The basic problem of speech is a complete separation of the natural noise which arise from correct articulation of voiced and unvoiced consonants from noise and disturbance environment. Objective of this master’s thesis is to find an effective method that could identify the pauses without speech activity, which can identify the properties of noise and disturbance. Once the noise is correctly identified, it is already possible to use different methods for its removal. The master’s thesis describes two methods of pauses identification. These methods are programmed in Matlab and tested on nine speech recordings. Methods analysis of the results was performed using the ROC (Receiver Operating Characteristic) curves. In the end are summarized results analysis of created methods.

No description available.

L’obligation de disponibilité du travailleur met en lumière un temps durant lequel le travailleur demeure à la disposition de son employeur malgré le fait qu’il n’accomplit pas concrètement sa prestation de travail, le temps de disponibilité. Conséquence de plusieurs phénomènes, notamment la mondialisation des marchés, la financiarisation de l’économie et l’essor des nouvelles technologies de l’information et de la communication, l’obligation de disponibilité est mal définie par les règles juridiques actuelles au Québec. Considérant cet état du droit, notre mémoire cherche à évaluer dans quelle mesure la Loi sur les accidents du travail et les maladies professionnelles capte l’obligation de disponibilité du travailleur. Pour ce faire, nous avons effectué une analyse quantitative et qualitative de la jurisprudence rendue par la Commission d’appel en matière de lésions professionnelles et la Commission des lésions professionnelles entre 1995 et 2014. Notre mémoire comporte trois volets. Sous un angle plus sociologique, nous voulions examiner si notre population de décisions nous permettait, d’une part, de constituer différentes manifestations-types de l’obligation de disponibilité et d’autre part, de discerner une progression dans le temps du nombre de décisions portant sur une obligation de disponibilité. Enfin, nous désirions examiner dans quelle mesure un travailleur victime d’une lésion durant une période de disponibilité peut se prévaloir des droits accordés par la L.a.t.m.p.. À l’aune de notre mémoire, plusieurs manifestations-types de l’obligation de disponibilité peuvent être en constituées en fonction du moment durant lequel elle se manifeste. L’obligation de disponibilité peut également être rattachée au statut de travailleur autonome. En outre, il semble que la reconnaissance de la lésion professionnelle du travailleur varie en fonction de ces manifestations-types. Cependant, nos résultats ne révèlent pas une progression dans le temps du nombre de décisions portant sur une obligation de disponibilité. / The concept of worker availability requirements refers to instances in which workers are required to be available to their employers outside of standard work hours (off-duty). Due to several factors, especially the internationalization of markets, financialisation of the economy, and the development of information and communication technology, this normative requirement is inadequately regulated by current legislation in Quebec. Therefore, our research evaluates the extent that the Loi sur les accidents du travail et les maladies professionnelles addresses availability requirements imposed on workers in the province. To this end, we carried out qualitative and quantitative analyses of decisions made by the Commission d’appel en matière de lésions professionnelles and Commission des lésions professionnelles between 1995 and 2014. From a sociological perspective, we attempted to produce different categories of off-duty availability requirements, and to discern whether an augmentation in the number of decisions concerning availability requirements has taken place over time. Finally, we examined the extent that workers benefit from the rights provided by the L.a.t.m.p. when injuries occur during off-duty hours in which workers are required to be available. Our results demonstrate that many categories of availability requirements can be developed related to the period of time during when such obligation occurs. Furthermore, these requirements are also linked to individuals’ status as self-employed workers. Finally, it seems that the recognition of workers’ employment injuries vary along these categories. However, our results also suggest that there exists no positive trend in the number of decisions concerning worker availability requirements over time.

Studien undersöker tre strategiskt valda Facebook-kampanjer där projektledarna blivit intervjuade om deras uppfattningar av kampanjerna. Fyra grupper undersöktes sedan med fyra deltagare i varje för att se hur denna publik uppfattade kampanjerna. Därefter jämfördes skillnader och likheter i uppfattningarna mellan projektledarna och den utvalda publiken. I studien undersöks även vad båda parter anser karaktärisera en lyckad Facebook-kampanj. Teorierna som används är technology-image expectancy gap teorin som uppmärksammar hur publikens förväntningar kan mötas upp av organisationen och virtuellt kampanjskapande samt marknadsföring i sociala medier. Kvalitativa analyser av projektledarna och den valda publiken har genomförts för att undersöka skillnader och likheter i deras uppfattningar av de utvalda kampanjerna och vad de anser karaktäriserar en lyckad Facebook-kampanj. I analysen av resultatet kunde vi utifrån teorierna hitta skillnader och likheter i projektledarnas och publikens uppfattning av de kampanjer vi undersökte. När det kom till uppfattningarna kring vad som karaktäriserar en lyckad kampanj på Facebook var deras åsikter till största del lika med undantaget att projektledarna även poängterade omvärldsbevakning som en viktig del i kampanjskapandet på Facebook. Vi såg i resultatet att det fanns ett gap mellan projektledare och publiken i den mån att det inte handlar om att skapa den häftigaste kampanjen bara på Facebook då publiken genom andra medier påverkas att interagera med organisationen och därmed ser nyttan med att delta i kampanjen. Intressant och anpassat innehåll för publiken är faktorer som ger spridning på Facebook men främst genom andrahandskällor som exempelvis nyhetsinslag eller videoklipp från externa webbplatser, vilket tyder på att andra medier bör bearbetas under kampanjen. Främst ska kampanjen vara till nytta för publiken i form av underhållning eller en tjänst. Kampanjen bör även väcka en viss nyfikenhet hos publiken genom igenkännande av en produkt eller en känd person. Dagens kampanjer kräver ett gediget förarbete med omvärldsbevakning av publikens intressen vilket kan generera ett intressant innehåll och kunskap för dem som jobbar med kampanjen. Detta följs av omfattande realtidskommunikation med publiken.

My work uses process as a course of action that marks the death of moments through a continuous stream of consciousness. I metaphorically link disparate pieces of information to the human condition in order to present multiple readings through juxtaposition. I assemble both abstract and figurative subject matter in a collage-like manner through methods of cropping and fragmentation to symbolize the disjuncture I feel is indicative of how we experience the world through short-lived thoughts, feelings, and actions.

My work uses process as a course of action that marks the death of moments through a continuous stream of consciousness. I metaphorically link disparate pieces of information to the human condition in order to present multiple readings through juxtaposition. I assemble both abstract and figurative subject matter in a collage-like manner through methods of cropping and fragmentation to symbolize the disjuncture I feel is indicative of how we experience the world through short-lived thoughts, feelings, and actions.

在過去幾十年，口譯研究已有長足的進展，也出現了許多關於口譯產出裡停頓與暫停方面的研究。但是在口譯產出的改口與重說部份的研究則沒有什麼著墨。 本研究之目的為分析四組口譯員產出內的改口 (此論文對改口的定義主要是指譯者對於自己譯語的訂正) 與重說現象。研究裡的四組口譯員分別為就讀法輔仁大學跨文化研究所中英口筆譯碩士班的一年級與二年級學生(各四位)、四位擁有一至三年經驗的新手職業譯者以及四位有八年以上經驗的老手職業譯者。 本研究所使用的語料為參與本研究的譯者所產出的64段同步口譯片段 (中進英以及英進中各有32段)。每位譯者的產出均依照原文切割成同等數目的段落。研究分析的段落為有三至四位一年級同學發生改口或重說現象的段落。本研究的主要目的為找出這些出現改口與重說現象的段落裡是否有共同的現象或問題，並把學生的段落與新/老手譯者的段落互相作比較，最後提出一些口譯教學與訓練方面的建議，希望能夠讓學生能以較快與較順利的方式讓自己的產出往老手口譯員的方向邁進。 本研究的主要發現如下: 1. 學生口譯員出現改口與重說現象的段落裡出現的常見現象包括文法錯誤 (時態、單複數等)、在段落裡一些地方出現問題 (這些地方包括特定動詞、語意模糊的句子等)。在某些段落也有觀察到譯者出現認知負荷過重的現象，主要的原因是原文的速度以及訊息密度。 學生口譯員以及新手職業譯者之間的改口與重說出現次數有一點差異，而新手職業口譯員以及老手職業口譯員之間則出現顯著的差異。 2. 從四組譯者遲疑與暫停的發生次數規律來看，可以觀察到職業譯者能以一致的認知模式處理特定語篇，而學生譯員在特定語篇的處理上，並無特定的產出模式。 3.重說與改口是理解口譯信息產出困難的重要指標。其中透露出口譯的詞語產出與非詞語產出等具體困難，同時也提供了有關構詞、句組、時態等語言型態的信息，可供譯員及口譯教學參考。 4.就重說與改口的表現而言，從學生到職業譯者的過程中可看出階梯式的進步。 / In the past few decades, there have been many studies on interpretation and also quite a number of studies that focuses on studying the pauses and hesitations (also known as filled pauses) in the output of interpreters. However, there have been few studies on the repetitions and corrections in interpretation output. This study aims to analyze the repetitions and corrections in the output of four groups of interpreters. These four groups are each composed of four first-year and four second-year students studying in the Master’s Program for Translation and Interpretation at the Graduate Institute of Cross-Cultural Studies at Fu-Jen University as well as four interpreters with 1-3 years of experience (the new interpreters) and four with over 8 years of experience (the experienced interpreters). The corpus used in this study is composed of 64 pieces of simultaneous interpretation output (32 Chinese to English and 32 English to Chinese) that was done by the sixteen participating interpreters. The output for each interpreter was divided into equal amount of segments according to the source text, and segments that saw three or all four of the first-year students commit either a repetition or correction were chosen for analysis. The goal of the analysis was to find issues or patterns in the output that coincided with the repetitions/corrections, compare the students’ output with those of the new/experienced interpreters and provide suggestions on how the teaching and training of interpreters might be adjusted to make the development of student interpreters and faster and smoother process. The major findings were as follows: 1. Some common themes tied to repetitions and corrections include grammatical mistakes (ex. errors in tense or plurals) trouble at certain points within the segments, for example areas with unclear meanings or certain verbs. There were cognitive overload in certain segments, which mostly had to do with the speed and the density of information in the segments. There were small differences in the amount of repetitions and corrections between the student groups and the new interpreters, and a significant different in the number of repetitions and corrections between the new and experienced interpreters. 2. Looking at the patterns for the pauses and hesitations committed by the four groups of interpreters, we can observe that the professional interpreter groups share a common cognitive methodology in dealing with different source texts, while the student interpreters showed no discernable output strategy for the source texts. 3. Repetitions and corrections are important indicators in understand the difficulties in interpretation output. Analysis of the repetitions and corrections showed the verbal and non-verbal output difficulties encountered by the interpreters and also provided information on the morphology, sentence structure, tense and other linguistic aspects of interpretations output that can serve as a reference for interpreters and interpretation educators. 4. There was a step-by-step improvement going from the student to professional interpreter groups in terms of the number of repetitions and corrections committed. / able of Contents Acknowledgements.......................................I Table of Contents............................ .........II-III Abstract (English)………….....……………………………………......……..…...IV-V Abstract (Chinese).....................................VI Chapter 1: Introduction…………………………………………..…....……..1 1.1:Preface………………………......……...…………………………..………….1 1.2: Research Motive………………………………………….........…..1 1.3: Research Background and Goals……………………..……….3 1.4: Thesis Layout…………………………………….…………………..……...…5 Chapter 2: Literature Review……………………………………………………...............................................................................7 2.1 The Process of Simultaneous Interpretation………….....………………..............................................................…...7 2.2: Factors that Affect the Output in Simultaneous Interpretation……......................................................…....9 2.2.1: Factors that Influence Simultaneous Interpretation and Which Occur Within the Source Text………………………………………………………….…...9 2.2.2: External Factors that Influence the Interpretation…………........................................................….….…12 2.3: Issues and Skills Within Simultaneous Interpretation.......…….......................................................………..13 2.3.1: Issues in Simultaneous Interpretation..................................................................................14 2.3.2: Skills Utilized by Interpreters in Simultaneous Interpretation.........................................................15 2.4: Differences between Students, New and Experienced Interpreters...........................................................18 2.5: Studies on Pauses and Hesitations in Interpretation Output...............................................................29 2.6: Interpreter Training and Development.....................................................................................35 Chapter 3: Research Methodology...............................................................................................40 3.1: The Participants of this Study and Those of Past Studies.................................................................41 3.2: Software Used in Corpus Analysis.........................................................................................42 3.3: The Corpus and Samples of Corpus Analysis................................................................................46 Chapter 4: Analysis of Selected Corpus Segments: First and Second Year Students......................................................................................................................54 4.1: Chinese to English Analysis..............................................................................................54 4.2: English to Chinese Analysis..............................................................................................73 Chapter 5: Comparing the Student’s Output with those of New and Experienced Interpreters..................................................................................................................86 5.1: Chinese to English segments comparison...................................................................................86 5.2: English to Chinese segments comparison................................................................................103 Chapter 6: Analysis Results and Conclusions..................................................................................121 6.1: Summary of Analysis and Conclusion......................................................................................121 6.2: Limitations of Study and Possible Directions for Future Research........................................................125 References...................................................................................................................127 List of Figures Figure 1: Pause duration used by the studies on pauses cited in this study...................................................30 Figure 2: Screen view of an interpreter’s output audio file in Audacity......................................................42 Figure 3: Audacity screenshot No.2...........................................................................................43 Figure 4: Audacity screenshot No.3...........................................................................................43 Figure 5: Audacity screenshot No.4...........................................................................................44 Figure 6: Audacity screenshot No.5...........................................................................................44 Figure 7: Audacity screenshot No.6...........................................................................................45 Figure 8: Issues and number of correct interpretations by the two student interpreter groups in segments 1-10...........................................................................................................................72 Figure 9: Issues and number of correct interpretations by the two student interpreter groups in segments 11-14.......................................................................81 Figure 10: Pauses/hesitations/repetitions/corrections committed by the student interpreters.................................................................................................................84 Figure 11: Issues and number of correct interpretations by the two professional interpreter groups in segments 1-10..........................................................................................................................103 Figure 12: Issues and number of correct interpretations by the two professional interpreter groups in segments 11-14..........................................................................................................................110 Figure 13: Grammatical errors committed by the interpreters.................................................................112 Figure 14: Number of pauses and hesitations committed by the interpreters in this study.......................................................................................................................114 Figure 15: Pauses and hesitations committed by the interpreters in this study. Parts where the number of pauses is higher are marked with a dark pink background, while the parts with a higher hesitation number have a gray background..................................................................115-116 Figure 16: Number of repetitions and corrections committed by the interpreters in this study...................................................................................................................116-117

La recherche se développe dans une agence d’accueil au public. Les accueils sontréalisés en face à face et demandent de la part du travailleur des échanges discursifs quitraitent de la non-réalisation des services sollicités ou du non-respect des délais. La tension estexplicite. Faire face à ces situations de réclamation du public contre l’entreprise, légitimes ounon, fait que les réceptionnistes maintiennent un effort mental intense et prolongé.L’objectif général de la thèse est d’avancer un peu plus dans la singularité des sujets ensituation de travail et de contribuer à ce que les travailleurs puissent se développer ettransformer l’activité dans le but de diminuer les conflits dans l’accueil et, par conséquent,l’affection mentale.Nous cherchons donc une théorie et une pratique qui puissent mieux contribuer à révélerle sens des situations à partir de l’appréhension des expériences subjectives desréceptionnistes. Avec le concept d’ « activité empêchée », dans laquelle les conflitsintrasubjectifs se font présents, nous cherchons comme fil conducteur la clinique de l’activité.Dans ce processus, nous utilisons la méthode de l’auto-confrontation croisée, c'est-à-dire quepar le biais des discussions, des contradictions, dans des situations vécues dans le collectif, lestravailleurs pourraient parvenir à la reconstruction des sens de la propre activité.C’est à partir du terrain de travail, du matériel empirique recueilli dans les autoconfrontationssimples et croisées, qu’a surgi un « instrument » qui a joué le rôle de fil àdérouler : la pause au cours de la journée de travail. Et à partir de la pause, nous cherchons àparvenir aux conflits de l’activité et au possible développement des travailleurs dans l’activité.D’une manière générale, on peut dire que notre objectif est devenu une double questionde la fonction de la pause, d’un côté en tant qu’instrument de développement de l’activité, del’autre en tant qu’objet de reprise du travail à partir du collectif, pour la rénovation du genre.Dans ce problème apparemment simple se concentrent de fortes tensions de l’activité en faceà face, aussi bien individuelle (intrasubjective) que collective (intersubjective) de travail, quipeuvent révéler tout le potentiel de développement des travailleurs dans cette même activité. / The research was developed at a client service agency. The services are carried outface to face and demand from the employee discursive exchanges dealing with the failure tocarry out the requested services or non compliance with deadlines. Tension is explicit.Dealing with situations of complaints from the public against the company, whether thesecomplaints are legitimate or not, makes the attendants exercise continuous and long mentalefforts.The general goal of this research is to advance further in the understanding of thesingularity of the subjects in a work situation and contribute for the workers to be able todevelop and transform the activity, aiming at reducing conflicts during service and, as aconsequence, reducing mental sickness.A theory and practice which may contribute to reveal the meaning of the situationsfrom the apprehension of the subjective experiences of the clerks is then sought. With theconcept of “prevented activity", in which intrasubjective conflicts are present, we search theclinic of the activity as a conducting line. In this process we utilize the method of cross selfconfrontation, that is, by means of the discussions and contradictions in situations experiencedcollectively, the workers might be able to reconstruct the meanings of the activity itself.It was from this work field, from the empirical material collected in the simple andcross self confrontations, that an “instrument” arose to serve as a yarn to be unfolded: Thebreak during the work. And from the break we attempt to get to the conflicts of the activityand to the possible development of the workers in the activity.In a general way, we can say that our objective became the double question of thefunction of the break, on the one hand an instrument of activity development, and on the otheran object of work restart from the collective for gender renewal. In this apparently simpleproblem, strong tensions from the face-to-face activity are concentrated, both individual(intrasubjective) and collective (intersubjective), which may reveal the whole potential ofdevelopment of the workers in this same activity. / A pesquisa se desenvolve em uma agência de atendimento a clientes. Os atendimentos são realizados face a face e demandam do trabalhador trocas discursivas que tratam da não realização dos serviços solicitados ou do não cumprimento dos prazos. A tensão é explícita. Lidar com situações de reclamação do público contra a empresa, legítimas ou não, faz com que os atendentes mantenham um esforço mental intenso e prolongado. O objetivo geral da pesquisa é avançar um pouco mais na singularidade dos sujeitos em situação de trabalho e contribuir para que os trabalhadores possam se desenvolver e transformar a atividade com o intuito de diminuir os conflitos no atendimento e, conseqüentemente, o adoecimento mental. Buscamos, então, uma teoria e prática que melhor pudessem contribuir para revelar o sentido das situações a partir da apreensão das experiências subjetivas dos atendentes. Com o conceito de "atividade impedida", na qual os conflitos intrassubjetivos se fazem presentes, buscamos como fio condutor a clinica da atividade. Nesse processo, utilizamos o método de autoconfrontação cruzada, ou seja, por meio das discussões, das contradições, em situações vivenciadas no coletivo os trabalhadores poderiam chegar à reconstrução dos sentidos daprópria atividade. Foi a partir do campo de trabalho, do material empírico colhido nas autoconfrontações simples e cruzada, que surgiu um «instrumento» que serviu como um fio de novelo a ser desenrolado: a pausa durante a jornada de trabalho. E, a partir da pausa, buscamos chegar aos conflitos da atividade e ao possível desenvolvimento dos trabalhadores na atividade. De forma geral, pode-se dizer que nosso objetivo passou a ser a dupla questão da função da pausa, de um lado como instrumento de desenvolvimento da atividade, de outro como objeto de retomada do trabalho a partir do coletivo para renovação do gênero. Nesse problema aparentemente simples concentram-se fortes tensões da atividade face a face, tanto individual (intrassubjetivas), quanto coletiva (intersubjetivas) de trabalho, que podem revelar todo o potencial de desenvolvimento dos trabalhadores nessa mesma atividade.

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / Soft tissue manipulation is a widely used practice by manual therapists from a variety of healthcare disciplines to evaluate and treat neuromusculoskeletal impairments using mechanical stimulation either by hand massage or specially-designed tools. The practice of a specific approach of targeted pressure application using distinguished rigid mechanical tools to breakdown adhesions, scar tissues and improve range of motion for affected joints is called Instrument-Assisted Soft Tissue Manipulation (IASTM). The efficacy of IASTM has been demonstrated as a means to improve mobility of joints, reduce pain, enhance flexibility and restore function. However, unlike the techniques of ultrasound, traction, electrical stimulation, etc. the practice of IASTM doesn't involve any standard to objectively characterize massage with physical parameters. Thus, most IASTM treatments are subjective to practitioner or patient subjective feedback, which essentially addresses a need to quantify therapeutic massage or IASTM treatment with adequate treatment parameters to document, better analyze, compare and validate STM treatment as an established, state-of-the-art practice. This thesis focuses on the development and implementation of Quantifiable Soft Tissue Manipulation (QSTM™) Technology by designing an ergonomic, portable and miniaturized wired localized pressure applicator medical device (Q1), for characterizing soft tissue manipulation. Dose-load response in terms of forces in Newtons; pitch angle of the device ; stroke frequency of massage measured within stipulated time of treatment; all in real-time has been captured to characterize a QSTM session. A QSTM PC software (Q-WARE©) featuring a Treatment Record System subjective to individual patients to save and retrieve treatment diagnostics and a real-time graphical visual monitoring system has been developed from scratch on WINDOWS platform to successfully implement the technology. This quantitative analysis of STM treatment without visual monitoring has demonstrated inter-reliability and intra-reliability inconsistencies by clinicians in STM force application. While improved consistency of treatment application has been found when using visual monitoring from the QSTM feedback system. This system has also discriminated variabilities in application of high, medium and low dose-loads and stroke frequency analysis during targeted treatment sessions. / 2023-04-26

No description available.