Orientador: Thomas Patrick Dwyer / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Filosofia e Ciencias Humanas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-15T21:17:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Costa_LucianoRodrigues_D.pdf: 2083785 bytes, checksum: 07fdf0a1ad4bcc37f5391acf3a1bfb48 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010 / Resumo: A pesquisa teve como objetivo analisar a natureza das qualificações profissionais, as redes sociais e o mercado de trabalho no setor da Construção Civil, mais especificamente, no subsetor Edificações Habitacionais. Partimos do pressuposto de que o setor é portador de uma especificidade no que diz respeito ao processo de trabalho, marcado por contingências que induzem a uma grande variabilidade, flexibilidade e, sobretudo, a uma descontinuidade do processo produtivo, o que traz como conseqüência uma elevada instabilidade. Tais especificidades se articulam e se alimentam de fluxos particularmente complexos e instáveis de mão-de-obra, as quais se caracterizam por uma lógica de extrema flexibilidade. Levantamos a hipótese de que a execução de trabalho no setor possui uma forte dependência dos saberes de ofício, o que Induz certa autonomia do trabalhador. Tal fato faz com que o setor, visando a uma gestão eficiente e a um controle eficaz sobre o processo de trabalho, desenvolva, paralelamente aos mecanismos institucionalizados do mercado, proteções informais para o estabelecimento de relações de lealdade e de confiança com os trabalhadores. A partir de pesquisas etnográficas de dois canteiros de obras no Brasil e um na França, em uma perspectiva comparativa destacamos: a sociabilidade dos trabalhadores, as formas dos contratos, as redes sociais informais e o cotidiano dos trabalhos. As redes sociais informais se estruturam através de fortes laços de solidariedade nos quais se destacam as relações familiares, as de vizinhança, as de etnia no caso francês, as de identificação comunal (mesma cidade de origem), as de identificação religiosa, enfim, são laços fortes que visam a minimizar os efeitos da enorme vulnerabilidade a que estão submetidos os trabalhadores. Demonstramos que o desenvolvimento dos trabalhos na Construção Civil, subsetor edificações é garantido a partir de estratégias que misturam vínculos pessoais, paternalismo, pagamento por produção em um contexto de transformação vivenciado pelo setor. As relações paternalistas expressam-se tanto nas formas de recrutamento, via redes sociais informais, quanto no processo de aprendizagem e nas remunerações por produtividade. Constatamos também que o processo de racionalização de um dos canteiros, apesar de percebido como positivo pelos trabalhadores, apresenta dificuldades em sua aplicabilidade técnica, fazendo com que a gestão dos trabalhos apresente ainda características similares aos dos canteiros artesanais. Analisamos, por fim, as relações sociais envolvidas no processo de aprendizagem dos ofícios do setor. A partir das observações constatadas em campo, mostramos as dificuldades enfrentadas pelos trabalhadores na aprendizagem e no processo de reconhecimento dos saberes de ofício / Abstract: This thesis aims to analyse the nature of professional qualifications, networks and labour market in the Construction industry and, more specifically in its housing sub-sector. We start with the assumption that the sector has a certain specificity in relation to its work processes, work is marked by contingencies which induce a large degree of variety, flexibility and above all discontinuity in the productive process, one of the consequences of which is instability. These specificities articulate and feed on particularly complex and unstable flows of personnel which are characterised by a logic of extreme flexibility. We formulate the hypothesis that the execution of work in the sector depends greatly on the knowledge of the trade in question, and this produces a degree of autonomy for the workers. This means that the sector, in the search for efficient management and efficacious control of the work process, develops, in parallel with institutionalised market mechanisms, informal protections through the establishment of relations of loyalty and confidence with the workers. On the basis of ethnographic research in two Brazilian and one French construction site, conducted within a comparative perspective, we pay special attention to: the workers' sociability, the forms of contracts, informal social networks and the day-to-day lives of workers. The informal social networks structure themselves through strong links of solidarity in which family, neighbourhood, and (particularly in France) ethnic relations play important roles, to which we add originating from the same city or having the same religion. In other words, strong links serve to minimise the high levels of vulnerability faced by these workers. We demonstrate that the execution of work in the construction industry, and particularly in the housing sub-sector, is guaranteed by strategies which mix personal relations, paternalism, piece working systems in the context of transformation. Paternalist relations are found in the recruitment of workers via informal social networks, as well as in the training system and piecework payments. We discovered that the rationalisation process in one of the sites researched, in spite of being seen as positive by the workers, exhibited technical difficulties with regards implementation, meaning that the management of the labour force still showed characteristics of craftwork. Finally, we analysed the social relations involved in the training process whereby sector-specific skills were learnt. From observations in the field, we showed the difficulties faced by workers both with regards to both training and having their specific skills recognised / Doutorado / Sociologia do Trabalho / Doutor em Ciências Sociais

This diploma thesis researches model of economic man, its historical background, and also modern critics of this concept and alternative approach to economic man, especially in behavioral economics. Human (im)perfection leads to the discussion about a range of liberty man should get eventually to which extent should a man be led by paternalism. Therefore this thesis introduces and tests concept of libertarian paternalism which is applied to drug issues. The thesis demonstrates that model of economic man is in many ways too simplified and insufficient. Thus, extention of this model with findings of psychology, biology and other sciences seems beneficial. Libertarian paternalism, despite few shortcomings, shows potential to be realisable and viable in certain situations.

Introduction: The terms autonomy and paternalism can be conceptualized and analyzed from different perspectives. The most relevant for physicians in this study are the ethical and legal viewpoints. In order to conceptualize anything a definition to depart from is needed, in this case from Oxford’s dictionaries. The importance to reflect on ethical and legal matters as a physician is due to the power over the patient one has, and it must be respected and grounded in a motivated ethical principle, since all our actions arise from ethics, consciously and subconsciously. Aim: The aim is to analyze and discuss the relationship between paternalism and autonomy from a medical ethical perspective, in relevant Swedish laws and with regards to the ethical principles. Methods: This is a qualitative study on hermeneutic ground that used two different databases and libraries and sorted material according to relevance. Inevitably this leads to a bias due to the author’s previous knowledge and selected sources. Results, Discussion and Conclusion: Physicians tend to prioritize ethical arguments depending on the situation. Autonomy is one of the four ethical principles, and this is not always the most prioritized, but beneficence may be seen as a stronger argument for action. Also, there are more regulations to secure the patient’s autonomy than the physician’s paternalism, leading to only indirect regulations towards paternalism. The conceptualization of paternalism and autonomy can be seen in many different ways, and are not always opposites as it can initially seem, but in some scenarios aline.

abstract: Studies suggest that graduate students experience higher rates of anxiety and depression than their peers outside of academia. Studies also show exercise is correlated with lower levels of anxiety and depression among graduate students. However, despite this evidence, nearly half of graduate students do not exercise regularly. Accordingly, I suggest universities consider adding an exercise requirement to promote graduate student well-being. One potential objection to this recommendation is that an exercise requirement is objectionably paternalistic. I answer this objection with two possible replies. First, there are reasons why the exercise requirement might not be paternalistic, and there may be sufficient non-paternalistic reasons to justify the policy. Second, there are reasons why even if the policy is paternalistic, it is not objectionably paternalistic, and may still be justified. I will offer reasons to consider paternalism in a positive light and why the exercise requirement may be an example of a good paternalistic policy. Because the exercise requirement might be justified on paternalistic grounds, there are reasons to consider other paternalistic policies to promote graduate student well-being. / Dissertation/Thesis / Masters Thesis Philosophy 2020

While a large body of social psychological literature is devoted to studying helping behavior between social groups, the study of gratitude as the most common reaction to help is virtually absent from the intergroup literature. However, gratitude has been a constant theme in the history of intergroup relations, particularly in the history of the systematic oppression of socially disadvantaged groups by socially advantaged groups. The “grateful slave” trope that justified the oppression of Black people in North America or modern narratives of “ungrateful” immigrants in Europe exemplify advantaged groups’ attempts to evoke gratitude among disadvantaged groups to secure their conformity and loyalty, or to receive recognition for apparent benefits they provide - even for equal rights. Not only do these examples question the undisputed positivity of gratitude, but they also suggest that disadvantaged groups’ gratitude expressions might be involved in the regulation of power relations between social groups. The present research introduces the empirical study of gratitude to intergroup relations. The specific aim of this dissertation was to examine how disadvantaged groups’ gratitude expressions in response to advantaged group help might function to promote social inequality. At the same time, the present work addresses gaps within previous research that studies how advantaged group help itself affects status relations. Based on a synthesis of the literature on gratitude and intergroup relations, across three manuscripts, it was examined whether disadvantaged groups’ gratitude expressions, alongside advantaged group help, affect intergroup power relations through a) influencing psychological pathways to social change, b) regulating group-specific needs, and c) enacting and transmitting paternalistic ideology. In Manuscript #1, the novel idea of a potentially harmful side of gratitude expressions for low power groups was tested. Using correlational, experimental, between- and within-subjects designs, the results from five studies showed across different contexts that when low-power group members expressed gratitude for a high-power group member’s help, they were less willing and less likely to protest against the high power group members’ previous transgression. Forgiveness and system justification mediated this pacifying effect, providing insights into the underlying psychological process. In Manuscript #2, results from two correlational studies demonstrate that ideological beliefs can guide advantaged groups to provide help that differs in its potential to bring about social change. Paternalistic beliefs parsimoniously distinguished whether members of the receiving society provide dependency- or autonomy-oriented help to refugees. Both groups indicated that autonomy-oriented help has a higher potential for social change than dependency-oriented help. Reflecting group-specific needs and convictions that underlie paternalism, receiving society members’ concern for a positive moral image of the ingroup was positively related to their willingness to provide dependency-oriented help, and beliefs about refugees’ competence were positively related to their willingness to provide autonomy-oriented help. In Manuscript #3, it was investigated why advantaged group members react negatively to refugee protests and demand more gratitude from the refugees. The results of two experiments showed that refugees’ protest decreased perceptions among receiving society members that they are socially valued, but expressions of gratitude from refugees increased perceptions of being socially valued. Refugees were perceived as more agentic when they protested, however, not when they expressed gratitude. Perceptions of social worth determined receiving society members’ attitudes toward refugees on other dimensions. In a third experiment, the underpinnings of gratitude demands were examined. The results of a third experiment showed that receiving society members, who endorsed paternalistic beliefs, labeled protesting refugees as ungrateful and demanded gratitude from them. In sum, besides theoretically and empirically advancing several areas of intergroup relations (e.g., intergroup helping, intergroup contact, intergroup reconciliation, and paternalism), the present research suggests that gratitude expressions, which occur in intergroup contexts that are characterized by social injustice, can have negative consequences for disadvantaged groups. Implications for theory and social change are discussed, and promising avenues for future research are suggested.

Includes bibliographies. / The central hypotheses advanced in the dissertation are: 1. Wine farmers in the Western Cape have, since the 1970s; been increasingly changing the form of labour control on their farms from co-ercive to co-optive techniques. 2. The Rural Foundation has played a key role in promoting and facilitating these changes to co-optive methods of labour control. 3. The changes to co-optive forms of labour control have resulted in corresponding changes in the form of paternalism that has characterised the relations of production in the Western Cape for the past three centuries. 4. Whilst the change to co-optive managerial techniques has improved working and living conditions for farmworkers, it has not necessarily reduced the dependency of farmworkers on the farmers, nor empowered workers. 5. Farmworkers have themselves internalised the ideology of 'enlightened' paternalism, with this ideology being fundamental in structuring their work-place behaviour. Trade unionists need to recognise this, and strategise accordingly. The empirical data that is used both to verify the fore-mentioned theoretical statements, and to provide information used in the construction of these statements, was gathered by means of interviews. Interviews were conducted with nine farmers/farm managers and 25 farmworkers from wine farms in Koelenhof, two members of both the Rural Foundation and the Food and Allied Workers Union and an organiser for the National Council of Trade Union's National Union of Wine, Spirit and Allied Workers. This empirical information is integrated into a conceptual method that draws from both the structuralist and social historian perspectives in agrarian social theory. In this sense, the discussion in both abstract and theoretical, and descriptive. Furthermore, the discussion is, at times, prescriptive, arguing that trade unions should adopt particular tactics in their attempts to defend and advance the interests of farmworkers in South Africa.

The purpose of the thesis is to challenge the traditional division between securitization and humanitarian practices in relation to migration, more specifically smuggling of migrants. Based on Nina Perkowski’s study of the relationship between humanitarianism, human rights and security and her theoretical division between paternalistic and emancipatory humanitarianism, these two interpretations have been further developed in this study, substantiated by Agamben, Foucault and Butler (among others), and produced as two idealtypes. These idealtypes give a more nuanced picture of the relation between paternalistic and emancipatory humanitarianism, and how the paternalistic one interacts with securitization to protect Europe as a sovereign entity. Two research-questions are analyzed through idea-analysis as the textual analytic method to make visible the different ideas in the material.  The thesis finds that EU in its problematization of migrant smuggling have a paternalistic approach and how this approach enables for securitization of migrant smuggling and irregular migration to protect human life. But is human life the only thing EU intends to protect? The results for instance show how externalization of borders, cooperation with countries of origin and information campaigns for migrants, all serve security purposes with the European union as the referent-object.

No description available.

Donor states use aid and grants to promote foreign interests, either directly or through international institutions. This thesis argues that the concept of localization is an emerging form of paternalism that donor states use to advance their domestic interests internationally. This study examines the effect of paternalism on aid localization in conflict zones. It emphasizes the differences between the global north and the global south. A qualitative case study design was applied. Two cases of paternalistic-based localization strategies were subjectively selected for this study considering their geographical locations: the global North and the global South. The cases include Bosnia and Herzegovina from the global north and the Democratic Republic of the Congo from the global south. This thesis used a qualitative methodology base on three main methods: case study method, narrative method and comparative method. Additionally, The data collected was mainly from secondary sources like peer-reviewed articles from journals, as well as resolutions, reports, and other Uppsala University library sources. The literature collected was extensively reviewed for analysis and discussion. Case study, comparative, and narrative methods were used to analyse the data on the selected cases of paternalism-based localization strategies. The thesis found that donor states' paternalism-based localization strategies in the global south reduce affected populations' agency and impede effective humanitarian interventions. The thesis then concluded that paternalism-based localization strategies are still common among donor states in humanitarian and other intervention aid, which has negative effects on interventions. Secondly, geographical, geopolitical, and geoeconomic factors influence paternalism-based localization strategies, affecting interventions negatively. Finally, paternalism-based differentiated localization approaches by donors based on geography have negative effects on the population and also prolonging the conflicts.

Uppsatsen undersöker de paternalistiska drag som präglade det samhälle som byggdes i Kallhäll i Järfälla av Bolinders mekaniska verkstad 1906–1931. Invånarna talar fortfarande om Kallhäll som en tidigare bruksort. Detta trots att fabriken grundades 100-150 år efter höjdpunkten för det svenska brukssystemet, med paternalismen som en viktig komponent. I början av 1900-talet hade förutsättningarna för företagen förändrats helt. Nya tekniska metoder för järnframställning användes, liksom importerade råvaror, järnvägen gav nya möjligheter till transporter och samhället i stort  hade liberaliserats. I den omgivningen grundade företagets huvudägare och verkställande direktör Erik August Bolinder en ny fabriksenhet med ett omgivande bostadsområde på egendomen Kallhäll. Det hade tydliga drag av ett paternalistiskt brukssamhälle. Källmaterialet, främst Bolinders styrelse- och stämmoprotokoll, visar hur demokratiseringen av samhället, de alltmer utvecklade spelreglerna på arbetsmarknaden och ett mer uttalat lönsamhetstänkande bjuder motstånd mot den paternalistiska ideologin. Men samtidigt lever flera av institutionerna i Erik August Bolinders samhällsbygge kvar till långt efter hans död.