The purpose of this study was to examine the following prosodic elements: speech rate, turn-taking latency, number of interruptions, and utterance duration across two groups' neurotypical and autistic young adults. Furthermore, the end goal of this study is to help provide a baseline and clinical application of prosodic differences between autistic and neurotypical adults. Speech samples were collected from 11 neurotypical and 11 autistic young adults from the ages of 18-26. Speech samples were recorded responses from a 10-minute interview between two research assistants and the autistic or neurotypical individual. Using Praat software, speech samples were analyzed and used to calculate speech rate, utterance duration, turn-taking latency, and the number of interruptions for each subject. Across the four prosodic elements, there were significant differences between the autistic and neurotypical groups. The neurotypical group exhibited significantly higher speech and interruption rates when compared to the autistic group. Whereas, the autistic group displayed longer turn-taking latency periods and longer utterance durations. Across all conditions, there were no significant difference between biological sex or effect of familiarity within the autistic and neurotypical groups. Results of this study provide clinicians and researchers a baseline of prosodic differences found between autistic and neurotypical individuals. Future research is needed to better understand how these findings might improve the assessment and treatment of autistic individuals.

Pause is a necessity within the rhythm of life. There are pauses everywhere around us; we pause when we breathe, we pause when we speak, and we pause when we think. Pause is a crucial part in the most beautiful pieces of music, it is in between our bites of food and sips of coffee. Pause is what makes life beautiful; without it the world around us will consist of a meaningless cacophony. Architecture, much like other things in life must also contain pauses to be enjoyable. The most memorable and appreciative architecture consist of spaces where once has an ability to pause and have an experience be it much needed rest, peace or a moment to think. There are many memorable places that create such moments and that I have experienced across places in Europe and United States. This experiences I studied and would like to bring to much needed places closer to home. I strongly believe that it is very important to have places of pause in our urban fabric. Thus, I searched and found a site which I believe would be most beneficial from a community center filled with opportunities to pause. The site location is being developed with a cacophony of commercial and residential construction with little consideration to what is needed in between in order to create a beautiful composition of a city; a pause in the urban fabric. / Master of Architecture

國立政治大學碩士論文提要 研究所別：語言學研究所 論文名稱：中國學生閱讀及朗讀時靜默停頓停頓的研究：國語與英語比較 指導教授：楊懿麗 教授 研究生：沈君怡 論文提要內容：（共一冊，40972字，分五章17節，並扼要說明內容，共203字） 本論文主要探討中國學生以第一語言（華語）和第二語言（英語）來朗讀及說故事時，五個時間變項的不同。五個時間變項包括：停頓時間、停頓比例、發聲速度、說話速度、及語句長度。我們希望藉由各時間變項的變異及相關理論的探討，可以對使用不同語言及不同說話形式的說話歷程作一個了解。 從各時間變項的變異可知，受試者說華語較說英語流利，朗讀較說故事流利。這樣的結果顯示停頓的確反映了不同的說話歷程。 / Abstract The purpose of the present study is to analyze temporal variables in two languages and two speech styles. The “temporal variables” here include pause duration, pause percentage, articulation rate, speech rate, and utterance length. Besides those temporal variables, two pause locations are observed: “between” or “within” major constituents (sentences and clauses). The two languages under discussing are Mandarin Chinese and English, and the two speech styles are reading and story-telling. We hope to understand the processes of reading and story-telling in Mandarin and English. The data of the present study are speech from sixteen males and sixteen females of Cheng-chi University. All of them are native speakers of Mandarin Chinese, and started to learn English at junior high school. They are asked to read a story either in Chinese or in English and tell the story on their own. Also, for fear that subjects’ performance may be influenced by the order of reading and story-telling, half of the same group are asked to read before telling story, and the other tell the story before reading. So we have two independent variables: language and style. The design of the experiment is 2×2. There are three important results in our study. 1. Pause duration is shorter, pause percentage is lower, articulation rate and speech rate is faster, and utterance length is longer in Mandarin than in English. 2. As far as speech style is concerned, pause is shorter and fewer in reading than in story-telling, with slower articulation rate and speech rate, and longer utterance. 3. More pauses are found to appear between major constituents in Mandarin than in English, in reading than in story-telling. However, fewer pauses are found within major constituents in Mandarin than in English; in reading than in story-telling.

La pause transcriptionnelle marquée par les ARN polymérases (RNAP) est un mécanisme clé pour réguler l'expression des gènes dans tous les règnes de la vie et est une condition préalable à la terminaison de la transcription. Le facteur de transcription bactérien essentiel NusA stimule à la fois la pause et la terminaison de la transcription, jouant ainsi un rôle central. Ici, je présente des reconstructions par cryo-microscopie électronique (cryo-EM) à une seule particule de NusA lié à des complexes d'élongation en présence et en absence d’ARN en épingle à cheveux dans le canal de sortie de l'ARN. Les structures révèlent quatre interactions entre NusA et RNAP qui suggèrent comment NusA stimule le repliement de l’ARN, la pause et la terminaison de la transcription. Un intermédiaire de translocation asymétrique de l'ARN et de l'ADN convertit le site actif de l'enzyme en un état inactif, fournissant une explication structurelle pour l'inhibition de la catalyse. La comparaison de RNAP à différentes étapes de la mise en pause donne un aperçu de la nature dynamique du processus et du rôle de NusA en tant que facteur de régulation. / Transcriptional pausing by RNA polymerases (RNAPs) is a key mechanism to regulate gene expression in all kingdoms of life and is a prerequisite for transcription termination. The essential bacterial transcription factor NusA stimulates both pausing and termination of transcription, thus playing a central role. Here, I present single-particle electron cryo-microscopy (cryo-EM) reconstructions of NusA bound to paused elongation complexes with and without a pause-enhancing hairpin in the RNA exit channel. The structures reveal four interactions between NusA and RNAP that suggest how NusA stimulates RNA folding, pausing, and termination. An asymmetric translocation intermediate of RNA and DNA converts the active site of the enzyme into an inactive state, providing a structural explanation for the inhibition of catalysis. Comparing RNAP at different stages of pausing provides insights on the dynamic nature of the process and the role of NusA as a regulatory factor.

Submitted by Silvana Teresinha Dornelles Studzinski (sstudzinski) on 2015-05-04T19:06:44Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Cybeli Moraes.pdf: 2408428 bytes, checksum: 989a2e7d9b1bbaebaaba9e7868eb4332 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-04T19:06:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Cybeli Moraes.pdf: 2408428 bytes, checksum: 989a2e7d9b1bbaebaaba9e7868eb4332 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-04-04 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / A presente tese aborda a invenção do conceito de pausa audiovisual – pausa AV –, partindo das percepções e dos afetos sobre um corpus de 80 materiais que abrangem produções televisivas, videográficas, cinemáticas, fotográficas e internéticas. Utilizando os aportes teórico-metodológicos de Silva e Rossini, Bergson, Deleuze, Guattari, Derrida, Benjamin e Kilpp, entre outros, o corpus foi produzido cartograficamente, tendo em vista as audiovisualidades e sua processualidade rizomática; foi problematizado a partir do método intuitivo; foi de sconstruído e agrupado em constelações; e, por fim, dissecado em moldurações, molduras e emolduramentos para dar a ver os sentidos ofertados. Tal arquitetura possibilitou a seguinte conclusão: a pausa AV é um misto que, como tal, possui uma tendência atualizada em ralentis, inscrições fotográficas e fragmentos longos, e outra, virtual: a espera. Essa constituição a diferencia como ethicidade do mundo audiovisual contemporâneo, que oferta sentidos a partir de suas figuras sonoras, dos intervalos, das diamorfoses e das suspensões e, possivelmente, agencia esperas no observador – comoexpectativa ou antecipação –, respondendo a desejos e a crenças do homem atual acerca de seu mundo e de sua existência. A delimitação do conceito de pausa AV contribui para a compreensão da cena audiovisual contemporânea, plena de outras ethicidades como o tempo e o acontecimento audiovisuais, dadas a ver também pelos agencimentos da pausa AV. / The present thesis presents the invention of the concept of audiovisual pause - AV pause - starting on perceptions and afections about a corpusof 80 materials, including television, videographic, cinematic, phothographic and internetic productions. Using the theoretical and methodological approaches of Silva and Rossini, Bergson, Deleuze, Guattari, Derrida, Benjamin, and Kilpp, among others, the corpuswas cartographically produced in view of the audiovisualities and your rhizomatic processivity; problematized with the intuitive method; deconstructed and grouped into constellations; and dissected on moldurações, molduras e emolduramentos to become visible the offering of meanings.Such architecture allowed the following conclusion: the AV pause is a mixture that, as such as, has a tendency toupdates itself in ralentis, photographic inscriptions and long fragments, and another, virtual, the wait. This caracterization differentiates it like an ethicidade of the audiovisual world, that offers meanings starting onsounding figures, intervals, diamorfoses, suspencions, and possibly makes waits agencies on the observer - as expectation or anticipation - in response to desires and beliefs of modern man about their world and existence. The delimitation of the concept of AV pause, we believe, contributes to the understanding of contemporary audiovisual scene, full of other ethicidadesas audiovisual time and event, too became visible by the agencies of AV pause.

Ce travail de recherche porte sur les phénomènes dits « d'hésitation » en français oral non lu, que nous préférons appeler « marques du travail de formulation », à savoir : le euh, l'allongement final significatif, la répétition et l'autocorrection immédiate. Une importance particulière est accordée à la combinatoire de ces marques entre elles et avec la pause silencieuse. <br />L'étude montre que les pauses silencieuses subséquentes à un euh ou à un allongement marquant le travail de formulation en cours, ainsi que les pauses silencieuses insérées entre les deux termes d'une répétition, forment une classe à part : nous les avons appelées « pauses non structurantes » car elles font partie de la marque qui les précède et elles ne contribuent pas à la hiérarchisation et à la démarcation des constituants.<br />Chaque marque, étudiée séparément, est caractérisée par sa durée et celle de la pause subséquente, par ses combinaisons avec une autre marque et ses occurrences à l'intérieur de sites mixtes d'accumulation de marques, par ses contextes lexicaux et sa distribution (intono)syntaxique. Les configurations les plus fréquentes comme les plus rares sont répertoriées. L'analyse prend appui sur les études précédentes, encore rares, de ces marques en français ; elle tente de vérifier, nuancer et enrichir certaines hypothèses déjà formulées, à partir d'un corpus de 70 minutes d'enregistrement de récits non lus en classe de français.<br />A travers un test de perception ainsi qu'à travers l'analyse de l'utilisation des marques d'« hésitation » par des auteurs dramatiques et par des acteurs, l'étude contribue en outre à mieux cerner les représentations que les locuteurs ordinaires ont de ces phénomènes et à mieux connaître leur perceptibilité.

People that become deaf later on in life do have the ability to speak with correct pronunciation but since they can not hear their own voice nor the noise in the enviroment, they have difficulties to adjust their voice level to the surrounding environment. In this thesis we propose and algorithm which can be used on a prototype to help the late deafened people to adjust their voice level to the surrounding.

IKAROS est un facteur de transcription majeur dans l’hématopoïèse qui agit en recrutant à la chromatine de nombreux partenaires décisifs dans le renouvellement cellulaire et l’engagement vers des lignages spécifiques. Il est notamment requis dans les cellules lymphoïdes pour réprimer les gènes cibles de la voie de signalisation NOTCH. IKAROS est aussi important dans le développement des cellules érythroïdes dans lesquelles il facilite le passage d’une globine fœtale à adulte chez l’embryon grâce au recrutement des complexes remodeleurs de la chromatine NuRD et BAF. En condition normale, la voie de signalisation NOTCH réprime la différenciation en cellules érythroïdes. Il est donc important que les gènes cibles de la voie NOTCH soient finement régulés afin d’amener une cellule progénitrice à se différencier en érythrocyte énucléé. Dans les cellules hématopoïétiques, incluant les cellules érythroïdes, IKAROS est un régulateur important du gène Hes1, cible effectrice majeure de la voie NOTCH. En effet, IKAROS participe activement à la répression du gène Hes1, permettant le développement des cellules érythroïdes. Nous avons donc émis l’hypothèse que dans ces cellules, IKAROS pourrait avoir une action plus généralisée sur le contrôle des gènes ciblés par NOTCH, comme observé dans les cellules lymphoïdes. Il pourrait ainsi agir en recrutant les complexes enzymatiques nécessaires à la régulation de ces gènes comme NuRD et BAF afin d’assurer le développement des cellules érythroïdes. Étant donné que la régulation des gènes est aussi dépendante du motif de méthylation de l’ADN, nous avons étendu notre questionnement à cet autre aspect de la régulation qu’IKAROS pourrait utiliser pour contrôler les gènes de la voie NOTCH. Pour ce faire, nous avons procédé à l’analyse bio-informatique d’un séquençage d’ARN de cellules érythroïdes murines préalablement réalisé au laboratoire afin d’en extraire les gènes régulés par IKAROS, mais aussi par NOTCH. L’analyse nous a permis d’extraire deux motifs d’expression intéressants observés dans les cellules érythroïdes pour lesquels IKAROS réprime ou active des gènes qui sont normalement réceptifs à l’activation de la voie NOTCH. Parmi les gènes réprimés par IKAROS en sont ressortis les gènes cibles de NOTCH Cdkn1a (P21WAF1/CIP1) et Trp53 (TP53), dont l’expression augmente fortement quand IKAROS est muté et que NOTCH est actif. Parmi les gènes activés par IKAROS en sont ressortis les gènes cibles de NOTCH Prdm16 et Nrarp, dont l’expression diminue fortement quand IKAROS est muté et que NOTCH est actif. IKAROS est donc un régulateur pouvant être répresseur, mais aussi activateur d’une multitude de gènes ciblés par NOTCH dans les cellules érythroïdes. Par des expériences d’immunoprécipitation de la chromatine, nous avons pu observer qu’IKAROS semblait toujours agir en partenariat avec le complexe NuRD et que la présence du complexe BAF était plutôt dépendante de la voie NOTCH. L’association IKAROS-NuRD semble servir de plateforme pour imposer un état de chromatine bivalente (avec co-présence de H3K4me3 et de H3K27me3) associée à une pause transcriptionnelle. Dans ce contexte, les éléments nécessaires à l’initiation de la transcription (présence de la marque H3K4me3) des gènes ciblés par NOTCH sont recrutés mais, l’élongation transcriptionnelle est affectée. L’état de chromatine bivalente peut être associé à l’activité des déméthylases de l’ADN Ten-Eleven-Translocation (TET) qui empêchent alors l’hyperméthylation de ces régions. Nos résultats démontrent qu’IKAROS peut utiliser la protéine TET1 pour réguler des gènes cibles de la voie NOTCH, en y formant l’hydroxyméthylcytosine (5-hmC). Celle-ci peut aussi marquer les régions de régulation génique caractérisées par une chromatine bivalente et une pause transcriptionnelle. Ces travaux décrivent IKAROS comme un facteur agissant de façons multiples dans la régulation des gènes cibles de NOTCH dans les cellules érythroïdes. Nous proposons qu’IKAROS et son partenaire NuRD soient requis pour mettre en place un état de chromatine bivalente et de pause transcriptionnelle pour faciliter l’activation physiologique des gènes cibles de NOTCH lors de la signalisation. IKAROS peut ainsi prendre part à l’activation ou la répression de gènes cibles de NOTCH, tout en facilitant la déméthylation de l’ADN ainsi que le recrutement d’éléments transcriptionnels qui favorisent un état de pause transcriptionnelle. NOTCH ainsi que d’autres éléments de régulation sont alors requis pour induire l’activation ou la répression des gènes cibles. / IKAROS is a critical transcription factor in hematopoiesis. It facilitates the chromatin binding of many important co-factors required for chromatin organization during cell renewal and lineage commitment. IKAROS is particularly important in lymphoid cells whereby it is involved in the repression of target genes of the NOTCH signaling pathway. IKAROS is also important in the development of other hematopoietic lineages, including the erythroid cells, in which it facilitates the passage of a fetal to adult globin in the embryo through the recruitment of the chromatin remodeling complexes NuRD and BAF. Under normal conditions, the NOTCH signaling pathway represses development of erythroid cells. It is therefore important to precisely understand how the NOTCH target genes are regulated during passage from hematopoietic progenitor to the enucleated circulating erythrocyte. IKAROS has been demonstrated to be an important regulator of Hes1 gene expression in hematopoietic cells of different lineages. Hes1 is the major effector target of the NOTCH pathway and IKAROS actively participates in its repression. In erythroid cells, the regulation of Hes1 imposed by IKAROS is required for terminal differentiation. We therefore investigated the importance of IKAROS in the regulation of NOTCH-targeted genes in erythroid cells. The combined effect of the mutation of IKAROS with NOTCH signaling was particularly investigated in these cells. To define how IKAROS influences the regulation of NOTCH target genes, we performed the bioinformatics analysis of a RNA-sequencing performed in murine erythroid cells activated or not for NOTCH signaling and whereby IKAROS is absent. We identified genes influenced by IKAROS expression and by NOTCH, and defined the effect of the combination of the absence of IKAROS expression and NOTCH pathway activation. Two particular expression patterns were identified and characterized the combined effect of the absence of IKAROS and NOTCH pathway activation in erythroid cells. Indeed, the absence of IKAROS either favors the overexpression of NOTCH target genes or prevents their response to NOTCH pathway activation. To understand how IKAROS could have an opposite effect on different NOTCH target genes we analysed the effect of IKAROS on their regulation. Among the genes repressed by IKAROS are the target genes of NOTCH Cdkn1a (encoding the P21WAF1/CIP1 protein) and Trp53 (encoding the TP53 protein), whose expression increases strongly when IKAROS is mutated and the NOTCH pathway is activated. Prdm16 and Nrarp are, instead, requiring IKAROS expression for their activation by NOTCH. The characterization of these NOTCH target genes suggests that IKAROS can work in partnership with the NuRD complex to influence the expression. The chromatin characterization of these genes led us to posit that the IKAROS-NuRD could act as a ‘platform’ to impose a bivalent chromatin organization associated with poised transcription. Then, the regulation imposed by IKAROS-NuRD would be required for the physiological activation of NOTCH targets upon external signaling. Finally, since in embryonic stem cells the Ten-Eleven Translocation (TET) enzymes are reported to be frequently associated to bivalent chromatin in order to prevent DNA hypermethylation, we assessed whether IKAROS could interact and ‘use’ TET enzymes to regulate NOTCH target genes. We determined that IKAROS can co-immunoprecipitate with the TET1 enzymes. We show that IKAROS influences both recruitment and activity of TET1 to different NOTCH target genes and favors the accumulation of hydroxymethylcytosine (5-hmC) to these genes. 5-hmC can be considered as a mark of transcriptional pausing/bivalence. Thus, these studies bring new information on the mechanism used by IKAROS to influence gene regulation in hematopoietic cells. Our results suggest that IKAROS primary function is to organize a bivalent chromatin and to promote transcriptional pausing to multiple NOTCH target genes. IKAROS is required to set the epigenetic and promoter organization for rapid activation upon NOTCH signaling.

No description available.

In this collaborative Craft Master project by Ulrika Barr and Kristina Levén, we have investigated how glass can affect an environment to create a space in between. A “Ma-space” that could offer a pause in the everyday life in relation to the public sphere. We have worked parallel with two expressions of glass in relation to a room. Rocks of Glass casted hot glass together with Foamglas and colors and Veils of Glass- fused window glass in leaded techniques. By using filming as a medium, projections brings out the inner world of the glass. Sound is another layer in the collage installation outcome.The collaboration has been from first idea and intuitive investigations in the workshop to the final installation.The material outcome is a unique expression for this Glass Craft duo called BarroLevén. The written part of the project includes both common and separate parts. / <p>In collaboration with Ulrika Barr</p>