[EN] In modern agriculture, the widespread use of chemicals is common, but the possible presence of residues in food is an issue of increasing importance for public health opinion. The germicidal effect of UV-C irradiation has been successfully tested in different foods but not at an industrial scale as a method for surface disinfection at room temperature of fresh citrus fruit without leaving residues on the product, which is considered a good alternative for food preservation. Postharvest diseases affect the fruit from harvest to the consumer table, and cause significant economic losses to the citrus industry. Losses from disease are highly variable and depend on the production area, species, cultivar, age and condition of the trees; weather conditions throughout the season, the time and method of harvest, postharvest handling of the fruit, storage conditions and destination market. At the global level, important economic losses are caused by strict wound pathogens such as Penicillium digitatum (Pers.: Fr.) Sacc, and Penicillium italicum Wehmer that cause, respectively, citrus postharvest green and blue molds. UV-C irradiation has a maximum emission peak at 254 nm and has been found that this wavelength provides the greatest germicidal action, which has been extensively studied in various plant tissues. Depending on the intensity and wavelength, UV irradiation can induce a biological stress in plants and activate some defense mechanisms of plant tissues, with the consequent production of phytoalexins. Irradiation with UV-C is considered a potential additional tool in CINCEP strategies for the control of citrus decay, although UV-C alone cannot achieve the high efficacy of the fungicides used nowadays for disease control. The results obtained with the prototypes, showed that the best prototype is number III, in which the UV light is applied over rotating rollers. The results indicate that UV light has an indirect hormetic effect on the fruit in preventive trials. The combination with hot water also improves the results when applied in the sequence of hot water followed by application of UV-C in the rotating UV-C applicator prototype III, but not vice versa. Fruit ripening conditions along the season influence the efficacy of the applied dose of UV-C and higher doses can cause undesirable phytotoxic, which can be minimized by the combination with hot water. The studied doses that have been more effective for mandarins and oranges at different ripening stages are: 2.5kJ/m2 on fruit at commercial maturity and subjected to degreening, and the range 5 to 10kJ/m2 on fruit that has reached physiological maturity, which varies depending on the characteristics of the fruit along the season and always in combination with hot water. / [ES] En una agricultura moderna, difícilmente se puede prescindir del uso de productos químicos, pero la posible presencia de residuos en los alimentos es una cuestión que, cada vez, por mínima que ésta sea, preocupa más a la opinión pública, si resulta desfavorable para su salud. El efecto germicida de la irradiación UV-C se ha ensayado con éxito en diferentes alimentos, pero no a escala industrial en la manipulación de cítricos, como un método de desinfección superficial a temperatura ambiente que no deja residuos en el producto, por lo que se considera una buena alternativa para la conservación de alimentos. Las enfermedades de postcosecha, es decir, aquellas enfermedades que afectan a los frutos desde que son recolectados hasta que llegan al consumidor, provocan pérdidas económicas importantes al sector citrícola. Las pérdidas provocadas por las enfermedades son muy variables y dependen del área productora, la especie, el cultivar, la edad y condición de los árboles; las condiciones climatológicas durante toda la campaña, la época y forma de recolección; el manejo de los frutos en postcosecha, las condiciones de almacenamiento y el mercado de destino. En el ámbito mundial destacan las pérdidas producidas por patógenos de herida estrictos como Penicillium digitatum (Pers.:Fr.) Sacc. o Penicillium italicum Wehmer, causantes, respectivamente, de las podredumbres verde y azul. La irradiación UV-C tiene su máximo pico de emisión a 254 nm y se ha comprobado que es en esta longitud de onda donde presenta su mayor acción germicida, por lo que ha sido ampliamente estudiada en varios tejidos vegetales. En función de la intensidad y longitud de onda, la irradiación UV puede inducir un estrés biológico en plantas y activar algunos mecanismos de defensa de los tejidos vegetales, con la consecuente producción de fitoalexinas. La irradiación con UV-C se considera una potencial herramienta adicional en la estrategia de tratamientos combinados para el control del podrido de los cítricos, aunque la radiación UV-C por sí mismo no puede alcanzar la alta eficiencia de control del podrido de los fungicidas utilizados en la actualidad. De los resultados obtenidos en los distintos prototipos, el que ha proporcionado mejores resultados ha sido el prototipo número III , en el que se aplica la UV-C sobre la rulada en movimiento. Los resultados obtenidos indican que el efecto de la UV produce un efecto de hormesis indirecto sobre el fruto en ensayos preventivos. La combinación con agua caliente mejora también los resultados en la estrategia combinada de agua caliente seguida de aplicación de UV-C, en el aplicador de UV sobre rulada (prototipo número III), y no viceversa. Las condiciones de maduración a lo largo de la campaña influyen en los resultados de las dosis aplicadas. A dosis más altas la UV puede provocar efectos no deseados, minimizando los daños con la aplicación combinada de agua caliente. Las dosis estudiadas que han dado buenos resultados en las distintas épocas de la maduración de las variedades de mandarina y naranja son las siguientes: 2,5 kJ/m2 en fruta con la madurez comercial, sometida a desverdización, y en un rango entre 5 y 10 kJ/m2 cuando el fruto alcanza la maduración fisiológica, que varía en función de las características de fruto a lo largo de la campaña, y siempre en combinación con agua caliente. / [CA] En una agricultura moderna, difícilment es pot prescindir de l'ús de productes químics, però la possible presència de residus en els aliments és una qüestió que, cada vegada, per mínima que aquesta siga, preocupa més a l'opinió pública, si resulta desfavorable per a la seua salut. L'efecte germicida de la irradiació UV-C s'ha assajat amb èxit en diferents aliments, però no a escala industrial en la manipulació de cítrics, com un mètode de desinfecció superficial a temperatura ambient que no deixa residus en el producte, per la qual cosa es considera una bona alternativa per a la conservació d'aliments.Les malalties de postcollita, és a dir, aquelles malalties que afecten als fruits des que són recol·lectats fins que arriben al consumidor, provoquen pèrdues econòmiques importants al sector citrícola. Les pèrdues provocades per les malalties són molt variables i depenen de l'àrea productora, l'espècie, el cultivar, l'edat i condició dels arbres; les condicions climatològiques durant tota la campanya, l'època i forma de recol·lecció; la manipulació dels fruits en postcollita, les condicions d'emmagatzematge i el mercat de destí. En l'àmbit mundial destaquen les pèrdues produïdes per patògens de ferida estrictes com Penicillium digitatum (Pers.:Fr.) Sacc. o Penicillium italicum Wehmer, causants, respectivament, de les podridures verda i blava. La irradiació UV-C té el seu màxim pic d'emissió a 254 nm i s'ha comprovat que és en aquesta longitud d'ona on presenta la seua major acció germicida, per la qual cosa ha sigut àmpliament estudiada en diversos teixits vegetals. En funció de la intensitat i longitud d'ona, la irradiació UV pot induir un estrès biològic en plantes i activar alguns mecanismes de defensa dels teixits vegetals, amb la consequ¿ent producció de fitoalexinas. La irradiació amb UV-C es considera una potencial eina addicional en l'estratègia de tractaments combinats per al control del podrit dels cítrics, encara que la radiació UV-C per si mateix no pot aconseguir l'alta eficiència de control del podrit dels fungicides utilitzats en l'actualitat. Dels resultats obtinguts en els diferents prototips, el que ha proporcionat millors resultats ha sigut el prototip número III, en el qual s'aplica la UV-C sobre rodets en moviment. Els resultats obtinguts indiquen que l'efecte de la UV produeix un efecte de hormesis indirecte sobre el fruit en assajos preventius. La combinació amb aigua calenta millora també els resultats en l'estratègia combinada d'aigua calenta seguida d'aplicació d'UV-C, en l'aplicador d'UV sobre rodets (prototip número III), i no viceversa. Les condicions de maduració al llarg de la campanya influeixen en els resultats de les dosis aplicades. A dosis més altes la UV pot provocar efectes no desitjats,minimitzants els danys amb l'aplicació combinada d'aigua calenta. Les dosis estudiades que han donat bons resultats en les diferents èpoques de maduració de les varietats de mandarina i taronja són les següents: 2,5 kJ/m2 en fruta amb maduresa comercial sotmesa a desverdització, i en un rang entre 5 i 10 kJ/m2 quan el fruit aconsegueix la maduració fisiològica, que varia en funció de les característiques de fruit al llarg de la campanya, i sempre en combinació amb aigua calenta. / Ibiza Mauri, S. (2016). DESARROLLO DE PROTOTIPOS PARA EL TRATAMIENTO POSTCOSECHA DE CÍTRICOS CON RADIACIÓN UV-C Y AGUA CALIENTE PARA EL CONTROL DE LA PODREDUMBRE VERDE CAUSADA POR PENICILLIUN DIGITATUM [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/62169

Seedling blight of maize has significantly influenced field crop stands and seedling vigour over various localities and seasons. The extent of the problem is influenced by a number of factors which includes soil temperature (generally below 13 °C), waterlogged soils, inadequate fertilization, herbicide damage and fungal pathogens. The fungi generally causing seedling damping off are often involved in a complex and succession over time varying in importance depending on the field circumstances at a given time. These generally include the Pythium spp., Rhizoctonia spp. and various Fusarium spp. These have been recorded in a number of studies conducted by local researchers in the late 1980’s and early 1990’s on sorghum but to a lesser degree on maize. Uncertainty regarding the status of the etiology of maize seedling blights as maize production practices have changed dramatically in the last 10 years with increased plant populations, reduced tillage, increased crop rotation options and new short season maize hybrids. It is therefore essential to determine the present status of seedling blights in South Africa to confirm the necessity of fungicide seed treatments to ensure adequate plant densities and seedling vigour. Cob and tassel smut caused by Sphacelotheca reiliana is a disease of maize that was a problem in the 1970’s. Due to improved fertilisation, fungicide seed treatments and hybrid resistance this disease was reduced to such levels that the disease was only found to occur on research farms where seedlings were inoculated. Since 2007, the disease was reported to reach epidemic proportions on the heavy clay soils in the Standerton area. This disease has since spread over the last seven seasons to a range including northern KwaZulu/Natal, namely as far as Underberg/Swartberg, the Witbank, Ermelo, Middelburg and Delmas area in Mpumalanga and to Harrismith in the eastern Free State maize production area. This may be due to susceptible hybrids coming onto the local market or the inability of traditional fungicide seed treatments to contain infection. New and unregistered seed treatments available will be tested for their ability to control cob and tassel smut in two fields over two seasons. The aims of this dissertation were to determine the extent of the seedling blight problem in commercial fields throughout the maize industry. To determine the efficacy of fungicide seed treatments for the control of maize seedling blights using both field and greenhouse studies, and to determine the efficacy of fungicide seed treatments for the control of cob and tassel smut of maize in field trials. A total of 101 localities were sampled throughout the maize producing region of South Africa with root discolouration varying from 0 to 90 % root discolouration. Seventy different fungal species were isolated from the maize seedlings roots which include species such as Aspergillus, Clonostachus, Fusarium, Trichoderma and Penicillium. The most commonly isolated fungi which included Aspergillus niger, Fusarium solani, Fusarium verticillioides and Fusarium oxysporum were evaluated in glasshouse studies to determine their pathogenicity. Pathogenicity differed between isolates of the same fungal species, which were collected from different geographical regions, in the glasshouse studies. Field trials for seedling blight disease showed significant differences between the localities (P < 0.001) the trials were planted at, and between seed treatments. Significant season (P < 0.001) and locality (P < 0.05) differences were also found for cob and tassel smut trials planted at Potchefstroom, North-West province and Greytown, KwaZulu/Natal Province respectively. Fungicide seed treatments also showed significant differences for cob and tassel smut regarding plants infected (P < 0.001) and yield loss (P < 0.05). Overall seed treatments can be seen as an effective controlling agent for the control of seed- and soil-borne fungi on maize. / MSc (Environmental Sciences), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2015

Seedling blight of maize has significantly influenced field crop stands and seedling vigour over various localities and seasons. The extent of the problem is influenced by a number of factors which includes soil temperature (generally below 13 °C), waterlogged soils, inadequate fertilization, herbicide damage and fungal pathogens. The fungi generally causing seedling damping off are often involved in a complex and succession over time varying in importance depending on the field circumstances at a given time. These generally include the Pythium spp., Rhizoctonia spp. and various Fusarium spp. These have been recorded in a number of studies conducted by local researchers in the late 1980’s and early 1990’s on sorghum but to a lesser degree on maize. Uncertainty regarding the status of the etiology of maize seedling blights as maize production practices have changed dramatically in the last 10 years with increased plant populations, reduced tillage, increased crop rotation options and new short season maize hybrids. It is therefore essential to determine the present status of seedling blights in South Africa to confirm the necessity of fungicide seed treatments to ensure adequate plant densities and seedling vigour. Cob and tassel smut caused by Sphacelotheca reiliana is a disease of maize that was a problem in the 1970’s. Due to improved fertilisation, fungicide seed treatments and hybrid resistance this disease was reduced to such levels that the disease was only found to occur on research farms where seedlings were inoculated. Since 2007, the disease was reported to reach epidemic proportions on the heavy clay soils in the Standerton area. This disease has since spread over the last seven seasons to a range including northern KwaZulu/Natal, namely as far as Underberg/Swartberg, the Witbank, Ermelo, Middelburg and Delmas area in Mpumalanga and to Harrismith in the eastern Free State maize production area. This may be due to susceptible hybrids coming onto the local market or the inability of traditional fungicide seed treatments to contain infection. New and unregistered seed treatments available will be tested for their ability to control cob and tassel smut in two fields over two seasons. The aims of this dissertation were to determine the extent of the seedling blight problem in commercial fields throughout the maize industry. To determine the efficacy of fungicide seed treatments for the control of maize seedling blights using both field and greenhouse studies, and to determine the efficacy of fungicide seed treatments for the control of cob and tassel smut of maize in field trials. A total of 101 localities were sampled throughout the maize producing region of South Africa with root discolouration varying from 0 to 90 % root discolouration. Seventy different fungal species were isolated from the maize seedlings roots which include species such as Aspergillus, Clonostachus, Fusarium, Trichoderma and Penicillium. The most commonly isolated fungi which included Aspergillus niger, Fusarium solani, Fusarium verticillioides and Fusarium oxysporum were evaluated in glasshouse studies to determine their pathogenicity. Pathogenicity differed between isolates of the same fungal species, which were collected from different geographical regions, in the glasshouse studies. Field trials for seedling blight disease showed significant differences between the localities (P < 0.001) the trials were planted at, and between seed treatments. Significant season (P < 0.001) and locality (P < 0.05) differences were also found for cob and tassel smut trials planted at Potchefstroom, North-West province and Greytown, KwaZulu/Natal Province respectively. Fungicide seed treatments also showed significant differences for cob and tassel smut regarding plants infected (P < 0.001) and yield loss (P < 0.05). Overall seed treatments can be seen as an effective controlling agent for the control of seed- and soil-borne fungi on maize. / MSc (Environmental Sciences), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2015

Lagent de lutte biologique Aureobasidium pullulans souche Ach1-1 a présenté une grande potentialité dans le contrôle de Penicillium expansum, lagent causal de la pourriture bleue des pommes en conservation. Les mécanismes daction qui sont les plus impliqués dans son activité antagoniste ont été analysés, au cours de ce travail. Daprès des essais de protection réalisés sur pommes blessées, il apparaît que lefficacité de cette souche nest pas liée essentiellement à la sécrétion des métabolites toxiques dans le milieu ou à linduction de la résistance de fruit. Par contre, le mécanisme de la compétition pour la nutrition semble jouer un rôle important. Dans les essais in vitro, la souche antagoniste Ach1-1 a eu un important effet inhibiteur de la germination des conidies de P. expansum dans des milieux de jus de pomme à des faibles concentrations. Mais cet effet était réversible et les conidies inhibées étaient capables de germer une fois remises dans des conditions favorables en éléments nutritifs. Sur pommes blessées, leffet protecteur de la souche Ach1-1 vis-à-vis de P. expansum a été significativement affaibli par lajout dans les blessures de concentrations élevées des principaux composants des pommes en sucres, en vitamines et particulièrement en acides aminés. Il apparaît que lantagoniste exerce une activité fongistatique plus que fongicide vis-à-vis de P. expansum et agit par une compétition efficace pour les éléments nutritifs des blessures des pommes sans affecter la viabilité des conidies du pathogène. Une application exogène des acides aminés des pommes avec des concentrations croissantes dans les blessures a progressivement réduit lactivité antagoniste de la souche Ach1-1 sans altérer son développement dans les blessures, montrant que la compétition pour les acides aminés joue un rôle important dans la suppression de P. expansum. Ce résultat a été appuyé par lanalyse biochimique de la cinétique de lépuisement des acides aminés dans les blessures des pommes qui a montré que ces composés et particulièrement la sérine, la glycine et lacide glutamique sont mieux métabolisés par la souche antagoniste que par le pathogène. Lajout en excès de ces trois acides aminés en groupe ou individuellement dans les blessures des pommes a fortement réduit lefficacité de la souche Ach1-1 vis-à-vis de P. expansum. De plus, la présence de la sérine et la glycine avec des concentrations élevées dans des milieux synthétiques ne présentant aucune source azotée, a réduit leffet inhibiteur de la germination des conidies de P. expansum par la souche Ach1-1. Ainsi, ces acides aminés semble être parmi les éléments les plus limitants dans le mécanisme de la compétition./The biocontrol agent Aureobasidium pullulans strain Ach1-1 was very effective against Penicillium expansum, the causal agent of blue mold on stored apple. Modes of action that could be involved in its biocontrol activity were analysed in this work. According to some biocontrol trials on wounded apples, it appears that neither the production of metabolites nor the induction of fruit resistance were the principal modes of action of this strain. However the mechanism of nutrient competition appears to play an important role. In in vitro assays, the strain Ach1-1 had an important inhibitory effect of conidial germination of P. expansum in apple juice at low concentrations. However this inhibitory effect was suppressed when inhibited conidia were placed in favourable nutrients conditions. On wounded apples the protective activity of strain Ach1-1 against P. expansum was significantly reduced by adding, in the wounds, high concentrations of major apple compounds of sugar, vitamins and most particularly amino acids. It appears that the antagonist exerts a fungistatic rather than fungicidal activi ty on P. expansum as it can deplete limiting nutrient available at the infection site and inhibit conidia germination without affecting their viability. Moreover, an exogenous application of increasing apple amino acids concentrations in wounds had progressively reduced the antagonist activity of strain Ach1-1 without altering its development in wounds, suggesting that competition for apple amino acids by strain Ach1-1 plays an important role in suppressing P. expansum. This finding was strengthened by a time-course analysis of wounds amino acids during apple incubation in witch the strain Ach1-1 was able to assimilate apple amino acids better than P. expansum, most particularly Serine, Glycin and Glutamic acid. Exogenous additions of these three amino acids at high concentrations on apple wounds as a mixture or individually, strongly lowered the Biocontrol activity of strain Ach1-1. Moreover, the existence of amino acids serine and glycin at high concentration in synthetic media, without any nitrogen source, was able to reduce the inhibitory effect of conidial germination of P. expansum by the strain Ach1-1.Therefore these amino acids could be among the most limited nutrients in the mechanism of competition.

Submitted by Jos? Henrique Henrique (jose.neves@ufvjm.edu.br) on 2017-09-12T18:28:33Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) aline_bacelar_goncalves.pdf: 5988024 bytes, checksum: 24d09b3ca0a2e58cc7aee0ca7ca2528f (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Rodrigo Martins Cruz (rodrigo.cruz@ufvjm.edu.br) on 2017-09-18T12:57:54Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) aline_bacelar_goncalves.pdf: 5988024 bytes, checksum: 24d09b3ca0a2e58cc7aee0ca7ca2528f (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-09-18T12:57:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) aline_bacelar_goncalves.pdf: 5988024 bytes, checksum: 24d09b3ca0a2e58cc7aee0ca7ca2528f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior (CAPES) / O tratamento das leucemias ? desafiador por v?rios aspectos, entre os quais podem ser destacados os efeitos adversos e a obten??o de op??es terap?uticas de alta qualidade e de custos razo?veis. A utiliza??o da enzima L-asparaginase como agente terap?utico, limita a fonte ex?gena de asparagina, da qual as c?lulas malignas dependem para o metabolismo celular e para a sobreviv?ncia. Essa ? uma op??o que oferece menores riscos ao paciente e ?s c?lulas sadias, que s?o capazes de sintetizar este amino?cido. Neste cen?rio o objetivo deste trabalho foi selecionar, entre fungos filamentosos, linhagens produtoras da enzima L-asparaginase. O estudo tamb?m buscou avaliar o efeito da varia??o da fonte de carbono e da raz?o carbono-nitrog?nio no crescimento e na express?o da atividade enzim?tica, a fim de desenvolver meios de cultivo para o processo produtivo. Realizou-se tamb?m um estudo do crescimento apical das tr?s linhagens selecionadas, duas do g?nero Penicillium sp. e uma do g?nero Fusarium sp., em diversos meios de cultivo. O conhecimento gerado sobre as linhagens produtoras e os demais estudos realizados permitiram a obten??o de um meio de cultivo que possibilitou a produ??o enzim?tica em at? 11,45 U.min-1.mL-1 com a linhagem de Fusarium sp. / Disserta??o (Mestrado) ? Programa de P?s-gradua??o em Ci?ncias Farmac?uticas, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, 2016. / The treatment of leukemia is challenging in many ways, including the adverse effects and obtaining treatment options of high quality and reasonable cost. The use of L-asparaginase enzyme as a therapeutic agent limits the exogenous source of asparagine, which the malignant cells depend for cellular metabolism and survival. This option offers lower risk to patients and healthy cells, which are able to synthesize this amino acid. Therefore, the objective of this work was to select among filamentous fungi, producing strains of L-asparaginase enzyme. The study also aimed at evaluating the effect of varying the carbon source and carbon-nitrogen ratio in the growth and expression of the enzymatic activity to develop culture media for the production process. It was also carried out a study of the apical growth of the three strains selected, two of the genus Penicillium sp. and one Fusarium sp., cultivated in various culture media. The knowledge about the growth of the strains studied in different nutritional sources and other studies allowed obtaining a culture medium that enabled the enzyme production of 11.45 U.min-1.mL-1 by Fusarium sp.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T20:34:02Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 TeseAMRM.pdf: 10686710 bytes, checksum: 1d95e50d4a24d8eb0ed45f6879d64373 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005-12-14 / Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos / The Penicillium sp. A, Penicillium sp. B (M. paniculata) and P. herquei (M. azedarach) fungus were grown in liquid media (Czapeck s) and also in solid media (rice). After the inoculation of the fungus, their grownth were interrupted by adition of methanol. The extracts of the biomass were obtained by several maceration technics using organic solvents. The crude extracts were fractionated by liquid-liquid partition and also several chromatography technics. The pure compounds were obtained by refractionation of previous fractions by column chromatography, thin layer chromatography and HPLC. The structures of the compounds were elucidated by several spectroscopic technics as NMR, MS and IR. Several classes of compounds were isolated as nucleosides, esteroids, carbohydrates, polyketides among many others. Antimicrobial assays were carried out with purified compounds, where the polyketides citrinine, citrinine-D, citrinine H1, emodine, citreoroseine and janthinone showed promising results. Leishmanicidal assays were also carried out using emodine, citreoroseine and janthionone, where only the former showed a reasonable activity. The fragmentation by MS and also the biogenesis proposal of some isolated compounds are discussed in the present work. / Os fungos Penicillium sp A, Penicillium sp B (M. paniculata) e P. herquei (M. azedarach) foram cultivados em meios de cultura líquido (Czapeck s) e meio sólido (Arroz) para crescimento das colônias. Após o período de cultivo os crescimentos dos fungos foram interrompidos com metanol, posteriormente foram obtidos os extratos das biomassas produzidas utilizando-se técnicas de maceração com solventes orgânicos. Os extratos brutos foram fracionados através de partições liquido-liquido e cromatografia em coluna a vácuo. As frações obtidas foram então refracionadas utilizando-se cromatografia em coluna, cromatografia em camada delgada preparativa e HPLC para isolamento dos constituintes químicos. As substâncias tiveram as suas estruturas elucidadas através da utilização de técnicas espectrométricas de RMN, EM e IV. Onde foram isoladas substâncias das classes dos nucleosideos, esteróides, carboidratos, policetídeos, entre outras. Foram realizados ensaios antimicrobianos com as substâncias puras, sendo que os policetídeos citrinina, citrinina-D, citrinina H1, emodina, citreoroseina e janthinona apresentaram bons resultados. Realizaram-se, ainda, ensaios leishmanicidas com as substâncias emodina, citreoroseina e janthinona, somente a primeira apresentou atividade considerável. As propostas de fragmentação por massas e de biogênese de alguns constituintes químicos são discutidas no trabalho.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:35:01Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2007-11-30Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:06:05Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 bernardo_era_dr_botfca.pdf: 350867 bytes, checksum: 5ac2bf8356b892e6a8597025678f2c2e (MD5) / O Brasil é o maior produtor de laranja e o maior exportador mundial de suco concentrado. A pinta preta dos citros, causada por Guignardia citricarpa, é uma doença de grande importância econômica, principalmente para o Estado de São Paulo. O interesse no controle biológico de fitopatógenos, como alternativa de controle e como forma de reduzir os problemas ocasionados pelo uso intensivo de fungicidas, tem levado ao desenvolvimento de técnicas alternativas para uma agricultura mais sustentável. O trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar o efeito de agentes de controle biológico (Bacillus subtilis e Trichoderma harzianum) e produtos alternativos (biofertilizantes e leite) no controle da pinta preta dos frutos cítricos em cultivos convencional e orgânico. Além disso, foi avaliado o efeito de Bacillus subtilis, Paenibacillus lentimorbus e Streptomyces sp. no controle de G. citricarpa e Penicillium digitatum em pós-colheita. Os experimentos em campo foram realizados em pomar de laranja`Valência´ e `Pêra´, localizadas nos municípios de Conchal e Santa Eudóxia, SP, respectivamente. Em cultivo convencional de `Valência´ foram avaliados dois biofertilizantes (Microgeo® e Bio2), nas safras 2003/2004 e 2004/2005, com 15 repetições por tratamento, sendo uma planta por repetição. As árvores foram pulverizadas em intervalos de 28 dias, sendo o início em 08/12/03, para a safra 2003/2004 e 08/11/2004, para a safra 2004/2005. Na safra 2003/2004 as concentrações utilizadas do biofertilizante Microgeo® foram 0; 10; 20; 30 e 40%. Na safra 2004/2005 foram repetidos os mesmos tratamentos dasafra anterior e incluído tratamento com o biofertilizante Bio2 nas concentrações de 0; 2,5; 5,0; 7,5 e 10%. Para as avaliações foram utilizadas uma escala de notas de 1=0,5% a 6=49% da área do fruto atacada. Os biofertilizantes apresentaram comportamento... / Brazil is the worldwide biggest producer and exporter of orange and orange juice. The citrus black spot (CBS), caused by Guignardia citricarpa, is a disease of great economic importance, mainly for the São Paulo State. The interest in biological control of plant pathogens, as mitigation of the problems caused by intensive use of fungicides, has led to development of alternative techniques for a more sustainable agriculture. The objective of this work was to evaluate the effects of biocontrol agents (Bacillus subtilis and Trichoderma sp.) and other biocompatible products (cow milk and biofertilizers) for managing CBS in organic and conventional systems. Besides, the effect of B. subtilis, Paenibacillus lentimorbus and Streptomyces sp. for control of G. citricarpa and Penicillium digitatum, in post-harvest was also evaluated. The filed experiments were carried through in trees of `Valencia' and `Pera´, located in Conchal and Santa Eudóxia, SP, respectively. In `Valencia´ conventional system were evaluated two biofertilizers (Microgeo® and Bio2). The experiments were conducted at harvests 2003/2004 and 2004/2005. The trees were sprayed in 28 days intervals, and the first was in 08 December 2003 in 2003/2004 harvest, and 08 November 2004 in 2004/2005 harvest.

No description available.

La present tesi doctoral es centra en l'aplicació dels bacteris de l'àcid lactic (BAL) com a agents bioprotectors davant microorganismes patògens i deteriorants.Es van aïllar i seleccionar BAL de fruites i hortalisses fresques i es van assajar in vitro davant 5 microorganismes fitopatògens i 5 patògens humans.Es van realitzar assajos d'eficàcia en pomes Golden Delicious amb tots els aïllats enfront les infeccions causades pel fong Penicillium expansum. La soca més eficaç era Weissella cibaria TM128, que reduïa el diàmetre de les infeccions en un 50%.Les soques seleccionades es van assajar enfront els patògens Salmonella typhimurium, Escherichia coli i Listeria monocytogenes en enciams Iceberg i pomes Golden Delicious.Els BAL interferien eficientment amb el creixemet de S. typhimurium, and L. monocytogenes, però van mostrar poc efecte enfront E. coli.Finalment, es van realitzar assajos dosi-resposta amb les soques Leuconostoc mesenteroides CM135, CM160 and PM249 enfront L. monocytogenes. De totes les soques assajades, la soca CM160 va ser la més efectiva. / The present thesis focuses on the use of lactic acid bacteria as bioprotective cultures to inhibit pathogenic and spoilage microorganisms.Lactic acid bacteria were isolated and selected from fresh fruit and vegetables and tested in vitro against five plant pathogens and five human pathogen test bacteria.Efficacy trials with all the isolates were performed in Golden Delicious apples against the blue mould rot infections, caused by Penicillium expansum. The highest effectivity found in this assay was of about 50%, with strain Weissella cibaria TM128.Selected lactic acid bacteria were tested against Salmonella typhimurium, Escherichia coli and Listeria monocytogenes in Iceberg lettuce and Golden Delicious apples. Lactic acid bacteria interfered efficiently with the growth of S. typhimurium, and L. monocytogenes, but showed little effectivity over E. coli.Finally, dose-response assays were done with Leuconostoc mesenteroides strains CM135, CM160 and PM249 against L. monocytogenes.Among the three strains tested, strain CM160 showed the highest effectivity.

Certains microorganismes qui coexistent sur la vigne, peuvent avoir des effets bénéfiques sur la qualité du vin alors que d'autres peuvent être à l'origine de déviations organoleptiques. Dans la dernière décennie, dans diverses régions viticoles de France, plusieurs odeurs de moisi ou de terre ont été mises en évidence. La (-)-géosmine a été considérée comme étant le principal composé responsable de ce défaut. Des moisissures comme Botrytis cinerea et d'autres appartenant au genre Penicillium ont été souvent isolées à partir des raisins présentant l'odeur " moisi-terreuse ". Les effets de cette molécule sur la qualité des vins a motivé notre étude sur la caractérisation des moisissures responsables de ce défaut organoleptique. A partir d'échantillons prélevés en 2007 en Bourgogne, on a identifié, par des méthodes morphologiques et moléculaires, les moisissures présentes sur les raisins, Une souche de Penicilium expansum (25.03) et deux souches de Botrytis cinerea (BC1 et BC2) ont été sélectionnées. Sur baies de raisin, la validation d'un modèle prédictif des effets combinés de la température et de l'activité de l'eau, sur la croissance des champignons, a pu être mise en oeuvre. Elle a montré, sur de larges gammes de T°C et d'aw, que les modèles cardinaux avec inflexion peuvent être validés sur les produits agro-alimentaires en utilisant le gamma concept. L'étude de l'effet du cuivre sur le taux de croissance radiale et le temps de latence des moisissures, a été entreprise afin de mieux comprendre les mécanismes de résistance au cuivre des champignons et d'en déduire des résultats pour une meilleure efficacité des fongicides. Les moisissures testées ont montré une grande tolérance au cuivre, jusqu'à 4,7 mM pour P. expansum et jusqu'à 8, 2 mM et 7,3 mM respectivement pour B. cinerea, BC1 et BC2. L'étude des effets combinés des facteurs environnementaux et nutritionnels (T°C, CO2; Cu+2) sur la production de géosmine par P. expansum, a conduit à définir les conditions minimisant la production de géosmine. Ainsi, on a pu déterminer que le cuivre (composant actif de nombreux fongicides) est un facteur clé dans la production de géosmine par P. expansum.