de lactação e queda brusca de produção logo em seguida. Já no período seco sob irrigação a curva de lactação foi mais extensa, apresentando momentos de pico diferenciados entre os manejos, tendo maior pico de lactação no manejo Leve, com 2243 kg de leite/anima x dia. A RLM foi observada no manejo Intensivo tanto para sistemas com 1 e 3 hectares, sem o descarte do leite com ordenha manual. Com ordenha mecânica observou-se uma diminuição nas receitas mensais em todas as simulações. O manejo Intensivo em áreas com 1 e 3 ha com ordenha manual mostra-se com bons indicadores econômicos. A produção de leite de cabras em pastagem de capim-tifton 85 mostra-se mais eficiente em condições de manejo Intensivo do pasto, maximizado no período seco pela irrigação do ano devido a melhores condições do ambiente de pastejo e menores problemas com verminose.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of pasture and pasture vegetation composition on the milk yield and milk fat and protein content in the Czech Fleckvieh cattle kept in the less favorable areas (LFA) during the years 2007 ? 2009. These pasture characteristics were observed: pasture quality defined by the chemical composition of herbage groups, determination and rate of dominant grass types, clover types and herbs and the height of pasture vegetation. Next, the fatty acids spectrum in the milk was analyzed and the effect of forage and grain supplements on the milk fat composition was confirmed.

En Europe, les prairies occupent 25% de la surface du territoire soit près de 40% de la surface agricole utile. De nombreux services écosystémiques dépendent de cet écosystème comme par exemple la production fourragère, un réservoir de diversité végétale et animale et une capacité de stockage de carbone dans les sols. Dans un contexte de changement climatique (augmentation de la température moyenne de l’air et de la concentration atmosphérique en CO2) et de déprise agricole (extensification des prairies de moyenne montagne), les recherches actuelles s’intéressent au maintien des services écosystémiques tels que la capacité de stockage de carbone dans le sol pour limiter l’augmentation de la concentration atmosphérique en CO2, la production fourragère et la conservation de la richesse spécifique. Cette thèse a pour objectif d’observer in situ les effets des principaux déterminants du changement climatique (température de l’air, précipitations, concentration atmosphérique enCO2) sur le fonctionnement du système racinaire et des déterminants du stockage de carbone sur une prairie permanente de moyenne montagne gérée de manière extensive. Cette étude porte sur l’influence d’un scénario de changement climatique prévu à l’horizon 2080 pour le centre de la France. Ce scénario (ACCACIA A2) prévoit une augmentation de la température de l’air de 3.5°C (T) et de la concentration atmosphérique en CO2 de 200 Nmol mol-1 (CO2) et une réduction des précipitations estivales de 20 % (D). La démographie (croissance, mortalité, durée de vie et risque de mortalité) de cohortes racinaires a été suivie durant 3 à 4 ans à l’aide du Minirhizotron. La croissance potentielle des racines dans un ingrowth core a été suivie pendant une année après 4 ans de changement climatique avec en même temps des mesures de décomposition de litière racinaire et de respiration du sol. Après 3 ans d’expérimentation, un effet positif du réchauffement (T) et du changement climatique (TDCO2) a été observé sur la production racinaire, ainsi qu’une baisse de la durée de vie sous réchauffement. Une stimulation de l’allongement des racines (ratio longueur/volume), sous climat réchauffé (T, TD, TDCO2), a certainement permis de favoriser l’absorption en eau et en nutriments. Cependant, après 5 ans d’application des traitements, le réchauffement (T) a diminué la production racinaire et accéléré la décomposition d’une litière standard. L’augmentation du CO2 a permis de compenser l’effet négatif du réchauffement sur la production racinaire. Le changement climatique (TDCO2) a accéléré les entrées mais aussi les sorties (décomposition et respiration accélérées) de carbone du sol. De part, l’effet négatif du réchauffement sur la production aérienne et souterraine sur le moyen terme et sur la demande en nutriment, les matières organiques se sont accumulées dans le sol, contrairement à l’augmentation du CO2 qui a diminué cette quantité. Dans un contexte de changement climatique, la production racinaire semble en partie maintenue ainsi que les stocks de matière organique dans les sols. Les processus souterrains (croissance, mortalité, décomposition) et la respiration du sol se sont accrus. A l’avenir, le bilan de CO2 et des différents gaz à effet de serre pourrait être négatif et accentuer le changement climatique. / In Europe, grasslands occupy 25% of the land area and nearly 40% of the agricultural area. Many ecosystem services depend on this ecosystem such as forage production, reservoir of plant and animal diversity and ability of carbone storage in soils. In a context of climate change and agricultural abandonment (extensification of grassland in upland), current research interest to estimate the storage capacity of carbon in the soil with the maintenance of ecosystem services. This thesis aims to observe in situ the effects of major determinants of climate change(air temperature, precipitation, atmospheric CO2 concentration) on the functioning of the root system and determinants of carbon storage on extensive permanent grasslands. This study examines the influence of projected climate change scenario by 2080 for the center of France. This scenario (Accacia A2) provides an increase in air temperature of 3.5°C (T) and atmospheric CO2 concentration of 200 Nmol mol-1 (CO2) and a reduction in summerprecipitation by 20% (D). A follow-up of root cohorts for 3 to 4 years with the Minirhizotron is performed to monitor the demography (growth, mortality, life span and risk of mortality). The potential growth in ingrowth core is followed over a year after 4 years of climate change along with measures of root litter decomposition and soil respiration. After 3 years of experiment, we observed a positive effect of air warming (T) and climate change (TDCO2) on root production and climate change and a decreasing of root life span under air warming. An increasing of root fineness under warmed conditions (T, TD,TDCO2) should facilitate nutrients and water uptake. After 5 years of experiment, air warming (T) decreases the root production, root life span and accelerates decomposition of root litter. The increase in CO2 offset the negative effect of air warming on production. Climate change (TDCO2) accelerates the inputs but also outputs (decomposition and respiration were accelerated) in soil carbon. With the negative effect of air warming on above and belowground production in the medium term and nutrient demand, organic matter accumulated in the soil, whereas the increase of atmospheric CO2 concentration has reduced this amount. In a context of climate change, root production and the stock of organic matter in soils seems to be partly retained. However, with the acceleration of belowground process (growth, mortality, decomposition), soil respiration was increased. The CO2 and the others greenhouse gas emissions balance could be negative and accentuate climate change in the future.

Com o objetivo de acasalar novilhas aos 14/15 meses de idade, cem bezerras Hereford foram submetidas a dois sistemas de alimentação (SA) de 20/06 a 20/08: a) PN=50 bezerras em pastagem natural; b) PNs=50 bezerras em pastagem natural suplementadas (14% PB; 72% NDT) a 1%/dia do peso corporal (PC). Em 20/08/2012, em lote único, pastejaram azevém (PA). Quinze dias antes do final deste periodo (18/10), metade das novilhas de cada SA passaram a receber a suplementação do PNs, estendendo-se por quinze dias no retorno à PN (03/11), constituindo novos SA: c) PNs-PAs: suplementadas em PN e por 15 dias em PA + 15 dias em PN; d) PNs-PA: suplementadas em PN; e) PN-PAs: suplementadas por 15 dias em PA + 15 dias em PN; f) PN-PA: sem suplementação. O período reprodutivo (PR) foi em PN. O escore de trato reprodutivo (ETR-US) e a área pélvica (APR) foram determinados aos 365 dias de idade. De 20/06 a 20/08, o ganho diário médio (GDM) e o peso corporal (PC) das bezerras do PNs foram 67,71% e 9,95% e 6,19% e 15,46% superiores, respectivamente, às do PN. O PNs também apresentou área do músculo longissimus (AOLUS) superior em 8,48%, 22,91% e 21,82%, respectivamente, ao PN. A suplementação proporcionou maior espessura de gordura subcutânea (EGSUS), 95,12% superior em relação ao PN. Em pastagem de azevém, na primeira pesagem, o PNs apresentou 5% de GDM superior às do PN. Bezerras do PNs apresentaram PC 13,36% superior ao PN e 18,20% e 13,33% de AOLUS superiores, respectivamente, aos valores do PN. O PNs obteve maior EGSUS, 1,43±0,67 e 0,89±0,75 mm, superando as do PN. Com o objetivo de acasalar novilhas aos 14/15 meses de idade, cem bezerras Hereford foram submetidas a dois sistemas de alimentação (SA) de 20/06 a 20/08: a) PN=50 bezerras em pastagem natural; b) PNs=50 bezerras em pastagem natural suplementadas (14% PB; 72% NDT) a 1%/dia do peso corporal (PC). Em 20/08/2012, em lote único, pastejaram azevém (PA). Quinze dias antes do final deste periodo (18/10), metade das novilhas de cada SA passaram a receber a suplementação do PNs, estendendo-se por quinze dias no retorno à PN (03/11), constituindo novos SA: c) PNs-PAs: suplementadas em PN e por 15 dias em PA + 15 dias em PN; d) PNs-PA: suplementadas em PN; e) PN-PAs: suplementadas por 15 dias em PA + 15 dias em PN; f) PN-PA: sem suplementação. O período reprodutivo (PR) foi em PN. O escore de trato reprodutivo (ETR-US) e a área pélvica (APR) foram determinados aos 365 dias de idade. De 20/06 a 20/08, o ganho diário médio (GDM) e o peso corporal (PC) das bezerras do PNs foram 67,71% e 9,95% e 6,19% e 15,46% superiores, respectivamente, às do PN. O PNs também apresentou área do músculo longissimus (AOLUS) superior em 8,48%, 22,91% e 21,82%, respectivamente, ao PN. A suplementação proporcionou maior espessura de gordura subcutânea (EGSUS), 95,12% superior em relação ao PN. Em pastagem de azevém, na primeira pesagem, o PNs apresentou 5% de GDM superior às do PN. Bezerras do PNs apresentaram PC 13,36% superior ao PN e 18,20% e 13,33% de AOLUS superiores, respectivamente, aos valores do PN. O PNs obteve maior EGSUS, 1,43±0,67 e 0,89±0,75 mm, superando as do PN. / Aiming at breeding heifers with 14-15 months of age, 100 Hereford calves were submitted to two feeding systems (FS) between 06/20 and 08/20: a) NP=50 calves grazing on natural pasture and b) NPs=50 calves grazing on natural pasture and fed a supplement (14% CP; 72% TDN) at 1% body weight (BW)/day. On 08/20, heifers were transferred as single group to a ryegrass (RG) pasture. During the last 15 days of ryegrass grazing (10/18) and the first 15 days upon returning to NP (11/03), half of the heifers in each previous FS were fed the supplement, thereby establishing new FS: c) NPs-RGs: previously supplemented on NP and supplemented for 15 days on RG + 15 days on NP; NPs-RG: previously supplemented on NP; e) NP-RGs: supplemented only for 15 days on RG + 15 days on NP; and f) NP-RG: not supplemented in either period. During the breeding season (BS), heifers grazed on NP. Reproductive tract score (TRS) and relative pelvic area (RPA) were determined at 365 days of age. On 07/20 and 08/20, NPs heifers presented 67.71% and 9.95% and 6.19% and 15.46% higher daily weight gain (DWG) and BW than NP heifers, as well as 22.91% and 21.82% larger loin eye area (UREA) and 95.12% average thicker backfat (UFT). At the end of the grazing period, NPs heifers were, on average, 13.36% heavier, and presented higher average UFT than NP (1.43±0.67 vs. 0.89±0.75). Between 10/18 and 11/18, NPs-RGs and NP-RGs heifers presented higher DWG and the highest UFT values were obtained in NPs-RGs heifers. At the start of the BS, NPs-RGs had higher BCS and BW. RPA of NPs-RGs (106.41±11.92 cm²) was only different from NP-RGs (93.74±11.76 cm²). The highest percentage of puberty was determined in NPs-RG (34.3%). The presence of CL was detected in 17.8% of the heifers. Pregnancy rates of 47%, 22%, 18%, and 13% were obtained in NPs-RGs, NPs-RG, NP-RGs, and NP-RG heifers, respectively. Pregnant heifers presented higher DWG between 10/18 and 11/18, and higher RPA, BW, and BCS at the start and end of the BS. Higher pasture DM content and higher supplement levels than those evaluated in the present study are required to achieve better calf development and better reproduction indices when aiming at breeding heifers at 14-15 months of age.

The survey of the diversity of coprophagous beetles (Scarabaeidae, Geotrupidae, and Hydrophilidae families) and their soil activity took place at two sites in a cattle pasture in southern Bohemia (site A: 49°29'31.720"N, 14°23'44.310"E; site B: 49°29'23.257"N, 14°23'35.964"E; 575 m a. s. l.). Baited pitfall traps with fresh cow dung (1.5 l per trap) were used to capture the beetles. During the survey of the diversity of coprophagous beetle community, a total of 29 species of beetles numbering 1,189 specimens were captured from May to September 2013. Of these, the most numerous were the beetles of the genus Aphodius, who made up 79 % of the total number of captured specimens. In terms of biomass, Geotrupes spiniger (Marsham, 1802) was significant, in that it made up 24 % of the total biomass of all of the captured beetles. This species contributes most to the decomposition of dung in the pasture. The family with the least number of specimens was Hydrophilidae. Beetles from this family made up 19 % of total number. Measurement of soil activity took place repeatedly over the course of 3 weeks, always after one-week measurement of diversity. The most numerous species (A. fimetarius, A. rufus and A. fossor) showed a linear dependence of the abundances in soil-activity traps on the abundances in diversity traps from the precedent capture period. A. sticticus was one of the most numerous species during surveys of diversity (10 %). This species, belonging to the dwellers group, was not recorded in soil-activity traps, however. Large tunnellers were represented mainly by G. spiniger in traps, for which the linear dependence was not possible to confirm.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-23T13:51:47Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Vagner Mauri Quinto.pdf: 5674038 bytes, checksum: ead4f849dd3906c322779605ae2b29ce (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-02-27 / The study aimed to estimate soil loss by middle of USLE in a farming area with pasture and eucalyptus of three years of age, implanted under the pasture in area declivosa in the Southern State of ES. To estimate soil loss in the study area was made a regular mesh of 33 x 33m in a area of 10,02 ha getting 94 points of sample collection. Thematic maps were elaborated of rainfall erosivity (R) for the entire State of ES in a ten year period (1999 to 2008) relative for the cultivation of pasture and three years (2009 to 2011) relative for the cultivation of eucalyptus. Were also elaborated thematic maps of soil erodibility (K) for the study area. The thematic map of the LS factor for the study area was obtained by through of combination of steepness factor and length ramp between each sample point. The factors of USLE C and P were obtained by querying literary. The occurrence likelihood of erosivity above the third quartile for the State of ES was calculated by middle of the kriging technique indicative. A descriptive analysis was performed to determine the measurements of position and dispersion data and the normality of the data were analyzed using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test at level in 5% probability and the results related to two period of cultivation, when necessary were compared by the test Students t test at level in 5%. All granulometric fractions and content organic study matter of soil presented spatial dependence, indicating the variability of the same within the study area. In 42,7% of the study area, increased the content of organic matter content during the cultivation period of eucalyptus when compared with the pasture, however, the content showed no significant difference (p <0.05) for the two cultures. The Center-South region of the state of ES showed the values highest annual erosivity during cultivation of the two species. However, the values of erosivity in the study area were of 8.227,2 and 8.043,2 MJ mm ha-1 h-1 for the period of pasture and of eucalyptus, respectively. The K factor showed the same pattern of spatial distribution for the study area during the cultivation of two species, being the highest values obtained in the Northwest and Southwest regions. The values of soil loss ranged from 0.0 to 14.5 t ha-1 year-1 during the period cultivated of pasture and 0.0 to 3.5 t ha-1 year-1 during the period cultivated of Eucalyptus. Soil loss in the cultivation of pasture was of 74 the 77% higher than that obtained in the cultivation of eucalyptus, being average loss of 75.4%. Some municipalities presented of 91-100% of probability of occurrence of rainfall erosivity above the third quartile, being the values most critical in the months between October and April, therefore, these municipalities need to adopt conservation practices to preserve soil. The clay and organic matter presented correlated negative with PAP, DAP and AB. Thus, eucalyptus can be used for the recovery and/or regeneration of grazing areas degraded or degradation process / O estudo teve como objetivo estimar a perda de solo por meio da EUPS em uma área de cultivo com pastagem e com eucalipto de três anos de idade, implantado sob a pastagem em área declivosa no Sul do Estado do ES. Para estimar a perda de solo na área de estudo foi confeccionada uma malha regular 33 x 33m em uma área de 10,02 ha, obtendo-se 94 pontos de coleta de amostras. Foram elaborados mapas temáticos da erosividade das chuvas (R) para todo o Estado do ES em um período de dez anos (1999 a 2008) referentes ao cultivo da pastagem e três anos (2009 a 2011) referentes ao cultivo do eucalipto. Também foram elaborados mapas temáticos da erodibilidade do solo (K) para a área de estudo. O mapa temático do fator LS para a área de estudo foi obtido por meio da combinação do fator declividade e comprimento de rampa entre cada ponto amostral. Os fatores C e P da EUPS foram obtidos por meio de consulta literária. A probabilidade de ocorrência daerosividade acima do terceiro quartil para o Estado do ES foi calculada por meio da técnica de krigagem indicativa. A análise descritiva foi realizada para determinar as medidas de posição e dispersão dos dados e a normalidade dos dados foram analisadas pelo teste de Kolmogorov-Smirnov em nível de 5% de probabilidade e os resultados referentes aos dois períodos de cultivo, quando necessários foram comparados pelo teste t de Student em nível de 5%. Todas as frações granulométricas e o teor de matéria orgânica do solo em estudo apresentaram dependência espacial, indicando a variabilidade dos mesmos dentro da área de estudo. Em 42,7% da área de estudo, houve aumento do teor de matéria orgânica durante o período de cultivo do eucalipto, quando comparado com a pastagem, no entanto, os teores não apresentaram diferença significativa (p<0,05) para as duas culturas. A região Centro-Sul do Estado do ES apresentou os maiores valores de erosividade anual durante o cultivo das duas espécies. Contudo, os valores de erosividade na área de estudo foram de 8.227,2 e 8.043,2 MJ mm ha-1 h-1, para o período de cultivo da pastagem e do eucalipto, respectivamente. O fator K apresentou o mesmo padrão de distribuição espacial para a área de estudo durante o cultivo das duas espécies, sendo os maiores valores obtidos nas regiões Noroeste e Sudoeste. Os valores de perda de solo variaram de 0,0 a 14,5 t ha-1 ano-1 durante o período de cultivo da pastagem e de 0,0 a 3,5 t ha-1 ano-1 durante o período de cultivo do eucalipto. A perda de solo no cultivo da pastagem foi de 74 a 77% superior a obtida no cultivo do eucalipto, sendo a perda média de 75,4%. Alguns municípios apresentaram de 91 a 100% de probabilidade de ocorrência da erosividade das chuvas acima do terceiro quartil, sendo os valores mais críticos nos meses entre outubro e abril, portanto, esses municípios precisam adotar práticas conservacionistas para preservar o solo. A argila e a matéria orgânica apresentaram correlação negativa com o PAP, DAP e a AB. Desta forma, o eucalipto pode ser utilizado para a recuperação e/ou regeneração de áreas de pastagem degradas ou em processo de degradação

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:32:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2009-04-16Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:23:26Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 silvafilho_ep_dr_rcla.pdf: 2048803 bytes, checksum: b4e24e2206750a30458668a0d7848401 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / O histórico das modificações do uso da terra em Rondônia, e mais especificamente no município de Porto Velho, mostra transformações de grandes áreas de florestas em pastagens com rápida degradação de seus solos. A criação extensiva de gado de corte é a principal causa da ocupação e uso das terras no Estado. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a degradação ambiental associada à compactação dos solos por pisoteio animal. Foram considerados solos em pastagens degradadas, com vinte anos de pastejo, e florestas naturais em manchas contínuas de um Latossolo Amarelo Distrófico (LAd) e um Argissolo Vermelho Amarelo Distrófico plíntico (PVAd). A avaliação da densidade máxima e umidade ideal, obtida pelo Ensaio de Proctor, bem como observações referentes às diferenças da densidade aparente e a umidade dos solos, em seus limites inferior e superior de água disponível, registraram valores de compactação acima de 2,5 MPa indicando um nível prejudicial ao desenvolvimento radicular de algumas espécies. A resistência mecânica à penetração nas duas classes de solos ocorreu entre 0 – 10 cm com aumento entre 11 - 20 cm de profundidade, sendo que o Latossolo mostrou-se mais compactado em ambiente de pastagem que o Argissolo. As taxas de infiltração básica nas áreas de pastagens e de florestas evidenciaram diferenças entre os ambientes e seus solos, com reduções da infiltração básica nas áreas de pastagens do Latossolo. Influências antrópicas próximas das áreas de pastagens apresentaram-se como fatores associados na distribuição dos altos índices de compactação detectados. Os resultados obtidos evidenciaram de forma satisfatória os índices mais e menos significativos de caráter físico e químico da fertilidade para as áreas de pastagens e comparativamente as de floresta, permitindo detectar as áreas mais compactadas e suas relações aos... / The history of land use changes in Rondônia, and more specifically the city of Porto Velho, shows transformations of large forest areas into pastures with rapid soils degradation. The extensive beef cattle creation is the main cause of the occupation and land use in the state. The objective of this study was to evaluate the environmental degradation associated with soil compaction by cattle trampling. It was considered soils in degraded pastures, with twenty years of grazing, and natural forest patches in a continuous Oxisol Distrophic (LAd) and a Ultisol (Red Yellow Distrophic Plinthic – PVAd). The maximum density and optimum moisture content evaluation obtained by the Proctor test and observations relating to differences in bulk density and soil moisture on its lower and upper limits of available water, recorded values of compaction above 2.5 MPa indicating a detrimental level to root development for some species. The mechanical resistance to penetration in the two soil classes occurred between 0 to 10 cm with an increase between 11 to 20 cm deep, and the Oxisol was more compressed in a pasture environment than in the Ultisol. The basic infiltration rates in pasture areas and forests showed differences between environments and soils, with reductions of basic infiltration in Oxisol pasture areas. Anthropogenic influences near pasture areas were factors associated in the distribution of high compaction indexes detected. The obtained results showed as satisfactory manner the most and least significant indexes for physical and chemical nature of fertility in pasture areas compared to forest, allowing to detect the most compressed areas and their relationship to physical and chemical parameters considered in this study.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:33:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2009-02-19Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:44:24Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 pascoa_ag_dr_jabo.pdf: 850002 bytes, checksum: 43fea4489183f5f75ba5a41c29d32b80 (MD5) / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / Entender o complexo arranjo do ambiente de pastagem significa poder manejar os animais e hábitos de pastejo e incrementar a sustentabilidade desse ecossistema. Os objetivos com este estudo foram caracterizar os efeitos da dispersão espacial de condicionadores de pastejo frente ao comportamento de bovinos, além de aplicar novos métodos para a avaliação do uso do espaço pelos animais. Foram feitas avaliações de como os condicionadores de pastejo (bebedouro, saleiro, cocho de suplementação, altura do dossel, inclinação do terreno, oferta de forragem) e o manejo influenciaram o comportamento dos bovinos. Houve rejeição de forragem contaminada por placas de fezes somente quando existiram condições para que os animais a rejeitassem. Fatores como a concentração de matéria seca e proteína bruta na forragem, distância do bebedouro e massa verde podem afetar a preferência dos animais por certas áreas da pastagem. A eficiência da movimentação dos cochos na melhoria da distribuição das placas de fezes é dependente do suplemento fornecido e da altura do dossel. A concentração de placas de fezes foi maior próximo ao cocho de concentrado que próximo ao de sal mineral. A movimentação dos cochos diminui o efeito substitutivo do concentrado. Em piquetes com concentrado em cocho fixo os animais utilizam a altura do dossel como referência enquanto naqueles em que o cocho foi deslocado a qualidade da forragem foi mais utilizada. Mesmo diminuindo o esforço da caminhada devido ao ângulo com que os animais se deslocam em uma pastagem, outras estruturas, como disposição das cercas, influenciam no deslocamento. / To understand the complex arrangement of the pasture environment means could handling the animals and their pasture habits and increase the sustainability of the ecosystem. The objective with this study was to evaluate the influence of the space dispersion of the pasture conditioners in the cattle grazing behaviour and optimize the nutrients cycling deriving of the dung pats, beyond applying new methodologies for the evaluation of the use of the space for bovines. For this, five experiments were developed in different time and local. It was studied how the pasture conditioners (water bunker, feed bunker, salt bunker, heights of grazing, land declivity, forage offer) and handling had influences on cattle behaviour. Rejection of contaminated plant for dung pats only occurred when existed conditions for the animals did it. Factors like the concentration of dry matter and crude protein in forage, water bunker distance and green mass could affect the animal’s preferences for grazing areas. The efficiency of the feed bunker movements in the improvement of the distribution of the dung pats is dependent of the supplied supplement and the height of the fodder plant in the pasture. It was observed more dung pats near the supplement bunker in comparison with the salt bunker. In paddocks with supplement on fixed feed bunker the animals used the height of the fodder as reference, while in situations when the feed bunkers were moved, the quality of the forage was more advantaged. Even decreasing the walk effort because of the angle used for the animals in the pasture, others structures, like the fence arrangement, influences the displacement.

Biodiversity can be crucial for an ecosystem to uphold its’ functions. Thus, is population declines a major threat to biodiversity. One type of species-rich habitat linked to several ecosystem services is the Swedish pasture. Albeit during the latter half of the 20th-century observations could be made of many population declines in several species of farmland birds. The population decline is directly linked to intensification of arable lands due to method modernization, conversion of pastures to fields and pesticide use. This study focused on comparing the fauna of birds in pasture lands surrounded by forest-dominated or cropland-dominated areas within a 500 m radius of a semi-natural pasture. 100plots were extracted (50 of each land use) for analysis. Data was provided by voluntarily collected stocktaking from the environmental surveillance program Svensk Fågeltaxering. A CCA was made on the species composition with amounts of forest and amounts of fields as variables. The effect on species richness from land use was calculated using GLM. The result showed no difference between bird species richness or species composition between forest-dominated pastures and cropland dominated pastures. This could indicate that birds are no longer affected by the intensification of modern arable farming or that local habitat elements like hedges and ditches are structures more critical factors for nesting farmland birds than land use within a 500 m radius surrounding pastures.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The objective of this research was to evaluate of three pasture-based systems with bermudagrass (BG) + 200 kg of N/ha; BG + 100 kg of N/ha and common vetch; BG + 100 kg of N/ha + forage peanut. The experiment was carried out from May 2011 to may 2012. Holstein cows receiving 4 kg-daily complementary concentrate feed were used in the evaluation. The actual mean value of forage on offer was 7.2 kg of dry matter/100 kg live weight. Herbage mass, botanical and structural composition, daily dry matter accumulation rate, forage production, disappearance of forage mass and stocking rate were evaluated. Nine grazing cycles were performed during the experimental period (365 days). The mean value of forage production and stocking rate were 21.05; 21.8 and 16.1 t/ha; 5.1; 5.3 and 4.5 animal units/ha/day for respective pasture systems. Superior result were found on BG + 100 kg of N/ha + common vetch and BG + 200 kg of N/ha pasture systems. / Objetivou-se com essa pesquisa avaliar três sistemas forrageiros constituídos por capim bermuda (CB) + 200 kg de N/ha; CB + 100 kg de N/ha e ervilhaca comum e CB + 100 kg de N /ha + amendoim forrageiro. O experimento foi realizado entre maio de 2011 e maio de 2012. Para avaliação foram utilizadas vacas em lactação da raça Holandesa, que receberam individualmente 4 kg/dia de concentrado. A oferta de forragem foi de 7,2 kg de matéria seca /100 kg de peso vivo. Foram avaliadas a massa de forragem, a composição botânica e estrutural, a taxa de acúmulo diário de matéria seca, a produção de forragem e o desaparecimento de massa de forragem e a taxa de lotação. Durante o período experimental (365 dias) foram realizados nove ciclos de pastejo. O valor médio da produção de forragem e a taxa de lotação foram de 21,05; 21,8 e 16,1 t/ha; 5,1; 5,3 e 4,5 unidades animais/ha/dia para os respectivos sistemas forrageiros. Resultados superiores foram encontrados nos sistemas forrageiros constituídos por CB+ 100 kg de N/ha + ervilhaca comum e CB + 200 kg de N/ha.