Transcription termination of RNA polymerase II (Pol II) in mammals requires a functional poly(A) signal and either downstream pause sites or co-transcriptional cleavage (CoTC) sequences together with 3’transcript degradation by the nuclear 5’-3’ exonuclease Xrn2. However the molecular mechanism of pause-dependent transcriptional termination is not yet fully understood. This thesis investigates the molecular role of R-loop structures in pause-dependent transcriptional termination of mammalian genes. The results described in Chapters 3 and 4 indicate that nascent transcripts form RNA/DNA hybrid structures (R-loops) behind elongating Pol II and are especially prevalent over G-rich pause sites positioned downstream of gene poly(A) signals. Senataxin, a helicase protein and the human homologue of the yeast Sen1, acts to resolve these R-loop structures and by so doing allows access of Xrn2 at 3’ cleavage poly(A) sites. This ultimately leads to efficient Pol II termination. In effect R-loops formed over G-rich pause sites, followed by their resolution by senataxin, are required for efficient pause-dependent transcriptional termination. In addition to this, the 3’ end processing factor, Pcf11 is also involved in this process. Experiments presented in the final part of this study reveal a link between R-loops and RNAi-dependent H3K9me2 formation over G-rich termination regions. Overall my results suggest that R-loop structures and the H3K9me2 repressive mark over pause regions are important features of Pol II pause-dependent transcriptional termination of mammalian genes.

The purpose of the present thesis is to shed light on the role of pauses in simultaneous interpreting between French and Czech, mainly from the point of view of the listeners of the source speeches in French as well as both students of interpretation and professional interpreters and from the viewpoint of the listeners of the speeches interpreted into Czech. It is divided into a theoretical and an empirical part. The theoretical part briefly outlines the process of simultaneous interpreting and Daniel Gile's Effort Model and then it focuses on prosody and individual prosodic (suprasegmental) features, especially pauses and their use in simultaneous interpreting. The empirical part describes the experiment and presents its results. The experiment itself examines the effect that unnaturally long or unnaturally placed pauses in the speaker's quasi-authentic source speeches have on the choice of strategy and the simultaneous interpreters' performances (students and professionnals) and on the subsequent assessment of their performances made by the listeners of the interpreted speeches. Keywords simultaneous interpreting, pause, listener, speech, speaker, interpreter, comprehensibility

Post-reinforcement pause was examined to determine the reinforcing value of a win, loss, and a loss disguised as a win (LDW) for gamblers at multi-line video slot machines. The study was conducted in naturalistic settings across a variety of participants, age 21 years and older. The length of the post-reinforcement pause was recorded using a stopwatch for one win, one loss, and one LDW for each participant and was measured by recording the time between the outcome delivery and the initiation of the next spin. The different times were evaluated to determine which of the three resulted in the longest post-reinforcement pause for the gamblers following the slot machine outcome. The present study replicates and extends previous research on post-reinforcement pause in slot machine gambling, and provides discussion around the clinical utility of such findings on the prevention of problem gambling. Problem gambling is an epidemic, and there are numerous variables that contribute to its development. Post-reinforcement pause is one for those factors, and the present study can help us gain a better understanding of the events that maintain problem gambling and ways to prevent it. The results of the present study found that wins are the most reinforcing to gamblers compared to LDWs and losses, and that LDWs are significantly more reinforcing to gamblers than losses, as indicated by the patterns of the post-reinforcement pause.

Pausar, em \"Pausa para Pintura\", se refere tanto aos momentos de suspensão que minhas pinturas sugerem, quanto à ação de pausar uma cena de vídeo para posteriormente servir de \"modelo\" para a pintura. Ao longo dos últimos quatro anos, pequenos ensaios que tratam do meu processo de trabalho e uma série de pinturas com o tema da cidade e seus habitantes foram realizados. Os conceitos de absorção, fluidez, deformação, transformação, transitoriedade, aproximação, distanciamento, movimento e imobilidade, permeiam o texto e a pintura. A concretização desses pensamentos se dá através de uma exposição dos trabalhos desenvolvidos no período. / The word pause in \"Pause for Painting\" refers to the moments of suspension that my paintings suggest as well as to the action of pausing a video scene that later on will serve as \"model\" for the painting. Over the last four years, I realized short essays dealing with my working process and a series of paintings on the theme of the city and its dwellers. Concepts, such as absorption, fluidity, deformation, transformation, transit, approaching, distancing, motion and stillness pass through the text and the painting. The embodiment of these thoughts occurs by means of an exhibition of the works done in the period.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:22:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2003-03-18Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:26:57Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 oliveira_ec_me_sjrp.pdf: 1211865 bytes, checksum: bbf6be8b1f37bd17293ff7675c765914 (MD5) / Este estudo teve como objetivos: (1) analisar se o modo como as pausas de início de turno são utilizadas na conversa espontânea de parkinsonianos se modifica após um intervalo significativo de tempo; em caso afirmativo (2) identificar quais aspectos da linguagem poderiam estar envolvidos nessas modificações; (3) identificar se essa modificação no uso das pausas iniciais estaria ligada a uma possível progressão da doença; (4) finalmente, propor uma mudança na metodologia utilizada pela maioria dos estudos sobre a doença de Parkinson, buscando, por meio de registros de conversa espontânea, um enfoque interacionista e discursivo para os problemas verbais destes sujeitos. Foram realizadas duas gravações de conversa espontânea de dois sujeitos parkinsonianos, com intervalo de um ano e oito meses entre elas e duração máxima de 39 minutos cada uma. Após as gravações, os dados foram transcritos e, posteriormente, digitalizados no programa computacional Multi Speech. Selecionamos e recortamos somente as pausas em início de turno e comparamos sua ocorrência na primeira e na segunda gravação. Nesta comparação, observamos: (1) freqüência de pausas e turnos conversacionais; (2) presença de pausa em turnos desenvolvidos e não desenvolvidos; (3) tipo de pausa em termos de duração que antecederam turnos desenvolvidos e não desenvolvidos; e (4) características de preenchimento acústico de pausas que antecederam turnos desenvolvidos e não desenvolvidos. Feita essa comparação, verificamos que o intervalo de tempo de um ano e oito meses foi significativo para que pudéssemos observar mudanças na ocorrência das pausas, e em suas características de duração e preenchimento. Quanto à ocorrência, observamos uma tendência à diminuição; no que se refere à duração, vimos que os sujeitos passaram a utilizar menos pausas breves e mais pausas médias e longas em sua atividade... / This study had as objectives: (1) to analyze the way how the pauses of beginning of shifts are used in spontaneous talking of parkinsonians if modify after a significant interval of time; in case of affirmative (2) to identify what aspects of language could be involved in these modifications; (3) to identify if this modification in the use of the initial pauses would be linked to a possible progression of disease; (4) finally, to propose a change in the methodology used by the most of study about a Parkinson's disease, searching, by the mean of registers of spontaneous, talking, a focus interactionist and discursive for the verbal problems of these subjects. Two recordings of spontaneous talking of two subject parkinsonians were accomplished, with interval of one year and eight months between them and maximum duration of thirty-nine minutes each one. After the recordings, the datas were transcribed and, later on, digitalized in the Multi Speech computering program. We have selected and recorded only the pauses in the beginning of shift and compared its occurrence in the first and second recording. In this comparison, we observed: (1) frequency of pauses and conversational shifts; (2) presence of pause in developed shifts and not developed shifts; (3) the kind pause in terms of duration that preceded developed shifts and not developed shifts; and (4) characteristics of acoustic fulfillment of pauses that preceded developed shifts and not developed. After making this comparison, we verified that the interval of time of one year and eight months it was significant so that we could observe changes in the occurrence of pauses, and in its characteristics of duration and fulfillment. With relationship to the occurrence, we observed a tendency to the decrease; and concerning duration, we saw that the subjects started to use less brief pauses and more pauses averages and long in its verbal activity...(Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Orientador: Lourenço Chacon Jurado Filho / Banca: Erotilde Goreti Pezatti / Banca: Maria Irma Hadler Coudry / Este estudo teve como objetivos: (1) analisar se o modo como as pausas de início de turno são utilizadas na conversa espontânea de parkinsonianos se modifica após um intervalo significativo de tempo; em caso afirmativo (2) identificar quais aspectos da linguagem poderiam estar envolvidos nessas modificações; (3) identificar se essa modificação no uso das pausas iniciais estaria ligada a uma possível progressão da doença; (4) finalmente, propor uma mudança na metodologia utilizada pela maioria dos estudos sobre a doença de Parkinson, buscando, por meio de registros de conversa espontânea, um enfoque interacionista e discursivo para os problemas verbais destes sujeitos. Foram realizadas duas gravações de conversa espontânea de dois sujeitos parkinsonianos, com intervalo de um ano e oito meses entre elas e duração máxima de 39 minutos cada uma. Após as gravações, os dados foram transcritos e, posteriormente, digitalizados no programa computacional Multi Speech. Selecionamos e recortamos somente as pausas em início de turno e comparamos sua ocorrência na primeira e na segunda gravação. Nesta comparação, observamos: (1) freqüência de pausas e turnos conversacionais; (2) presença de pausa em turnos desenvolvidos e não desenvolvidos; (3) tipo de pausa em termos de duração que antecederam turnos desenvolvidos e não desenvolvidos; e (4) características de preenchimento acústico de pausas que antecederam turnos desenvolvidos e não desenvolvidos. Feita essa comparação, verificamos que o intervalo de tempo de um ano e oito meses foi significativo para que pudéssemos observar mudanças na ocorrência das pausas, e em suas características de duração e preenchimento. Quanto à ocorrência, observamos uma tendência à diminuição; no que se refere à duração, vimos que os sujeitos passaram a utilizar menos pausas breves e mais pausas médias e longas em sua atividade...(Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: This study had as objectives: (1) to analyze the way how the pauses of beginning of shifts are used in spontaneous talking of parkinsonians if modify after a significant interval of time; in case of affirmative (2) to identify what aspects of language could be involved in these modifications; (3) to identify if this modification in the use of the initial pauses would be linked to a possible progression of disease; (4) finally, to propose a change in the methodology used by the most of study about a Parkinson's disease, searching, by the mean of registers of spontaneous, talking, a focus interactionist and discursive for the verbal problems of these subjects. Two recordings of spontaneous talking of two subject parkinsonians were accomplished, with interval of one year and eight months between them and maximum duration of thirty-nine minutes each one. After the recordings, the datas were transcribed and, later on, digitalized in the Multi Speech computering program. We have selected and recorded only the pauses in the beginning of shift and compared its occurrence in the first and second recording. In this comparison, we observed: (1) frequency of pauses and conversational shifts; (2) presence of pause in developed shifts and not developed shifts; (3) the kind pause in terms of duration that preceded developed shifts and not developed shifts; and (4) characteristics of acoustic fulfillment of pauses that preceded developed shifts and not developed. After making this comparison, we verified that the interval of time of one year and eight months it was significant so that we could observe changes in the occurrence of pauses, and in its characteristics of duration and fulfillment. With relationship to the occurrence, we observed a tendency to the decrease; and concerning duration, we saw that the subjects started to use less brief pauses and more pauses averages and long in its verbal activity...(Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

Pausar, em \"Pausa para Pintura\", se refere tanto aos momentos de suspensão que minhas pinturas sugerem, quanto à ação de pausar uma cena de vídeo para posteriormente servir de \"modelo\" para a pintura. Ao longo dos últimos quatro anos, pequenos ensaios que tratam do meu processo de trabalho e uma série de pinturas com o tema da cidade e seus habitantes foram realizados. Os conceitos de absorção, fluidez, deformação, transformação, transitoriedade, aproximação, distanciamento, movimento e imobilidade, permeiam o texto e a pintura. A concretização desses pensamentos se dá através de uma exposição dos trabalhos desenvolvidos no período. / The word pause in \"Pause for Painting\" refers to the moments of suspension that my paintings suggest as well as to the action of pausing a video scene that later on will serve as \"model\" for the painting. Over the last four years, I realized short essays dealing with my working process and a series of paintings on the theme of the city and its dwellers. Concepts, such as absorption, fluidity, deformation, transformation, transit, approaching, distancing, motion and stillness pass through the text and the painting. The embodiment of these thoughts occurs by means of an exhibition of the works done in the period.

The introduction of novel training stimuli plays a crucial role in inducing specific training adaptations. One method that can be employed to introduce a novel stimulus to the training program while maximizing the velocity and power output of the training exercise is the inclusion of the cluster set configuration. The current review presents the theoretical and research foundation for the use of the cluster set in periodized training programs and offers examples of practical applications that can be used in the preparation of athletes in a variety of sports.

The present study was conducted to determine whether conjugate magnitude and temporal contingencies were effective in increasing the pre-ratio pause (PRP) duration and to determine the controlling variables that govern such contingencies. It has been reported in the literature that magnitude of reinforcement, if presented contingently, is effective in controlling performance and that inserting intervals of blackout (BO), during which responding does not lead to reinforcement, virtually always leads to control of responding, even though it has not been presented contingently. The conjugate schedules experimentally arranged reinforcement such that the longer the PRP, the longer was the duration of access to reinforcement and/or the shorter was the BO, located either after reinforcement or after the response. The results of this study demonstrated that the major independent variable which controlled mean PRP duration on the various conjugate reinforcement schedules studied was the delay between the response and reinforcement. The duration of the PRP was not reliably controlled by a contingency which equated PRP duration with reinforcement duration, nor by a contingency which, through imposition of a delay to trial onset, held the local delay to reinforcement constant. Additionally, cycle-to-cycle variation in reinforcement magnitude, whether presented contingently or noncontingently on PRP duration, had no reliable effect on PRP duration when compared to FR 1. The primary effect of variation in the duration of reinforcement was to reduce the variability, not the duration, of the PRP. The results of the study are briefly discussed in terms of a number of theories. These include: the maximization account (Logan, 1960); the matching law (Herrnstein, 1970); Harzem and Harzem's (1981) theory describing the unconditioned inhibitory stimulus function of reinforcement; behavioral contrast (Reynolds, 1961); and Dews' (1981) account of the importance of a response-reinforcer contiguity relation.

California Quail were exposed to fixed-interval schedules whose values ranged from FI 90 to FI 180. Post-reinforcement pause lengths and terminal rates were recorded and grouped into relative frequency distributions. The relative post-reinforcement pause length was found to be an increasing function of FI value such that at larger FI values a proportionally greater period of time was taken up by the post-reinforcement pause. Terminal rate (rate during the final 20% of the interval) was a decreasing function of FI value. The large amounts of variability in terminal rates observed indicated that terminal rate in fixed-interval schedules is not constant from interval to interval as is often reported in the literature. For a given subject, when overall rate of response for a session was plotted as a function of mean pause length for that session, no consistent relationship was found. Among the subjects there were two to three-fold differences in overall rate on FI 90, the only value to which all subjects were exposed. Differences among subjects in mean overall rates were correlated with differences in mean pause lengths, however. Thus, a subject's performance on a fixed-interval schedule could be characterized in terms of pause length and overall rate although rate in any given session was not necessarily correlated with mean pause length for that session, Differences between subjects in mean overall rates were also correlated with differences in mean terminal rates.