Notre thèse focalise sur une analyse phonostylistique du discours politique oral de M. Dominique de Villepin. Une étude qui aborde les variations de son style vocal dans plusieurs de ces discours oraux, d'une manière qui nous permet d'analyser les éléments discursifs et prosodiques tout au long de ses discours politiques. L'étude portera sur le double codage (linguistique et paralinguistique) caché derrière ses propos politiques. Notre corpus d'étude est l'ensemble d'échantillons tirés d'entretien, débat, conférence, interview. Cette étude, par ailleurs, soulève sa compétence discursive et communicationnelle manifestée quant à l'emploi des unités linguistiques, prosodiques, et discursive perçus comme un rôle praxéologique de pratiques sociales, politiques et de l'expérience dans son discours. Au niveau discursif, l'étude analyse des éléments pragmatiques tels que le tour de la parole les temps verbaux et les effets persuasifs. Au niveau phonostylistique, plusieurs phénomènes prosodiques de valeurs phonostylistiques (intonation, mélodie, accent et pause) seront analysés à l'aide du logiciel Praat pour connaître les différentes rôles pragmatiques et énonciatives en termes de stratégie de persuasion de cet homme politique. La thèse consiste à démontrer le rôle de ces phénomènes prosodiques dans l'établissement des informations nouvelles capables de transmettre un deuxième message vocal à son public. Ce message phonostylistique, qui renforce le premier message discursif des forces illocutoires, rajoute au style de Dominique de Villepin un nouveau procédé d'influence et de convaincre sur un public auditoire. / This thesis studies the phonostylistical analysis of Mr. Dominique de Villepin's political oral discourse. A study which requires several of his vocal style in his different oral speeches in a way that allows us to analyze the discourse and prosodic elements throughout his political speeches. The study will focus on the dual coding (linguistic and paralinguistic) hidden behind his political purposes. The corpus of study is the set of samples taken from his different speeches: debate, conference, interviews. This study also rises to explain his discursive and communicative competence which is manifested by using linguistic, prosodic and discursive units in order to disclose the praxeological role of social practices, political roles and the role of experience in his speeches. Concerning the discursive level, the present study aims to analyze the pragmatic elements such as the tour of speech and verbal and persuasive effects. Concerning the phonostylistical level, several of phonostylistic phenomena which have prosodic values (intonation, melody, accent and pause) are analyzed under the Praat software to identify different pragmatic and enunciative roles in terms of persuasive strategy of this political man. The thesis is to demonstrate the role of prosodic phenomena in the establishment of new information, capable of transmitting a second vocal message to his audience. This phonostylistical message, which supports the first message carried through discursive illocutionary forces, adds to the style of Dominique de Villepin a new method to influence and persuade the public audience

This study contributes to the search for metrical order in the 90,000 extant long lines of the late fourteenth-century Middle English Alliterative Revival. Using the 'Gawain'-poet's 'Patience' and 'Cleanness', it refutes nineteenth- and twentieth-century scholars who mistook rhythmic liveliness for metrical disorganization and additionally corrects troubling missteps that scholars have taken over the last five years. 'Chapter One: Tame the "Gabble of Weaker Syllables"' rehearses the traditional, but mistaken view that long lines are barely patterned at all. It explains the widely-accepted methods for determining which syllables are metrically stressed and which are not: Give metrical stress to the syllables that in everyday Middle English were probably accented. 'Chapter Two: An Environment for Demotion in the B-Verse' introduces the relatively stringent metrical template of the b-verse as a foil for the different kind of meter at work in the a-verse. 'Chapter Three: Rhythmic Consistency in the Middle English Alliterative Long Line' examines the structure of the a-verse and considers the viability of verses with more than the normal two beats. An empirical investigation considers whether rhythmic consistency in the long line depends on three-beat a-verses. 'Chapter Four: Dynamic "Unmetre" and the Proscription against Three Sequential Iambs' posits an explanation for the unusual distributions of metrically unstressed syllables in the long line and finds that the 'Gawain'-poet's rhythms avoid the even alternation of beats and offbeats with uncanny precision. 'Chapter Five: Metrical Promotion, Linguistic Promotion, and False Extra-Long Dips' takes the rest of the dissertation as a foundation for explaining rhythmically puzzling a-verses. A-verses that seem to have excessively long sequences of offbeats and other a-verses that infringe on b-verse meter prove amenable to adjustment through metrical promotion. 'Conclusion: Metrical Regions in the Long Line' synthesizes the findings of the previous chapters in a survey of metrical tension in the long line. It additionally articulates the key theme of the dissertation: Contrary to traditional assumptions, Middle English alliterative long lines have variable, instead of consistent, numbers of beats and highly regulated, instead of liberally variable, arrangements of metrically unstressed syllables. / text

<div>Soft tissue manipulation is a widely used practice by manual therapists from a variety of healthcare disciplines to evaluate and treat neuromusculoskeletal impairments using mechanical stimulation either by hand massage or specially-designed tools. The practice of a specific approach of targeted pressure application using distinguished rigid mechanical tools to breakdown adhesions, scar tissues and improve range of motion for affected joints is called Instrument-Assisted Soft Tissue Manipulation (IASTM). The efficacy of IASTM has been demonstrated as a means to improve mobility of joints, reduce pain, enhance flexibility and restore function. However, unlike the techniques of ultrasound, traction, electrical stimulation, etc. the practice of IASTM doesn't involve any standard to objectively characterize massage with physical parameters. Thus, most IASTM treatments are subjective to practitioner or patient subjective feedback, which essentially addresses a need to quantify therapeutic massage or IASTM treatment with adequate treatment parameters to document, better analyze, compare and validate STM treatment as an established, state-of-the-art practice.</div><div><br></div><div>This thesis focuses on the development and implementation of Quantifiable Soft Tissue Manipulation (QSTM™) Technology by designing an ergonomic, portable and miniaturized wired localized pressure applicator medical device (Q1), for characterizing soft tissue manipulation. Dose-load response in terms of forces in Newtons; pitch angle of the device with respect to treatment plane; stroke frequency of massage measured within stipulated time of treatment; all in real-time has been captured to characterize a QSTM session. A QSTM PC software (Q-WARE©) featuring a Treatment Record System subjective to individual patients to save and retrieve treatment diagnostics and a real-time graphical visual monitoring system has been developed from scratch on WINDOWS platform to successfully implement the technology. This quantitative analysis of STM treatment without visual monitoring has demonstrated inter-reliability and intra-reliability inconsistencies by clinicians in STM force application. While improved consistency of treatment application has been found when using visual monitoring from the QSTM feedback system. This system has also discriminated variabilities in application of high, medium and low dose-loads and stroke frequency analysis during targeted treatment sessions.</div>

Depuis le début des années 1990 on suit l'évolution globale du niveau de la mer grâce aux satellites altimétriques. Ils observent une hausse du niveau moyen global de la mer (GMSL) de 3.4 ± 0.4 mm/an sur la période 1993-2016 (ce qui représente le double de ce qui a été observé au cours du 20ème siècle par les marégraphes, hausse à 1.7 mm/an entre 1900 et 1990). Le GMSL présente aussi des fluctuations interannuelles qui peuvent atteindre quelques millimètres, surtout pendant les épisodes ENSO. Cette hausse n'est pas régionalement uniforme : elle a été 3 fois plus rapide que la hausse moyenne globale dans certaines zones entre 1993 et 2016. Au cours du 21ème siècle, on s'attend à une hausse accrue du GMSL pouvant aller jusqu'à 1 m à l'horizon 2100, avec une forte variabilité régionale. Il est donc important de comprendre l'évolution actuelle du niveau des océans qui constitue une menace sérieuse pour de nombreuses régions côtières basses souvent très peuplées. Cette thèse s'inscrit dans le contexte du projet niveau de la mer CCI (Climate Change Initiative) de l'Agence Spatiale Européenne (ESA) ayant pour objectif de fournir de meilleurs produits du niveau de la mer combinant les missions Topex/Poseidon, Jason-1/2, ERS-1/2 et Envisat. L'objectif premier de cette thèse est de valider ces produits SL_CCI du niveau de la mer en utilisant différentes approches, en particulier par l'étude du bilan (comparaison du GMSL observé avec la somme des différentes contributions : composante stérique, fonte des glaces continentales et transferts d'eau depuis les terres émergées). Un autre objectif est d'estimer les composantes du niveau de la mer mal connues, et tout particulièrement le contenu thermique de l'océan profond non mesurable par le système Argo, et la contribution du stock d'eau sur les continents. Ces travaux ont montré que la contribution de l'océan profond en dessous de 2000m est faible sur la période 2005-2013 et contenue dans la barre d'incertitudes des données (erreurs qui proviennent essentiellement, (1) des produits niveau de la mer altimétriques et des lacunes de la couverture géographique des données Argo dans la région Indonésienne pour la tendance et (2) des produits GRACE et Argo pour la variabilité interannuelle). Nos résultats et la méthode utilisée montrent que le niveau de la mer et ses composantes sont encore entachés d'erreurs importantes. Dans la deuxième partie, nous avons analysé l'influence du phénomène ENSO (El Niño et La Niña) sur les variations interannuelles du GMSL. Nous montrons que lors des évènements La Niña comme celui de 2010-2011, le déficit de précipitations sur l'océan (et l'excès sur les continents) conduit à une baisse temporaire de la masse de l'océan global et donc du niveau de la mer. C'est essentiellement la variation de masse de l'océan qui explique la variabilité interannuelle du niveau de la mer lors des évènements ENSO, et le déficit (La Niña) ou excès (El Niño) de masse se trouve confiné dans l'océan Pacifique tropical Nord. Pour finir, nous analysons l'évolution de la température moyenne de l'air et de l'océan en surface sur la période du "hiatus" (2003-2013). Nous montrons que ce hiatus, c'est à dire le ralentissement récent de la hausse de la température moyenne globale de la Terre est un phénomène quasi global, même si le Pacifique tropical Est s'est fortement refroidi. Cette "supposée" pause récente s'explique par la variabilité naturelle interne du climat. La Terre est toujours en état de déséquilibre énergétique dû à l'accumulation de gaz à effet de serre. Nous mettons en évidence le rôle de la variabilité naturelle à court terme sur les changements à plus long terme associés au réchauffement climatique anthropique. / Since the early 1990s sea level is routinely measured using high-precision altimeter satellites. These observe a rise in global mean sea level (GMSL) of 3.4 ± 0.4 mm/yr over the 1993-2016 period (which is twice what has been observed during the 20th century by the tide gauges, with a rise of 1.7 +/- 0.3 mm/yr). The interannual variability in the GMSL can reach several millimeters, especially during ENSO events. The rate of sea level rise is not regionally uniform. During the altimetry era, it was three times faster than the global mean in some areas. During the 21st century, we expect a greater rise of the GMSL than today, up to 1 m in 2100, with strong regional variability. It is therefore important to understand the current evolution of the sea level, since it represents a serious threat to many low coastal areas, often densely populated of the planet. My thesis research deals with the Sea Level CCI (Climate Change Initiative) project of the European Space Agency (ESA) which objective is to provide improved sea level products combining several altimetry missions, including Topex/Poseidon, Jason-1/2, ERS-1/2 and Envisat. The primary objective of my thesis was to validate the CCI sea level products using different approaches, in particular the sea level budget approach. It consists of comparing the observed GMSL with the sum of different contributions : the steric component, melting of continental ice and transfers of water between the land surface and oceans. Another objective was to estimate the poorly known components to sea level rise, in particular the heat content of the deep ocean not measurable by Argo, and the contribution of water storage on the land. My work has shown that the contribution of the deep ocean below 2000m to the rising sea level is small over the 2005-2013 periods and not significant compared to the data uncertainties. The main uncertainties come from: (1) -in terms of trend- the altimetry sea level products and gaps in the geographical coverage of Argo data in the Indonesian region, and (2) -in terms of interannual variability- the GRACE and Argo products. My results and the method used show that the sea level and its components are still affected by important errors. In the second part, I analyzed the influence of ENSO (El Niño and La Niña) on the interannual variations of the GMSL. I showed that during La Niña events, like that of 2010-2011, the rainfall deficit over the ocean (and excess over the continents) leads to a temporary decrease in the global ocean mass and therefore in the GMSL. This is essentially the ocean mass variation that explains the interannual variability of the GMSL during ENSO events. Furthermore, the deficit (La Niña) or excess (El Niño) ocean mass is confined in the north tropical Pacific Ocean. Finally, I analyzed the evolution of the average temperature of air and ocean surface over the period of the "hiatus" (2003-2013). I showed that this hiatus, i.e. the recent slowdown in the rise of the global mean Earth's temperature is an almost global phenomenon, though cooling of the tropical eastern Pacific has slightly contributed. This recent pause is attributable to natural internal climate variability. The Earth is indeed still in a state of energetic imbalance due to the accumulation of greenhouse gases. I highlighted the role of the natural variability that is superimposed to the anthropogenic global warming.