<p>The objectives of this case-control study, investigating 51 in-patient women with acute pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) and 50 healthy women attending for routine gynecological check-up, were to investigate the background and reproductive history of women, who are considered at low risk of sexually transmitted infection presenting with PID, to examine whether intrauterine device (IUD) use <i>per se</i> and long use affects the microbiology and clinical course of the disease, to identify risk factors for PID and to examine whether IUD use is an independent risk factor for PID.</p><p>The most striking difference regarding the background and reproductive history between women with PID and healthy women over age 25 were related to socio-demographic factors and not to common risk factors for PID.</p><p>There was little difference between healthy women and women with current PID with regard to single microbes. The finding of combinations of several anaerobic or aerobic/anaerobic microbes appeared to be associated with PID, particularly in women over 35. The pathogenesis of non-sexually transmitted PID appears to be associated with a synergistic effect between several pathogens, possibly facilitated by the presence of an IUD.</p><p>IUD use <i>per se</i> was associated with an increased risk of PID in women 35 and older. There was an association between IUD use and complicated PID in women over 35, which was possibly influenced by long-term IUD use. Age over 35 and IUD use, independently of each other, were associated with an increased risk of failed conservative treatment, necessitating surgery in patients with PID.</p><p>An observational study showed that Latvian obstetrician-gynecologists participate actively in contraceptive counseling and are very experienced with regard to IUD use. Physicians’ attitudes and perceptions towards IUD are generally positive and their clinical considerations are in good agreement with that of doctors in other countries. Antibiotics are widely used around IUD insertion by doctors, possibly driven by a liberal attitude towards IUD use in women with a potential risk of STI. The study could identify some possible gaps in the theoretical knowledge about the IUD and other methods.</p>

The objectives of this case-control study, investigating 51 in-patient women with acute pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) and 50 healthy women attending for routine gynecological check-up, were to investigate the background and reproductive history of women, who are considered at low risk of sexually transmitted infection presenting with PID, to examine whether intrauterine device (IUD) use per se and long use affects the microbiology and clinical course of the disease, to identify risk factors for PID and to examine whether IUD use is an independent risk factor for PID. The most striking difference regarding the background and reproductive history between women with PID and healthy women over age 25 were related to socio-demographic factors and not to common risk factors for PID. There was little difference between healthy women and women with current PID with regard to single microbes. The finding of combinations of several anaerobic or aerobic/anaerobic microbes appeared to be associated with PID, particularly in women over 35. The pathogenesis of non-sexually transmitted PID appears to be associated with a synergistic effect between several pathogens, possibly facilitated by the presence of an IUD. IUD use per se was associated with an increased risk of PID in women 35 and older. There was an association between IUD use and complicated PID in women over 35, which was possibly influenced by long-term IUD use. Age over 35 and IUD use, independently of each other, were associated with an increased risk of failed conservative treatment, necessitating surgery in patients with PID. An observational study showed that Latvian obstetrician-gynecologists participate actively in contraceptive counseling and are very experienced with regard to IUD use. Physicians’ attitudes and perceptions towards IUD are generally positive and their clinical considerations are in good agreement with that of doctors in other countries. Antibiotics are widely used around IUD insertion by doctors, possibly driven by a liberal attitude towards IUD use in women with a potential risk of STI. The study could identify some possible gaps in the theoretical knowledge about the IUD and other methods.

The purpose of this paper is the development of a model to investigate possible causal relationships among some of the commonly reported risk factors for the development of osteoporosis and consequential hip fracture. Comparison of hip fracture incidence between women of primarily European descent, referred to in the literature as Caucasians, and Japanese women is made. Studies report the incidence of hip fractures among Japanese women is lower than among Caucasian women. Numerous factors related to the development of osteoporosis are significantly different between Japan and the United States. The model helps explain the interrelationships among the variables involved in this observed geographical variation in hip fracture incidence. / Department of Anthropology

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T20:19:13Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2873.pdf: 1742791 bytes, checksum: 47d9a0ace2c120efe792f6fd0fd840c2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-03-03 / Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos / The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of a kinesiotherapy protocol in a group-based for strengthen the pelvic floor muscles (KGSPF) for the pelvic floor muscle (PFM) function and pressure level, quality of life (QOL) and isometric and isokinetic hip adductors peak torque (PT) among women with urinary incontinence (UI) that was not sedentary. Fifteen women (mean age 60,20 ± 8,16) were enrolled in this study. They were evaluated, at beginning and after 12 weeks, by a clinical evaluation; one hour pad test; three-day voiding diary; a QOL with King Health Questionnaire (KHQ); PFM function (digital and perioneometer) and isometric and isokinetic hip adductors PT. The KGSPF protocol consisted of 12 sessions of one hour, once a week. The KGSPF protocol included exercises to strengthen PFM, information and guidance for UI. The data were analyzed by non-parametric Wilcoxon test and Spearman coefficient correlation. The significance level was 5%. After 12 weeks, the group presented a significant improvement of QOL and PFM function and pressure. It was presented a significant decrease for isometric hip adductors PT, one hour pad test (p=0,03), urgency episodes (p=0,04), and UI (p=0,02). It was found moderate negative correlation between age and the isokinetic hip adductors PT for dominant side (r= -0,53; p=0,04) and non-dominant side (r= -0,57; p=0,03); between the PFM contraction pressure and isokinetic hip adductors PT for dominant side (r= -0,62; p=0,03) and nondominant side (r= -0,64;p= 0,02); and between contraction force of PFM fast fibers and isometric hip adductors PT for dominant side (r= 0,60; p=0,03) and non-dominant side (r=-0,59; p=0,04). In conclusion, the KGSPF protocol was effective to decrease UI and isometric hip adductors PT, and to improve QOL. / O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar os efeitos de um protocolo de cinesioterapia para o fortalecimento dos músculos do assoalho pélvico em grupo (CFAPG) sobre a função e nível de pressão dos músculos do assoalho pélvico (MAP), qualidade de vida e pico de torque (PT) isométrico e isocinético de adutores de quadril, em mulheres com perda urinária e não sedentárias. Participaram deste estudo 15 mulheres, com média de idade de 60,20 ± 8,16, que realizaram, no início e ao final do protocolo, a avaliação clínica; teste do absorvente de uma hora; diário miccional de três dias; avaliação da qualidade de vida, por meio do questionário King Health Questionnaire (KHQ); avaliação da função dos MAP digital e com o perineômetro, e avaliação do PT isométrico e isocinético de adutores de quadril. O protocolo de CFAPG teve duração de 12 sessões com uma hora, uma vez por semana, sendo realizados os exercícios para fortalecimento dos MAP, além de informações e orientações para a incontinência urinária. Os dados foram analisados no programa Statistica utilizando o teste não paramétrico de Wilcoxon e coeficiente de correlação de Spearman, adotou-se um nível de significância de 5%. Ao final do protocolo ocorreu melhora significativa da qualidade de vida, função e pressão de contração dos MAP e diminuição significativa no PT isométrico de adutores de quadril, teste do absorvente de uma hora (p=0,03), nos episódios de urgência (p=0,04) e perda urinária (p=0,02). Houve correlação negativa moderada entre a idade e o PT isocinética de adutores de quadril do membro dominante (r= -0,53; p=0,04) e não dominante (r= -0,57; p=0,03); entre a pressão de contração dos MAP e o PT isocinética de adutores de quadril do membro dominante (r= -0,62; p=0,03) e não dominante (r= -0,64;p= 0,02); e entre a força de contração das fibras rápidas dos MAP com PT isométrico de adutores de quadril do membro dominante (r= 0,60; p=0,03) e não dominante (r=-0,59; p=0,04). Desta forma, conclui-se que o protocolo de CFAPG foi eficaz para diminuir a perda urinária e o PT isométrico de adutores de quadril e melhorar a qualidade de vida.

OBJETIVOS: Avaliar a efetividade da massagem perineal de Thiele e a efetividade da eletroestimulação intravaginal no tratamento de mulheres com dor pélvica crônica (DPC) e dispareunia causada por espasmo dos músculos pélvicos, comparar as duas técnicas e seus efeitos sobre a dor, risco de ansiedade e depressão e na função sexual. MÉTODOS: Foi realizado um estudo clínico randomizado, com alocação aleatória dos sujeitos da pesquisa em grupos paralelos, grupo A: 14 mulheres tradadas com massagem perineal e grupo B: 16 mulheres tradadas com eletroestimulação intravaginal. Foram incluídas mulheres com diagnóstico de DPC e dispareunia superficial causada por espasmo de músculos pélvicos, foram excluídas mulheres com dispareunia sem espasmo de músculos pélvicos, mulheres grávidas, menopausadas e que constassem em seus prontuários: vasculopatias, neuropatias, diabetes ou tireoideopatias. Foram recrutadas no Ambulatório de Dor Pélvica Crônica (AGDP) do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto da Universidade São Paulo (HC/FMRP- USP). Sendo realizadas avaliações através de exame físico e aplicação dos questionários EVA, McGILL, HAD e FSFI e coleta de dados demográficos. Após término do tratamento essas mulheres foram reavaliadas com a periodicidade de uma, quatro, doze e 24 semanas por um avaliador alheio ao tipo de tratamento por elas realizado. RESULTADOS: Não foram encontradas diferenças significativas quando comparada a efetividade de uma técnica em relação à outra em nenhum dos tempos de reavaliação. Porém foram encontrados resultados significativos dentro de cada grupo entre os tempos antes do tratamento e depois do tratamento (1, 4, 12 e 24 semanas após). Em relação à melhora da dor (EVA, McGILL) e função sexual (FSFI), não foram encontradas diferenças significativas em relação às técnicas de tratamento e o risco para ansiedade e depressão. CONCLUSÃO: As duas modalidades de tratamento foram efetivas na melhora da dor, sugerindo assim o uso delas separadamente ou em associação nos casos de DPC associado a dispareunia superficial secundária a espasmos de músculos pélvicos. / OBJECTIVES: Evaluate the effectiveness of Thiele perineal massage and the effectiveness of intravaginal electrostimulation in treating women with Chronic pelvic pain (CPP) and dyspareunia caused by spasm of the pelvic muscles, to compare two techniques and their pain effects, anxiety and depression risks and sexual function. METHODS: Was realized a clinical trial randomized with random allocation of people in parallel groups. Group A:14 women treated with perineal massage and group B:16 women treated with intravaginal electrostimulation. Inclusion criteria: Women with CPP and superficial dyspareunia caused by spasms of the pelvic muscles diagnosed and exclusion criteria: Dyspareunia without spasm in pelvic muscles, pregnant, menopause and with medical records of vasculopathies, neuropathies, diabetes, thyroid disease. These women were recruited in the Clinic of Chronic Pelvic Pain of the Hospital of Ribeirão Preto Medical School of the University of São Paulo (HC/FMRP-USP). Evaluation with physical examination and application of VAS, McGill pain, HAD and SFIF and the collection of demographic data were performed. After end of treatment these women were re-evaluated after 1, 4, 12 and 24 weeks follow-up by a foreign evaluator to the type of treatment. RESULTS: No significant differences were found when comparing the effectiveness of one technique in relation to the other in any of the reevaluation times. However, significant results were found within each group between pre-treatment and post-treatment times (1, 4, 12, and 24 weeks post-treatment). In relation to the improvement of pain (EVA, McGILL) and sexual function (FSFI), no significant differences were found regarding treatment techniques and the risk for anxiety and depression. CONCLUSION: The two treatment modalities were effective in improving pain, thus suggesting their use separately or in combination in cases of DPC associated with superficial dyspareunia secondary to pelvic muscle spasms.

The sacroiliac joint (SIJ) is frequently involved in low back and pelvic girdle pain. However, morphometrical and functional characteristics related to SIJ pain are poorly defined. Pelvic belts represent one treatment option, but evidence still lacks as to their pain-reducing effects and the mechanisms involved. Addressing these two issues, this case-controlled study compares morphometric, functional and clinical data in SIJ patients and healthy controls and evaluates the effects of short-term pelvic belt application.

This diploma thesis deals primarily with the existence of the asymmetry of the bony pelvis and the sexual dimorphism of the asymmetry of the pelvic canal, which is caused by different reproductive functions of each of the sexes. Furthermore, the correlation or linear dependence of the external pelvic and pelvic canal dimensions was investigated. The study uses 3D pelvic models created in Avizo 7.1 from CT images of the recent French population. The material consists of 74 probands, of which 36 are males and 38 are females. The models were digitalized using Viewbox 4 software, in which 29 landmarks were applied to each pelvic model. These correspond to 24 dimensions divided into three groups: the size of the non-canal pelvis, the dimensions of the pelvic canal and the dimensions for calculating the correlation between the non-canal pelvis and the pelvic canal. The degree of asymmetry was evaluated using the formulas for the calculation of directorial (DA) and absolute (AA) asymmetry. Student's paired t-test was used for statistical analysis of asymmetry to determine asymmetry in previous studies. Gender differences were determined by the Mann-Whitney U test. At the same time, an analysis using the mixed model ANOVA was also performed, which in addition incorporates an intraobservation measurement...

Bakgrund  Majoriteten av alla förlossningar är så kallade vaginala förlossningar. Vården efter en förlossning innebär ofta en kort kontakt vilken avslutas runt tre månader postpartum. Under vaginal förlossning ådrar sig vissa kvinnor skador vilka kvarstår i över sex månader och upp till flera år postpartum. I vissa fall kan även problematik kopplat till sådana skador uppstå flera år efter en förlossning. Sådana långvariga förlossningsskador är: bäckenbottenprolaps, fekal- och urininkontinens, dyspareuni och bäckensmärta. Dessa skador medför bland annat sviktande basala kroppsfunktioner och smärta. Hälso- och sjukvården spelar en viktig roll i stötta dessa kvinnor för att bibehålla deras KASAM och livskvalitet.   Syfte Syftet var att belysa kvinnors upplevelser av att leva med långvariga förlossningsskador.   Metod Den metod som använts för detta arbete var en litteraturöversikt baserad på 16 vetenskapliga artiklar vilka analyserades enligt så kallad integrerad analys.   Resultat Kvinnor med långvariga förlossningsskador upplevde en låg hälsa och livskvalitet. Dessa kvinnor upplevde många begränsningar i vardagen och en påverkan på fysisk förmåga, psykiskt mående, relationer och sexuell hälsa. Många kvinnor var missnöjda med den vård de mottagit för sin skada, speciellt gällande bemötandet och erhållen information. Flertalet kvinnor var oroliga inför framtiden medan vissa var hoppfulla eller hade funnit acceptans inför sin situation.   Slutsats I denna litteraturöversikts resultatdel framkom det att omvårdnaden av kvinnor vilka lever med långvariga förlossningsskador är bristfällig, detta gällande främst bemötande och informatik. Två områden vilka är essentiella i sjuksköterskans yrkesutövande. För att förbättra kvinnors självupplevda hälsa och livskvalitet behöver dessa områden utvecklas i form av ett större fokus på personcentrerad omvårdnad och utökad information kring eventuella långvariga förlossningsskador i samband med förlossning. / Background  The majority of all deliveries are vaginal deliveries. After childbirth, the care often involves a short contact which is completed around three months postpartum. During vaginal delivery, some women suffer injuries that persist for over six months and up to several years postpartum. In some cases, problems associated with such injuries can also occur several years after giving birth. Examples of such long-term injuries are: pelvic organ prolapse, fecal and urinary incontinence, dyspareunia and pelvic pain. These injuries cause, among other things, failing basic bodily functions and pain. Health care plays an important role in supporting these women to maintain their sense of coherence and quality of life.   Aim The aim was to highlight women’s experiences of living with long-term maternal childbirth injuries.   Method The chosen method for this study was a literature review based on 16 scientific articles that were analyzed using integrated analysis.   Results Women with long-term maternal childbirth injuries experienced poor health and quality of life. These women experienced many limitations in their everyday life and an impact on physical ability, mental health, relationships and sexual health. Many women were dissatisfied with the health care they received for their injury, especially regarding the care and information received. Most women were worried about the future, but some women were hopeful or had found acceptance for their situation.   Conclusions In the results section of this literature study, it was found that the health care of women living with long-term maternal childbirth injuries is inadequate. This regarding how the health care staff treat the women and the information they receive. Two areas that are essential in the nurse's professional practice. In order to improve women's self-perceived health and quality of life, these areas need to be developed through a greater focus on person-centered care and broadened information about possible long-term birth injuries in connection with childbirth.

京都大学 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(医学) / 甲第24135号 / 医博第4875号 / 新制||医||1060(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院医学研究科医学専攻 / (主査)教授 近藤 尚己, 教授 川上 浩司, 教授 阪上 優 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Medical Science / Kyoto University / DFAM

Bakgrund: Urininkontinens är ett stort folkhälsoproblem i världen och det definieras som ofrivilligt urinläckage. Vid en graviditet är risken stor att drabbas av urininkontinens och många återhämtar sig inte utan får kvarstående problem. Bäckenbottenträning är den vanligaste behandlingsmetoden för urininkontinens.  Syfte: Denna litteraturstudie syftade till att utvärdera effekten av bäckenbottenträning som intervention hos kvinnor som lider av postnatal urininkontinens. Metod: En litteraturstudie med systematisk sökning i databasen PubMed. Studiernas kvalitet granskades med PEDros granskningsmall och evidensgradering genomfördes med GRADEstud. Resultat: Totalt inkluderades sju studier i studien, varav fyra var av god kvalitet och tre var av måttlig kvalitet. Fem av sju studier visade signifikanta skillnader i effekten av bäckenbottenträning på urininkontinens. Tre av fem studier visade signifikanta skillnader i effekten av bäckenbottenträning på styrka samt två av fem på uthållighet i bäckenbottenmuskulaturen. Evidensstyrkan bedömdes som låg och mycket låg, både gällande effekten på förekomsten av urininkontinens och muskelstyrkan och uthålligheten i bäckenbotten. Konklusion: Resultatet i denna litteraturstudie visar på att bäckenbottenträning postpartum har effekt på både förekomst av urininkontinens samt muskelstyrkan i bäckenbotten. Då tillförlitlighet var låg till mycket låg har dock inte resultatet någon klinisk relevans. Gällande uthållighet i bäckenbottenmuskulatur är resultatet ovisst och även här med låg tillförlitlighet. Den genomgående låga tillförlitligheten tyder på att det krävs fler fysioterapeutiska högkvalitativa studier för att kunna dra några större slutsatser. / Background: Urinary incontinence is a major public health problem in the world and is defined as involuntary leakage of urine. During pregnancy, there is a high risk of urinary incontinence, and many suffer from persistent problems. Pelvic floor training is the most common treatment for urinary incontinence. Objective: This review aimed to evaluate the effect of pelvic floor training for women suffering from postnatal urinary incontinence. Method: A systematic literature search was carried out in the database PubMed. The study quality was reviewed with the PEDro-scale and the certainty of evidence was evaluated with GRADEstud. Results: Seven studies were included in the study, of which four were of good quality and three were of moderate quality. Five of seven studies showed significant effect of pelvic floor training on urinary incontinence. Three out of five studies showed significant effect of pelvic floor training on strength and two out of five on endurance in the pelvic floor muscles. The certainty of evidence was assessed as low to very low. Conclusion: The review showed that pelvic floor training has a positive effect on both the occurrence of urinary incontinence and the muscle strength of the pelvic floor muscles. Regarding endurance, no significant difference could be established. However, as reliability was low to very low, the result has no clinical relevance, and thus, more high-quality physiotherapeutic studies are needed in order to come to further conclusions.