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No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Flávia Regina Santos da Paixão - 2016.pdf: 2930650 bytes, checksum: 6e200c8af02d2dc239dc8ba36d5d8806 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-04-08 / Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq / Rhipicephalus microplus engorged females lay their eggs in shaded and humid areas on the soil; these areas seems favorable for entomopathogenic fungi development, where they could be applied for tick control. This study produced pellets based on microesclerotia (ME) of Metarhizium spp. (CG 47, CG 632, IP 46, IP 119, ARSEF 1883 and ARSEF 2575) and assessed their virulence toward R. microplus engorged females under laboratory conditions. Microsclerotia produced in specific liquid medium were processed for pelletization. Conidial production and viability of conidia from each formulated Metarhizium spp. was evaluated by distributing 0,003 g pellets 2% water-agar medium, and incubating them at 27 °C or 32 °C for 15 days. The results showed that the conidial production among isolates was similar at 27 °C or 32 °C, and the viability of the conidia was superior than 90% for conidia produced. Two bioassays were conducted for screening the virulence of isolates against R. microplus: the first one tested 0,007 g of pellets of each Metarhizium spp. isolate; the second one tested different concentrations of IP 119 pellets (0,002, to 0,006 g). Pellets were sprinkled on the surface of 5 g sterile oxisol in Petri dishes, moistened with 2 ml sterile-distilled water. Ten replicates were prepared for each fungal isolate. The plates with pellets were incubated for 15 days at 27 °C and RH > 90% to induce conidial production; plates from control groups did not receive pellets. A female was placed in each plate and monitored daily for 15 days for fungal conidiogenesis on ticks. At day 15, the egg mass was removed from each plate and transferred to a glass vial and incubated at 27 ± 1ºC to quantify the number of hatching larvae hatched. In both bioassays the fungal treatment reduced the oviposition period of females, as well as the number of hatching larvae. A bioassay was conducted with IP 47 and IP 119 at two different temperatures: 27 °C or 32 °C. CG 47 pellets incubated at 27 °C incited conidiogenesis on R. microplus females by day 5, whereas IP 119 iniciated conidiogenesis by day 9. Trials conducted at 32 C revealed conidiogenesis on R. microplus females between day 5 and 6 for both fungi. The number of larvae from females exposed to pellets of CG 47 and IP 119 was reduced.. Tests with pellets of ME produced with the different inert materials showed that pellets with vermiculite presented higher conidial production compared with the pellets prepared with cellulose. Therefore, these results together indicate that the pelletized formulation of ME of Metarhizium spp. was effective in controlling R. microplus under laboratory conditions by reducing the number of offspring. This formulation is a potential mycoacaricide, since the temperature and humidity conditions required for production of infective conidia are conducive to those required by this tick to lay eggsand hatching larva in the environment. / Fêmeas ingurgitadas de Rhipicephalus microplus procuram áreas sombreadas e úmidas no solo para realizar oviposição. Estes locais apresentam um microclima favorável para viabilizar o controle deste artrópode com fungos entomopatogênicos. O objetivo deste estudo foi produzir péletes à base de microescleródios (ME) de Metarhizium spp. (CG 47, CG 632, IP 46, IP 119, ARSEF 1883 e ARSEF 2575) e avaliar sua virulência sobre fêmeas ingurgitadas de R. microplus em condições de laboratório. Os péletes foram obtidos a partir de microescleródios produzidos em meio líquido específico e processados para peletização. A produção de conídios e a viabilidade de cada formulado de Metarhizium spp. foram observadas distribuindo-se 0, 03g de péletes em meio ágar-água 2%, e incubando-os a 27 ºC ou 32 ºC por 15 dias, resultados mostram que a produção de conídios pelo péletes dos isolados foi similar para a temperatura de 27 ºC, sendo a viabilidade dos conídios esporulados superior a 90% em e 32 ºC. Dois bioensaios para triagem da virulência dos isolados contra R. microplus foram conduzidos: o primeiro com 0,007 g de péletes de cada um dos isolados de Metarhizium spp. estudados; e o segundo com quantidades diferentes de péletes (0.002 a0,006 g) do isolado IP 119. Péletes foram distribuídos sobre a superfície de 5 g de latossolo vermelho estéril, em Placas de Petri, umedecido com 2 mL de água destilada estéril. Foram preparadas dez réplicas para cada isolado fúngico. As placas foram incubadas por 15 dias a 27°C e UR> 90% para induzir a produção de conídios a partir dos grânulos. Placas do grupo controle não foram acrescidas de péletes. Após este período, foi adicionada uma fêmea em cada placa e avaliou- se diretamente o início da conidiogênese sobre os carrapatos por 15 dias, e após este período a massa de ovos foi retirada das placas e acondicionada individualmente em tubos de vidro para posterior quantificação das larvas eclodidas. Em ambos os bioensaios, os tratamentos fungicos reduziram o período de oviposição das fêmeas, assim comoo número de larvas eclodidas. Resultado semelhante observado paradiferentes concentrações de péletes do isolado IP 119. Bioensaio similar à metodologia descrita foi conduzido somente com IP 119 e CG 47 em duas temperatura:s 27 ºC ou 32 ºC. Os resultados mostraram que a 27 ºC péletes formulados com ME de CG 47 iniciaram a conidiogênese em fêmeas de R. microplus em tempo médio de 5 dias, e IP 119 em 9 dias. Já os ensaios conduzidos a 32 ºC mostraram que a conidiogênese sobre as fêmeas de R. microplus iniciaram entre o 5° e 6° dia. Para ambos isolados o número médio de larvas eclodidas reduziram.(X 2 = 43.53; df = 2; P <0.001). Péletes de ME com inerte vermiculita apresentaram maior produção de conídios do que o formulado contendo celulose (P = 0,01). Os resultados do presente estudo indicam que a formulação peletizada de ME de Metarhizium spp. foi eficaz no controle de R. microplus em condições de laboratório por reduzir o número de progênies. Esta formulação merece atenção para desenvolver potencial carrapaticida biológico, visto que as condições de temperatura e umidade requeridas para produção de conídios infectivos são similares às requeridas por este carrapato para produção de ovos e eclosão das larvas no ambiente.

Através de revisão bibliográfica e estudo experimental, o presente trabalho apresenta uma análise da influência de diversos parâmetros sobre a velocidade da reação entre minério de ferro e carbono, aglomerados na forma de pelotas auto-redutoras. Os parâmetros estudados foram: temperatura, tipo e quantidade de redutor, uso de adições, composição e vazão dos gases no recipiente de reação, tamanho da pelota. A técnica experimental consistiu em medi-se a velocidade de reação por análise termogravimétrica, complementada por análise do gás de saída e difração de Raios-X em pelotas parcialmente reduzidas. Verificou-se que o mecanismo controlador da velocidade de reação é determinado por um conjunto de parâmetros inter-relacionados, e que pode mudar o progresso de reação. A etapa química da reação é controlada pela gaseificação do carbono por CO2. Transporte de calor e difusão gasosa através dos poros da pelota exercem forte influência sobre a velocidade; os fatores que favorecem a influência de transporte de calor são: aumento de temperatura; aumento da reatividade do redutor; uso de catalisador; diminuição do diâmetro da pelota; início de reação; redução sob atmosfera CO/CO2 de composição próxima ao equilíbrio wustitaferro. A influência de difusão gasosa se faz sentir quando a reação é efetuada sob atmosfera de gás inerte, que penetra nos poros da pelota, diluindo a atmosfera CO/CO2 reinante no interior da mistura de partículas. Nessas condições, esta influência é maior quanto menor for a temperatura de reação, quanto menos reativo for o redutor, quanto menor for a pelota, e nos estágios finais de reação. Verificou-se ainda que parâmetros relacionados à composição das pelotas, bem como a temperatura do processo, tem grande influência sobre o comportamento dimensional dos aglomerados.Assim, pelotas com ganga básica (com carvão vegetal e adições básicas) tendem a inchar catastroficamente, ao passo que pelotas com ganga ácida (com coque ou carvão mineral como redutores) não apresentam este fenômeno. Microscopia eletrônica de varredura indicou a presença de ferro filamentar em pelotas que apresentaram inchamento catastrófico. Analisou-se ainda como a presença de matéria volátil no redutor afeta a cinética de reação e o comportamento dimensional das pelotas, e também sob que condições o ferro formado na redução catalisa a reação. / The factors that affect the rate of reaction between iron oxides and carbon were analysed by means of literature review and experimental investigation. The iron ore and the carbon were agglomerated in the form of self-reducing pellets. The investigated variables were: temperature, type and amount of redactor, presence of additives, gas composition and flow in the reactor vessel, and pellet\'s size. The experimental technique employed was thermogravimetric analysis, complemented by gas analysis and X-ray diffraction. It was shown that the rate control may change in the course of the reaction, and it depends on a number of interrelated varibles. The slowest reaction of the chemical step is the carbon gaseification by CO2. Heat transfer and gaseous diffusion through pellets pores play an important role in the rate; the factors that favours the heat transfer influence are: temperature increase, reducto\'s reactivity increase, the use of catalyst, pellet\'s size decrease, start up the reaction; reduction under CO/CO2 atmosphere near wustite-iron equilibrium. When the reaction is performed under inert gas atmosphere, gaseous diffusion through pellet\'s pores can dilute the CO/CO2 atmosphere prevailing in the pallet\'s core. Under these conditions, this effect is more pronounced for lower temperature, lower carbon reactivity, smaller pellets and at the end of the reaction. It was also found that variables related to pellet composition as well as process temperature greatly affect the pellet\'s dimensional behavior. In fact, pellets containing basic guangue (e.g.wood charcoal and/or basic additives) show catastrophic swelling; in contrast, pellets containing acid gangue (e.g. coke or coal) have good dimensional stability. Iron whiskers were observed with scanning electron microscope on pellets that swell catastrophically. The influence of reductor\'s volatile matter upon kinetics and dimensional behavior of pellets was also analysed as well as the catalysis of the reaction by the iron formed in the course of the reduction.

The current boilers at the Brunna plant were installed in 1979 using oil and solvents to produce steam for the production and heating of the plant. To reduce the carbon dioxide emissions in compliance with Fresenius Kabi strategy a new biofuel boiler is about to be installed. Since the steam demand has been reduced during the years and it’s expensive to install a new boiler this study has been performed to calculate the actual steam demand for the plant at different scenarios. A smaller boiler requires a lower investment, achieves higher efficency and contributes to reduced carbon dioxide emissions. This report is intended to supply the management with information so that a decision regarding investments and employees can be made. The result is presented as different possible scenarios that are of great importance when deciding which boiler effect that is needed. Destillation, heating and the production have a major impact and must be considered when installing a new boiler. The results show that a boiler should be between 2-4 MW net effect depending on which scenario that is most likely to occur.

No autorizado por el autor para ser publicado a texto completo / El presente trabajo tiene por objetivo la formalización de fundamentos sobre la gasificación de pellets de madera para ser utilizado en el diseño de equipos o procesos. La gasificación corresponde a un proceso de producción de un gas combustible a partir de una reacción heterogénea, en este caso: pellet de madera y un reactante gaseoso. El trabajo incorpora una revisión de antecedentes que cubren aspectos cinéticos, termodinámicos, de transferencia de masa y calor, además de fluidodinámicos. Posterior a la revisión de antecedentes se desarrolla un modelo que describe la dinámica de las concentraciones en el lecho de reacción mediante un sistema de ecuaciones de derivadas parciales respecto al tiempo y al eje axial del lecho. Mediante un balance de energía se describe los valores que alcanza la temperatura. Mediante la resolución numérica del modelo, se intenta caracterizar el lecho, con ello, se pueden realizar aproximaciones de conversión, poder calorífico, porcentaje de sólidos sin reaccionar, etc. La resolución numérica contempló un flujo másico de alimentación igual a de pellet de madera, con un tamaño de partícula promedio de ; un reactante gaseoso compuesto de vapor de agua enriquecido con oxígeno, cuyos flujos corresponden a y respectivamente. Además de una presión y temperatura inicial de y . Fue posible observar el régimen transiente y estacionario del sistema. El régimen estacionario permite describir el lecho a partir de sus principales características. Para largos de lecho entre o , el modelo muestra que se alcanzarían conversiones cercanas al , con un poder calorífico de la mezcla que fluctúa entre los y , alcanzando un de eficiencia térmica respecto al combustible sólido alimentado. El flujo de salida del reactor se estima en de gas de síntesis, con una composición de de hidrógeno, de monóxido de carbono, de dióxido de carbono y de metano. Asociado a ello un flujo de sólidos igual a , el que corresponden al sólido que no alcanzó a reaccionar, se estima un tamaño de partículas igual a .

No description available.

A laboratory scale method was used to produce pellets from cassia tora stems with pelletizing temperature conditions of 30, 45, 60, 75, 90, 105 and 120oC under a pressure of 50, 70, 90,120 and 140 MPa. A total of 30 pellets were produced under each condition of production. The physical and chemical properties of the pellets were investigated. The pellets produced under 75oC and 90 MPa were found to have durability 90 %. A Bulk density range of 617 to 619 kgm-3 was measured for all the produced pellets irrespective of production conditions. The pellets produced in the range of 50 MPa/30oC-140 MPa/120oC were found to have a moisture content ranging between 7.18- 9.6 %. Ash content of 4.2 % was achieved using both Thermogravimetry (TGA) and CEN/TC 335 standard. The gross calorific value of the pellet was determined to be in the range of 17.89-18.1 MJ/kg. TGA results also indicates low moisture and ash content and the process of pyrolysis occurred at 137-550oC at 10oC/min heating rate. The activation energies and reactivities determined from TG/DTG curve are 72.01, 106.81 and 88.67 kJ/mol and 1.76 E+19, 5.1 E+06 and 3.92 E+05 for step I, II and III respectively. A water boiling experiment was carried out to evaluate the cooking efficiency of the pellets compared to fuel wood, kerosene and liquefied natural gas (LPG). The energy intensities and energy cost of 1.2, 0.78, 0.56 and 1.36 kJ/g of water and 0.2, 0.7, 0.4 and 0.2 Nigerian Naira (N) were calculated for fuel wood, kerosene, LPG and the pellets respectively. vii An economic analysis of fuel pellet production from Cassia tora stems has been carried out for conditions found in Kano state, Nigeria. The total production cost, for a base case scenario of 5t/h and operating for 270 days a year, is £4/tonne (1094.5 Naira/ton) of pellets. A ‘Willingness to pay’ analysis was also performed using the Contingent Valuation Technique. A structured contingent valuation questionnaire was administered to 420 randomly selected households in the Kano metropolis and Chi-square analysis was conducted on the data collected. The results of the analysis, at a 5 percent (0.05) confidence level, showed that p-values were less than 0.05 (0.05>p) for all the responded variables. It is confirmed, from the analysis, that an inadequate supply of energy is a statistically significant problem in Kano state and households significantly use fuel wood for domestic energy applications. The results also indicated the willingness of households to switch to a new product and were willing to pay a mean amount of £5 (1361.5 Naira) for a ton of the fuel pellets. Properties of the cassia tora pellets were found to be comparable with other biomass fuel pellets. It is recommended that policy and investment should be geared towards fuel pellet production in Nigeria, to address problems of energy poverty and environmental deterioration, and provide a means for further economic development.

Les mini-granules enrobées offrent un grand potentiel pour la libération contrôlée de médicament par voie orale. Cependant, les mécanismes de libération impliqués ne sont pas toujours élucidés et compris. Ainsi, l’impact de certains paramètres de formulation peut être surprenant. Par exemple, il a été démontré dans ce travail :- La libération du propranolol HCl à partir de mini-granules enrobées avec du Kollicoat SR est plus lente si les mini-granules sont composées de noyaux de sucre comparé à des noyaux de cellulose microcristalline (CMC).Généralement, la tendance inverse est observée, car les noyaux de sucre ont une activité osmotique attirant plus rapidement l’eau à l’intérieur du système et entrainant ainsi, une dissolution et diffusion de la substance active. Ce résultat inattendu est dû à une association de 2 phénomènes : (i) l’effet plastifiant dû au sucre sur le film de Kollicoat SR et (ii) la diminution de la solubilité de cette SA dans le milieu de dissolution en présence de sucre dissous.De plus, le Kollicoat SR 30 D [dispersion aqueuse de poly(vinyl pyrrolidone)] offre des possibilités intéressantes de formulation par sa haute flexibilité et ses propriétés mécaniques stables. En revanche, les mini-granules composées de noyaux de sucre ont tendance à gonfler de par le cumul de l’activité osmotique du noyau et de la SA jusqu’à l’apparition de « cracks », révélés par des images obtenues par micro tomographie à rayons X.- Lorsqu’on augmente la quantité en propranolol HCl dans le système, la cinétique de libération est augmentée, particulièrement avec les mini-granules composées de noyaux de CMC.L’opposé est souvent constaté car accroitre la quantité de SA nécessite un plus grand apport en eau afin de pouvoir tout dissoudre. Les mini-granules à base de CMC présentent probablement des « cracks » malgré un faible gonflement du système, et sont accentués par l’augmentation de la concentration en propranolol HCl.En conclusion, des nouvelles connaissances sur les mécanismes de libération à partir de mini-granules enrobées avec du Kollicoat SR ont été apportées et l’importance du type de SA et la nature du noyau composant le système ont été élucidées.- Dans une deuxième partie, des mini-granules enrobées avec un mélange de polymère (Aquacoat ECD et Eudragit NM 30 D) ont été formulées dans le but de libérer la diprophylline, SA modèle, par diffusion à travers le film de polymère et de pouvoir modéliser sa cinétique à partir de modèles mathématiques. / Polymer coated pellets offer a great potential for control drug delivery system. Nevertheless, the underlying drug release mechanisms can be complex and are not fully understood. Thus, the impact of formulation parameters can be surprising. For example, it has been demonstrated during this thesis that:- The release of propranolol HCl was slower from sugar-based pellets coated with Kollicoat SR compared to microcrystalline cellulose (MCC)-based pellets.Generally, the opposite was observed because the sugar cores are osmotically active attracting more and more water into the system leading to a fast dissolution and diffusion of the drug, especially with high water-soluble drug. This unexpected result is due to a combination of two phenomena: (i) The plasticizing effect of sugar for the film coating and (ii) Decrease in drug solubility in the release medium due to the presence of co-dissolved sugar.In addition, Kollicoat SR 30 D [an aqueous dispersion of poly(vinyl acetate) also containing small amounts of poly(vinyl pyrrolidone) and sodium lauryl sulfate] is a very interesting polymer owing to its high flexibility and stable mechanical properties. However, sugar-based pellets tend to swell by the osmotic pressure created by the high water-soluble API and the sugar until crack formation, clearly visible on the images obtained by X-ray micro tomography.- Propranolol HCl release in phosphate buffer pH 7.4 increases by increasing the drug loading into the system, especially from MCC-based pellets.The opposite was often observed since the amount of water within the drug reservoir might not be sufficient to dissolve all drug. MCC-based pellets likely presented also cracks despite a low swelling of the system, accentuated by the increase of propranolol HCl concentration.To conclude, new insights on the underlying drug release mechanisms from Kollicoat SR coated pellets were provided. The importance of the type of drug and the nature of starter cores were elucidated.- In the second part, diprophylline loaded pellets coated with a polymer blend composed of Aquacoat ECD and Eudragit NM were prepared in order to control the drug release only by diffusion through the intact polymeric film and to predict the drug kinetics using mathematical models.

The aim of this diploma thesis is the construction design of the steam boiler burning pellets. Set parameters: 450°C; 5,2 MPa; 30t/h. Decision procedure: stoichiometric calculation, energy balance, calculation of combustion chamber and heat delivery surface.

This thesis deals with the drying of biomass, especially drying of small wood mass. The various drying methods, such as belt drying, fluidized bed drying and drum drying are compared including their advantages and disadvantages. It is suggested basic technological scheme of drying line. The last part of the thesis deals with a calculation of drum dryer of specified performance and economic balance is made.

I Sverige finns det mycket skog att tillgå och en del av skogen används som energikälla för uppvärmning av hus. Många hus värms upp av pelletspannor och det finns många omoderna pelletspannor runt om i Sverige. Denna rapport syftar till att bygga om en pelletspanna av modell Ariterm PX21 från år 2009 med hjälp av lambdareglering.Brännaren idag har ingen teknik som kontrollerar förbränningen. Syftet med lambdaregleringen är att en lambdasond, som ska styra matarskruven till pelletsbrännaren, ska installeras och därmed styra förbränningen. Frågeställningen för arbetet är om en installation av lambdareglering förbättrar förbränningen och i sådana fall hur lång tid det tar innan investeringen lönar sig.En lambdasond installerades på rökröret och två Arduinos programmerades och installerades tillsammans med ett relä som är kopplat till matarskruvens strömförsörjning. Mätningar av avgaserna har genomförts både före och efter installationen och en förbättring på värdena NO, NOx och CO2 uppmättes vid lambdareglering. Vidare förbättrades verkningsgraden och bränsleförbrukningen. Förbränningen kan därmed antas vara mer fullständig med lambdareglering jämfört med utan. Efter inköpskostnaderna för installationen och besparingarna på pellets är installationen intjänad på en säsong. / There is a vast amount of forest in Sweden and parts of that is used as an energy source to heat up homes. Many homes are heated with pellet burners and some of these are old and inefficient. The purpose of this report is to rebuild a 2009 Ariterm PX21 pellet burner by installing a lambda controller.Currently, the burner has no built-in technique that controls the combustion. The purpose of the lambda controller is to control the pellet feeder to the burner with a lambda transmitter and by that control the combustion. The report aims to answer if that installation will improve the combustion and how long it will take until the investment is profitable.A lambda transmitter has been installed on the funnel and two Arduinos has been programmed and installed together with a relay connected to the feeder’s electrical supply. Exhaust measurements have been performed both before and after the installations. There was an improvement on NO, NOx, and CO2 after the installation. There was also an improvement of the efficiency and fuel consumption. Therefore, the installation of a lambda controller can be considered to improve the combustion. With the expenses made and the savings on pellet consumption, the installation will be profitable within one season.