Despite the availability of effective drugs to prevent malaria during pregnancy using intermittent preventive treatment with Sulfadoxine-Pyrimethamine or Fansidar and insecticide bed net, use of these methods are still little used in Sub-Saharan Africa, including Tanzania. As a result, many pregnant women are at risk of malaria consequences such as maternal anemia and low birth weight babies, which increase the rate of infant mortality. Data from the Demographic Health Survey for Tanzania HIV/AIDs and the Malaria Indicator Survey 2011-2012 were used in a cross-sectional design guided by the health belief model. Logistic regression examined the association between (a) preventive treatment-seeking behavior and (b) SES, malaria media exposure, knowledge of malaria signs and symptoms, perceived seriousness of malaria, and knowledge of malaria preventive measures. After controlling for transportation, family responsibility, and age, significant associations (p < 0.05) were found between SES, malaria media exposure, knowledge of malaria signs and symptom, perceived seriousness of malaria, knowledge of malaria preventive measures, and treatment-seeking behavior. This study contributes to positive social change by helping design and implement policies and programs to improve the knowledge of Tanzanian pregnant women about the risk of malaria infection and the benefits of preventive treatments. Interventions to reduce malaria infection during pregnancy will reduce the associated morbidity and mortality of both mothers and infants; as a result, families and communities will be healthier and prevent unnecessary medical cost of malaria.

No description available.

Neural tube defects (NTD) result from the failure of the neural tube to close properly very early in gestation. A child born with an NTD may experience an early death or life-long disability. In the 1990s, the critical role of folic acid in the prevention of NTDs was confirmed and as a strategy to increase blood folate concentrations of women of childbearing age, folic acid fortification programs were mandated in Canada and the US. However, this change impacted the entire population not just women of childbearing age and not everyone may benefit from the increased folate intake. The objective of this research was to investigate the impact of higher intakes of folates on the mortality rates of children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) and the risk of colorectal cancer (CRC) in adult populations. To address the impact in children with ALL, a comparison of the mortality rates between the pre- and post-fortification time periods in Ontario was performed using data from the Pediatric Oncology Group of Ontario. A second comparison between the mortality rates in these children in non-folic acid fortifying countries and the US was also completed. These analyses suggest that folic acid fortification is not negatively impacting mortality. With respect to CRC, one systematic review and two meta-analyses were conducted investigating folate intake and the risk of CRC or adenoma recurrence. The first analysis, in observational studies, compared high versus low folate intake and the risk of CRC. The second examined folate intake within the various polymorphisms of the methylene tetrahydrofolate reductase enzyme. The final study examined the impact of supplementation of 1 milligram or more per day of folic acid and the risk of colorectal adenoma recurrence in those adults with a history of colorectal adenomas. The findings from the completed observational studies suggest that there is an associated risk reduction in colorectal cancer from the intake of higher levels of folates. The investigations into the impact of the folic acid fortification program suggest that the program is not associated with having a negative impact on mortality of children with ALL or on the risk of colorectal cancer.

Neural tube defects (NTD) result from the failure of the neural tube to close properly very early in gestation. A child born with an NTD may experience an early death or life-long disability. In the 1990s, the critical role of folic acid in the prevention of NTDs was confirmed and as a strategy to increase blood folate concentrations of women of childbearing age, folic acid fortification programs were mandated in Canada and the US. However, this change impacted the entire population not just women of childbearing age and not everyone may benefit from the increased folate intake. The objective of this research was to investigate the impact of higher intakes of folates on the mortality rates of children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) and the risk of colorectal cancer (CRC) in adult populations. To address the impact in children with ALL, a comparison of the mortality rates between the pre- and post-fortification time periods in Ontario was performed using data from the Pediatric Oncology Group of Ontario. A second comparison between the mortality rates in these children in non-folic acid fortifying countries and the US was also completed. These analyses suggest that folic acid fortification is not negatively impacting mortality. With respect to CRC, one systematic review and two meta-analyses were conducted investigating folate intake and the risk of CRC or adenoma recurrence. The first analysis, in observational studies, compared high versus low folate intake and the risk of CRC. The second examined folate intake within the various polymorphisms of the methylene tetrahydrofolate reductase enzyme. The final study examined the impact of supplementation of 1 milligram or more per day of folic acid and the risk of colorectal adenoma recurrence in those adults with a history of colorectal adenomas. The findings from the completed observational studies suggest that there is an associated risk reduction in colorectal cancer from the intake of higher levels of folates. The investigations into the impact of the folic acid fortification program suggest that the program is not associated with having a negative impact on mortality of children with ALL or on the risk of colorectal cancer.

Thesis (M.Sc.)--University of Alberta, 2009. / A thesis submitted to the Faculty of Graduate Studies and Research in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Agricultural and Resource Economics, Department of Rural Economy. Title from pdf file main screen (viewed on September 20, 2009). Includes bibliographical references.

This study investigates the relationship between the values of money, perception and risk behavior among college Maranhão. The study is characterized as a descriptive and quantitative research, being studied in the population of young undergraduates enrolled in courses at the Center for Social Sciences at the Federal University of Maranhão sample, and the survey instrument consists of questions based on the Meaning Scale money (Moreira; Tamayo, 1999) and Perception Scale and Intent to present behavior of Risk (WEBER; BLAIS; BETZ, 2002; PAULINE, 2009). Data were collected at random in the city of Sao Luis MA, in a survey of 363 college students. As the main technical Correspondence Analysis, whose results were obtained from the perception of study participants, represented visually in the form of geographical maps was used, detecting the close relations between the constructs values of money, loss aversion, perception risk and risk behavior. The main results show that subjects who had medium and high levels of cash values to have a close relationship with and who had high average rating for loss aversion. It is noticed also that there is a close relationship between respondents who had high and average perception of money values with high and medium risk perception, and the existence of a close relationship between those who obtained high and medium value of money with medium risk and low, these results indicate that among the university higher levels of cash values o be linked with lower levels of risk (perception + behavior). The main results indicate that the investigated sample perceived high values for the money, the positive and negative dimensions, indicate an average risk perception and behavior of conservative risk. / O presente estudo buscou analisar a relação entre os valores do dinheiro, a percepção e comportamento de risco entre os universitários maranhenses. O estudo se caracteriza como uma pesquisa descritiva e quantitativa, sendo a amostra estudada entre a população de jovens graduandos regularmente matriculados nos Cursos do Centro de Ciências Sociais da Universidade Federal do Maranhão, sendo o instrumento de pesquisa constituído de questões baseadas na Escala de Significado do Dinheiro (MOREIRA; TAMAYO, 1999) e na Escala de Percepção e de Intenção de apresentar comportamento de Risco (WEBER; BLAIS; BETZ, 2002; PAULINO, 2009). Os dados foram coletados de forma aleatória na cidade de São Luis MA, em uma pesquisa com 363 universitários. Como técnica principal foi utilizada a Análise de Correspondência, cujos resultados obtidos foram provenientes da percepção dos participantes do estudo, visualmente representados sob a forma de mapas geográficos, detectando as relações de proximidade entre os construtos valores do dinheiro, a aversão a perda , percepção de risco e comportamento de risco. Os principais resultados apontam que os indivíduos que tiveram níveis médio e alto para valores do dinheiro tem uma relação de proximidade com quem teve alta e média classificação para aversão a perda. Percebe-se, ainda, que há uma relação de proximidade entre os entrevistados que obtiveram alta e média percepção de valores do dinheiro com alta e média percepção de risco, e a existência de relação de proximidade entre os que obtiveram alto e médio valor do dinheiro com risco médio e baixo, tais resultados indicam que entre os universitários os níveis maiores para valores do dinheiro estariam ligados com níveis menores de risco (percepção + comportamento). Os principais resultados na amostra investigada apontam que alta percepção para valores do dinheiro, nas dimensões positiva e negativa, indicam uma percepção de risco médio e um comportamento de risco conservador.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T15:54:58Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 EricaLGTG_DISSERT.pdf: 1089367 bytes, checksum: 609e87bdb725efa9036011a16b93df31 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-02-08 / The reality points to the global environmental sustainability as the only viable option for addressing the crisis at hand. The move towards sustainability calls for the generation / evaluation systems in their direction, through the incorporation of environmental requirements and in line with the National Policy on Solid Waste. Therefore, the proposed research supports the importance of social and environmental vision, complementing the technical view, the system for management of solid waste from East London, which is a municipality that has a system whose inadequacies are configured in environmental risk and health. Therefore, by observing, applying the model of sustainability indicators and content analysis of interviews, this research proposes to investigate the principles of sustainability and social participation are presented and what is the perception of risk about the inadequacies in the system. The results confirmed the hypotheses of the study and draw a picture of worrying data, such as very unfavorable indicators of sustainability, lack of channels of participation, uncommitted investments with the management system, devaluation of the collector of waste and differing perceptions about the risk by making actors act in isolation. This worrying situation is eased by the appearance of a series of elements are configured as opportunities for the integration of environmental principles in the system. And despite the inability of managers to participate in the research system, yet it behaves as an opportunity to implement public policies in the area of solid waste such as: the preparation of the municipal waste, the institutionalization of selective collection and organization of cooperative with the support of companies present in the city and educational institutions as the Federal Institute. The research is an opportunity for the implementation of policies in the area of solid waste and will collaborate with the building instruments for the quality of life of residents, for the socioeconomic conditions of collectors and the move towards a sustainable society / A realidade ambiental global aponta o desenvolvimento sustent?vel como ?nica op??o vi?vel para o enfrentamento da crise que se apresenta. O caminhar para a sustentabilidade requer a constitui??o/avalia??o de sistemas em sua dire??o, por meio da incorpora??o de preceitos ambientais e em conson?ncia com a Pol?tica Nacional de res?duos S?lidos. Por isso, a pesquisa proposta defende a import?ncia da vis?o socioambiental, complementando o olhar t?cnico, para o sistema de gest?o de res?duos s?lidos de Jo?o C?mara, que consiste num munic?pio que apresenta um sistema cujas inadequa??es se configuram em risco ambiental e a sa?de. Portanto, por meio da observa??o, aplica??o do modelo de indicadores de sustentabilidade e an?lise de conte?do de entrevistas, esta pesquisa prop?s averiguar como os princ?pios da participa??o social e da sustentabilidade se apresentam e qual ? a percep??o de risco sobre as inadequa??es neste sistema. Os resultados confirmaram as hip?teses da pesquisa e desenham um quadro de preocupantes dados, tais como: indicadores muito desfavor?veis a sustentabilidade, inexist?ncia de canais de participa??o; descomprometimento da gest?o com investimentos no sistema; desvaloriza??o do catador de res?duos e percep??es divergentes sobre o risco fazendo os atores agirem de formas isoladas. Esse quadro preocupante ? amenizado pelo aparecimento de uma s?rie de elementos que se configuram como oportunidades para a inser??o dos princ?pios ambientais no sistema. E apesar da impossibilidade de participa??o dos gestores do sistema na pesquisa, ainda assim, ela se porta como oportunidade ? implementa??o de pol?ticas p?blicas na ?rea de res?duos s?lidos tais como: a elabora??o do plano municipal de res?duos, a institucionaliza??o da coleta seletiva e a organiza??o de cooperativa com o apoio das empresas presentes no munic?pio e das institui??es de ensino como o Instituto Federal. A pesquisa ? uma oportunidade para a implementa??o de pol?ticas na ?rea de res?duos s?lidos e colaborar? com a constru??o de instrumentos para a qualidade de vida dos moradores, para a inser??o socioecon?mica dos catadores e para o caminhar rumo a uma sociedade sustent?vel

Ce travail a pour objectif d’interroger l’influence de l’identité sexuée sur les comportements à risque au volant des jeunes conducteurs. Il s’organise autour de trois axes. Le premier porte sur la validation des outils de mesure et d’activation de l’identité sexuée (études 1-4). Le deuxième porte sur la validation d’outils de mesure des comportements à risque au volant, de la prise de risque et de la perception du risque et des bénéfices dans différents domaines, et sur la mise en relation de la conformité aux stéréotypes de sexe avec ces différentes variables chez des tout-venants (études 5 & 6). Le troisième axe (étude 7) vise à tester l’effet de l’identité sexuée dans sa multidimensionnalité (i.e., conformité aux stéréotypes de sexe et identification à son groupe de sexe) sur les comportements à risque déclarés et le risque perçu chez les jeunes conducteurs. Les effets de l’identité sexuée dans le domaine routier et dans différents domaines sont comparés et la relation de causalité entre identité sexuée et comportements à risque, testée. Les résultats montrent un lien entre l’identité sexuée et la prise de risque et le risque et les bénéfices perçus qui varie en fonction du domaine et du sexe. Toutefois, ils ne permettent pas de conclure à un effet plus marqué de l’identité sexuée dans le domaine routier, ni de montrer la relation de causalité entre identité sexuée et comportements à risque chez les jeunes conducteurs. Si les liens entre identité sexuée et prise de risque apparaissent complexes, ce travail montre l’intérêt de l’approche psychosociale pour comprendre les différences de sexe et intragroupes de sexe dans les comportements à risque. / The objective of this thesis is to study the influence of gender identity on the risk-taking behaviour of young drivers. The work is laid out in three main sections. The first one focuses on the validation of measurement tools and the activation of gender identity (studies 1-4) The second one focuses on the validation of tools designed to measure driver risk-taking behaviour, risk and benefits perception in various fields, and on the link between gender stereotype conformity and the aforementioned variables in a broad range of subjects (studies 5 & 6). The third section of this thesis (study 7) aims to test the effect of gender identity in the multi-dimensional sense (i.e., conformity to gender stereotypes and identification to one’s gender group) on declared risk-taking behaviour and risk perception among young drivers. The effects of gender identity on driving and on various other fields are compared and the causality between gender identity and risk-taking behaviour is tested. The results show a link between gender identity and risk-taking, risk perception and benefits perception, which varies according to the domain and gender. However, the results leave us unable to ascertain the existence of a stronger effect of gender identity on driving behaviour. They also impede the highlighting of a causality effect between gender identity and risky behaviour among young drivers. Even if the link between gender identity and risk-taking seems to be complex, this work demonstrates the importance of a psychosocial approach in understanding gender differences and differences within a gender group in risk-taking behaviour.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This study sought to develop and validate a model of propensity to indebtedness from behavioral factors. For this, we carried out are search survey with 1046 residents of the town of Santa Maria (RS). As an instrument of data collection adopted a structured questionnaire, consisting with ninety questions, that addressed demographic and cultural variable sand seven behavioral factors (financial education, risk perception, risk behavior, emotions, materialism, debt and money values). The analysis was performed by structural equation modeling, and the influences of cultural and demographic variables were measured by parametric hypothesis tests. The results demonstrated that the initial assumption of ten, eight were confirmed. The final model presents four factors directly related to indebtedness: amounts of money, materialism, perception and risk behavior. Due to problems of adjustment, the construct of financial education was excluded from the final model, not interfering with the propensity to indebtedness. The descriptive statistics of the factors showed low level of debt and materialism of the in habitants of Santa Maria (RS). Furthermore, we found a higher risk perception, and consequently a more conservative risk behavior. Hypothesis tests showed a significant difference in the level of debt as age, gender, marital status, education, religion, religious principles, occupation, family income, credit card, reliance on credit and spending. As for income, it is emphasized that people with higher income groups received most media, or, in other words, more prone to debt. / O presente estudo buscou propor e validar um modelo de propensão ao endividamento, a partir de fatores comportamentais. Para isso, realizou-se uma pesquisa survey com 1.046 habitantes da cidade de Santa Maria (RS). Como instrumento de coleta de dados adotou-se um questionário estruturado, composto por noventa questões, que abordaram variáveis demográficas e culturais e sete fatores comportamentais (educação financeira, percepção de risco, comportamento de risco, emoções, materialismo, endividamento e valores do dinheiro). A análise foi feita pela modelagem de equações estruturais, sendo que a influência das variáveis demográficas e culturais foi mensurada pelos testes de hipóteses paramétricos. Os resultados demonstraram que das dez hipóteses iniciais, oito foram confirmadas. O modelo final apresenta quatro fatores diretamente relacionados ao endividamento: valores do dinheiro, materialismo, percepção e comportamento de risco. Devido a problemas de ajuste, o construto de educação financeira foi excluído do modelo final, não interferindo na propensão ao endividamento. A estatística descritiva dos fatores demonstrou baixo nível de endividamento e materialismo dos habitantes de Santa Maria (RS). Além disso, encontrou-se uma percepção de risco mais alta, tendo consequentemente um comportamento de risco mais conservador. Os testes de hipóteses apontaram diferença significativa no nível de endividamento conforme idade, gênero, estado civil, escolaridade, religião, princípios religiosos, ocupação, renda familiar, cartão de crédito, dependência do crédito e gastos. Quanto a renda, ressalta-se que as pessoas com maiores faixas de renda receberam a maior média, ou seja, maior tendência ao endividamento.

Sammanfattning    Introduktion: Sverige befinner sig under våren 2024 på nivå fyra av en femgradig skala avseende risken för terroristattentat i samhället, vilket är ett högt hot. Ambulans, polis och räddningstjänst är samhällsaktörer som inom ramen för sina ansvarsområden förväntas agera skyndsamt vid allvarliga händelser i samhället. Insatser som sker relaterat till terroristattacker eller pågående dödligt våld [PDV] händelser framkommer som särskilt komplexa och riskfyllda. Det övergripande syftet med litteraturöversikten är att undersöka vilka säkerhetsrelaterade utmaningar som prehospital personal identifierar gällande insatser under terrordåd och PDV-situationer. Vilka faktorer identifieras i forskningen av prehospital personal kunna påverka deras förmåga att agera i dessa situationer? Vilka framgångsfaktorer och utmaningar framkommer i vetenskaplig litteratur gällande prehospitala insatser vid terrordåd och PDV situationer?    Metod: En scoping review utfördes (översiktsstudie). Urvalet av artiklar vid en scoping review genomförs utifrån breda kriterier. Litteratursökningen till studien genomfördes genom att söka i databaserna Scopus, Web of science och Cinahl. Även snöbollsurval tillämpades i processen av att finna relevant material till studien. Både kvalitativa och kvantitativa studier inkluderades i analysen. För analys av data användes grundläggande kvalitativ innehållsanalys där tema och underkategorier identifierades.    Resultat: Totalt 28 artiklar inkluderades och analyserades. Resultatet organiserades i fyra övergripande teman. Temana som bildades var kommunikation, kompetens, ledarskap samt känslor och upplevelser. Inom varje tema bildades underkategorier. Faktorer som identifierats som viktiga för insatspersonal är god kommunikation inom och mellan organisationer. Brist på kommunikation försvårar koordinering och samverkan under insatser. Även god planering samt kompetenshöjande aktiviteter för personal är viktigt för säkerheten och för att effektiva insatser ska kunna genomföras. Ett välinformerat, erfaret och kunnigt ledarskap är betydande för insatsernas genomförande. Personalens känslor, upplevelser samt vilja till att delta under insatser orsakat av terrorism och/eller PDV-situationer varierar. Terrorhändelser som inkluderar vissa typer av hot kan skapa en ovilja hos insatspersonal att delta under dessa insatser. Exempelvis vid terrorhändelser som inkluderar hotet från CBRNE.   Slutsats: Förmågan att kunna bedöma risker, arbeta säkert och effektivt under situationer orsakat av PDV eller terrordåd förutsätter kunskap, träning och en väl fungerande organisationsstruktur på platsen för en händelse. Insatserna behöver bedrivas med en tydlig ledning samt en välfungerande koordinering inom och mellan närvarande organisationer. En fungerande koordinering bygger på att en god kommunikation existerar inom och mellan polisens, räddningstjänstens och ambulansens ledningsstruktur samt närvarande personal.