År 2008 lämnade EU-kommissionen ett förslag om en förordning gällande en associationsform benämnd europeiskt privat aktiebolag, Societas Privata Europea.1 Denna associationsform blev dock inte accepterad av alla medlemsstater, varför kommissionen under 2013 drog tillbaka förslaget. Ett av de länderna som motsatte sig förslaget var Tyskland, på grund av det låga aktiekapitalet som krävdes.2 Kommissionen lämnade i april 2014 ett förslag till ett direktiv om privata enmansbolag, så kallade SUP-bolag, Societas Unius Personae.3 Genom förslaget föreslås ett införande av enmansbolag med begränsat ansvar, som följer samma regler i hela EU och har ett minimalkapitalkrav där det endast får finnas en enda andel och denna andel kan endast innehas av en person, fysisk eller juridisk. Direktivet ska ersätta direktivet 2009/102/EG4 om enmansbolag med begränsat ansvar. Huvudsyftet är att stimulera sysselsättning och tillväxt inom EU genom att underlätta och göra det billigare för små och medelstora företag att verka och etablera verksamhet såväl gränsöverskridande som nationellt. Det ställs inga större krav på personen som vill starta ett SUP-bolag. Ingen fysisk närvaro krävs när bolaget ska registreras utan den ska ske via en onlineregistrering via varje medlemsstats registreringsmyndighet. Likt ett aktiebolag ska SUP-bolaget ha ett aktiekapital. Aktiekapitalet bestäms till minst en euro i euroländer medan det i länder med annan nationell valuta till en enhet av den nationella valutan.

Pound foregrounded the importance of "shaping" poetic books through particular arrangements of individual poems by using his ideogrammic method as the crucial organizational principle for constructing Personae (1926). Critics have long understood Pound's use of the ideogrammic method in individual poems, but have so far ignored his application of it to the structuring of poetic books and sequences. Lea Baechler and A. Walton Litz, the editors of a 1990 edition of Personae (1926), however, have moved a crucial section of poems, and their rearrangement of the original text both disregards evidence of authorial intention and obscures Pound's innovative principles for arranging his shorter poems into meaningful sequences.

L'activité d'une société s'articule autour de contrats qu'elle conclut avec ses partenaires. La conclusion de ces contrats est conditionnée par la solvabilité et la crédibilité de cette société. Pour lever cette condition, il est nécessaire qu'une personne s'engage envers le partenaire cocontractant de la société, le créancier, à assumer personnellement la charge du paiement pesant sur cette société, débitrice, au cas où elle défaillirait. Cette personne, la caution, va adjoindre son patrimoine à celui de la société débitrice en mettant le crédit attaché à sa personne au bénéfice de cette dernière. Une relation contractuelle intuitu personae se crée alors entre la caution, la société débitrice dont l'exécution des engagements est garantie et la société créancière, bénéficiaire du cautionnement : la caution s'engage en considération des liens qui l'unissent à la société débitrice et seul son statut est déterminant ; la personne du créancier ne lui est pas non plus indifférente - et réciproquement - et une confiance mutuelle doit exister entre les deux. Pourtant, ce caractère intuitu personae de l'engagement de la caution aura pour effet d'affaiblir la vigueur du lien contractuel alors que, dans le même temps, le cautionnement donné comme sûreté d'exécution des engagements de la société débitrice est un contrat qui doit être exécuté quelles que soient les contraintes de temps. Or, la caution peut voir sa situation évoluer au point de perdre son statut lorsqu'elle s'est engagée. De même, la société - débitrice ou créancière - peut être touchée plus ou moins profondément en cours de vie sociale par différents événements. Ces événements se répercutent nécessairement sur l'engagement de la caution. Les solutions du droit positif, fondées sur la force obligatoire des contrats, ne prennent en compte ni ces événements, ni le caractère intuitu personae du cautionnement ainsi donné, moins encore son affectation comme garantie des engagements d'une société. Ces solutions ne sont pas satisfaisantes et il faut considérer le cautionnement garantissant les engagements d'une société comme un contrat spécifique en vue de pérenniser cette opération tout en respectant la logique du droit des affaires. / The activity of a company (society). involves around contracts it concludes with its partners. The conclusion of these contracts is conditioned under the solvency and the credibility of this company To raise this condition, it is necessary that a person makes a commitment to the partner contracting of the company the creditor, to assume personally the load of the payment pressing on this company, debtor, in case she would weaken. This person, the pledge, is going to add his or her heritage to the debtor company by putting the credit attached to her or him to the advantage of this last one. A contractual relation intuitu personae builds up itself then between the pledge, the debtor company from which the execution of the commitments is guaranteed and the company creditor, beneficiary of the caution money : the pledge makes a commitment considering the links which unite him or her with the debtor company and only her or his status is determining ; the person of the creditor is indifferent to her or him - and mutually - and a mutual confidence has to exist between both. Nevertheless, this character intuitus personae as the commitment of the pledge will have the effect of weakening the vigour of the contractual link while, at the same time, the caution money given as safety of execution of the commitments of the debtor company is a contract which must be executed whatever are the constraints of time. Now, the pledge can see his or her situation evolving in the point to lose his or her status when she or he made a commitment. In addition, the company - debtor or creditor - can be touched more or less profoundly in the course of social life by various events. These events echo inevitably on the commitment of the pledge. The solutions of the substantive law, based on the binding effect of contracts, take into account neither these events, nor the character intuitus personae of the caution money so given, less still its affectation as guarantee of the commitments of a company. These solutions are not satisfactory and it is necessary to consider the caution money guaranteeing the commitments of a company as a specific contract to perpetuate this operation while respecting the logic of the business law.

The “I” speaks in each of the poems presented; but whose I? The collection explores the use of personae, and gives voice to “the other” I’s/las otras, women who came before us and those who walk among us. Sometimes in English, sometimes in Spanish, sometimes the voices cross between languages. Written primarily in free verse, the poems are ordered to allow the mingling of languages from the speakers on the page. Through other eyes, some of the characters revive the past, speak from the grave. They provide a glimpse into what lies beyond the “I.” We hear the women, their advice, their reflections, their stories. In taking on the different personae, the poet relinquishes her voice. However, some I’s leave us guessing as to who is speaking, and how much has the poet intertwined of her own voice.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:24:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese Suely Mitie Kusano.pdf: 1999603 bytes, checksum: 50ad68d53cfb8dfa5c1f41db5431588e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-04-24 / The theme of this doctorate thesis is the intuitu personae adoption , considering the present relevance of the subject, the attendance to the minor s major interests in his insertion into the familiar life and the difficulties faced by those who show disposition to adopt children, taking as basis the legal rules expressed by the Child and Adolescent Statute. For this, and having analyzed the brazilian legal specific dispositions, we researched the practical problems observed in the accomplishment of the intention when the biological parents indicate the adopting person, concomitantly with their manifestation of giving the son to adoption, also confronting with the orientations internationally consigned in the Haia Convention to attend the minor, the family and the society s interests, as well as the major dispositions of the national doctrine and jurisprudence. By means of a retrospect of the historical evolution of the adoption institute, of a study of how the adoption is practiced nowadays in some outstanding countries, of a comparison with similar legal institutes and also of sociological and medical indications, we can sustain the viability of the intuitu personae adoption as a further way and process of minors adoption in Brazil. We think this can make the adoption process quicker, can support the minors interests and, at the same time, can shorten the social impact caused by the immense number of minors waiting for a definitive familiar life / Propõe-se a "adoção intuitu personae" como tema de estudo da presente tese de doutoramento, considerando a atualidade do assunto, o atendimento dos interesses prioritários do menor na sua inserção no convívio familiar e as dificuldades enfrentadas por aqueles que apresentam iniciativa para adoção de filhos, a partir das disposições legais expressas no Estatuto da Criança e do Adolescente. Para tanto, analisadas as disposições específicas da legislação pátria, pesquisamos os problemas práticos verificados na efetivação da medida quando os pais biológicos indicam o adotante, concomitantemente com a manifestação de disponibilizar o filho à adoção, confrontando com as orientações consignadas internacionalmente na Convenção de Haia para atendimento dos interesses sociais do menor, da família e da sociedade, bem como o posicionamento majoritário da doutrina e jurisprudência nacional. Procedendo-se a um retrospecto na evolução histórica do instituto da adoção, estudo de como a adoção é atualmente praticada em alguns países referenciais, comparação com institutos jurídicos similares e indicações médico-sociológicos pertinentes, permite-nos sustentar a viabilidade da adoção intuitu personae como mais uma forma e meio de adoção de menores no Brasil, objetivando agilizar o processo adotivo e melhor amparar os interesses destes, ao mesmo tempo em que se reduz o impacto social causado pela grande quantidade de menores aguardando convívio familiar definitivo

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-29T14:16:22Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Ana Paula da Silva Barbosa.pdf: 1769439 bytes, checksum: 86923e2b02c0cc4867be2d676e7b75c3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-06-04 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Is it legitimate for a family, willing to give up a child for adoption, to choose to whom it will give the infant? Why is this way of adoption, known as intuito personae, still predominant in the Brazilian adoptions? It occurs in prejudice of the process developed by the Cadastres in the Infancy and Youth Warders, as indicated in studies by Gueiros (2007) and Mariano & Rossetti-Ferreira (2008). Thesequestions oriented the beginning of this study. With the goal of subsidizing the discussion on the millenary voluntary cession of children, under the light of different historical, political and cultural determinants, we initially built the theoretical construction of the conceptual basis of family, infancy, relationships of gender and of maternity. It was deemed necessary the use of the concept of ―children circulation‖, borrowed from Anthropology, for the understanding of the historical rescue done from the Portuguese instrument ―Wheel of the Exposed‖ and its legacy to Brazil. The theme of adoption was reflected while one of the countless ways of public-private confronting in Brazil for situations in which the parents cannot offer care to their children. For that, this reflection is done within the due comprehension of the reality of the inequalities in the Country. In order to comprehend the current dilemmas, false or real, the intuito personae adoption, we point out the possible benefits and prejudices of the―ultra judiciarization‖ of adoption facing the current legislation, of the ECA and of the alterations of the new law 12.010/2009. Before the complex and intriguing theme investigated, we find a fertile ground for analysis and debate of ―success‖ and ―lack of success‖ of the adoptions, with direct and indirect indicators, constructed after consultations with professionals of Social Service and Psychology, active in the area. The subsequent field work is made of the comparative analysis of adoption cases from the Adoption Cadastre, and from the intuito personae, occurred for more than fifteen years in the Infancy and Youth Warder, with parents and respective adopted children. Semi-structured interviews with the subjects were used as the main instrument of data collection. The conduction of the research was possible with four adopted families, being one constituted by adoption of the Cadastre. Important divergent points were found between the two adoption types of adoption: in the intuito personae, the presence of the open adoption, better level of information on the biological origins, fear of losing the child to the mother and a lesser degree of planning of the adoption project. In the case of the adoption by Cadastre, we observe the closed adoption, better planning of the adoption and fear of losing the child directed to the Judiciary (represented by the figure of the Judge and the officials of the Infancy Warder) / É legítimo que uma família, se quiser colocar um filho para adoção, escolha a quem irá entregá-lo? Por que esse modo de adoção, conhecida como intuito personae, ainda é predominante nas adoções brasileiras? Em detrimento do processo desenvolvido via Cadastro nas Varas de Infância e Juventude, conforme indicado em estudos de Gueiros (2007) e Mariano e Rossetti-Ferreira (2008). Essas indagações orientaram o início deste estudo. Com o escopo de subsidiar a discussão acerca da prática milenar da entrega voluntária dos filhos, à luz de diferentes determinantes históricos, políticos e culturais, realizamos, inicialmente, a construção teórica das bases conceituais de família, infância, relações de gênero e da maternidade. Entende-se necessário o uso do conceito de ―circulação de crianças‖, tomado de empréstimo da Antropologia, para o entendimento acerca do resgate histórico efetuado a partir do dispositivo da ―Roda dos Expostos‖ portuguesa e sua herança para o Brasil. O tema da adoção é refletido enquanto uma das inúmeras formas de enfrentamento público-privado no Brasil para situações em que os pais estão impossibilitados de oferecer os cuidados aos filhos. Para tanto, essa reflexão é feita dentro da devida compreensão da realidade de desigualdades no país. A fim de compreender os dilemas atuais, falsos ou reais, da adoção intuito personae, destacamos os possíveis benefícios e prejuízos da ultrajudicialização da adoção à luz da recente lei em vigor, o ECA e as alterações da nova lei 12.010/2009. Ante o complexo e intrigante tema investigado, encontramos terreno fecundo para a análise e debate do ―sucesso‖ e ―insucesso‖ das adoções, com indicadores diretos e indiretos, construídos após consulta a profissionais de Serviço Social e Psicologia atuantes na área. O subsequente trabalho de campo constitui-se da análise comparativa de casos de adoção provenientes do Cadastro de Adoção e intuito personae, ocorridas há mais de 15 anos na Vara de Infância e da Juventude de Itaquera, com pais e respectivos filhos adotivos. Entrevistas semiestruturadas com os sujeitos foram usadas como principal instrumento de coleta de dados. A realização da pesquisa foi possível com quatro famílias adotivas, sendo uma constituída por adoção do Cadastro. Verificaram-se pontos divergentes importantes entre os dois tipos de adoção: no intuito personae, a presença da adoção aberta; maior nível de informações acerca das origens biológicas; medo de perder a criança para a mãe e menor grau de planejamento do projeto adotivo. Já no caso de adoção via Cadastro observam-se: a adoção fechada, maior planejamento da adoção e medo de perder a criança direcionado para o Poder Judiciário (representado pela figura do juiz e dos técnicos da Vara da Infância)

Thesis (MA)--Stellenbosch University, 2011. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: A persona is a definable literary technique that all authors necessarily use. This thesis tries to show how Catullus, with the use of six personae (amator acceptus, amator reiectus, hospes urbanus, poeta doctus, fabulator en sacerdos), persuades the reader of the emotional “authenticity” and the accessibility of his poems. This is done firstly by investigating the literary process of which a persona forms part. By comparing this process with the three phases of a conversation (thought, expression and utterance), it is possible to see how a persona can be “discovered”. The thought represents the historical author and his literary context. The expression represents the literary persona itself. The utterance represents the unemotional, “unloaded” elements of the text manifested as the collective function of characters, speakers and narrators. By identifying this process in Catullus’ poetry, the relevant personae are illuminated. Catullus, as a Latin poet who was familiar with “Roman performance poetry” and the ancient theatre mask, also understood this complex process. This thesis argues that Catullus used the persona – like a theatre mask – as a so-called “totem of perspective”. The careful use of persuasive techniques that provide the momentum, are analysed in some of his poems, keeping the function of this “totem of perspective” in mind. The result is that the poet succeeds in creating sophisticated, diverse and accessible personae, which readers through the ages readily accept as “authentic”. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: ’n Persona is ’n definieerbare literêre tegniek wat alle outeurs noodwendig gebruik. Hierdie tesis beoog om aan te dui hoe Catullus, met die gebruik van ses personae (amator acceptus, amator reiectus, hospes urbanus, poeta doctus, fabulator en sacerdos), die leser van die emosionele “egtheid” en die toeganklikheid van sy werk oortuig. Dit word eerstens gedoen deur die literêre proses waarvan ’n persona deel is, te ondersoek. Deur hierdie proses te vergelyk met die drie fases van ’n gesprek (gedagte, uitdrukking en uiting) is dit moontlik om te sien hoe ’n persona “ontdek” kan word: die gedagte verteenwoordig die werklike outeur en sy literêre konteks, die uitdrukking verteenwoordig die literêre persona self en die uiting verteenwoordig die onemosionele, “ongelaaide” elemente van die teks, soos vergestalt deur die gesamentlike funksionering van karakters, sprekers en vertellers. Deur hierdie proses te identifiseer in Catullus se gedigte, word die betrokke personae verhelder. Catullus, as Latynse digter wat bekend was met “Romeinse performatiewe poësie” en die antieke toneelmasker, het ook hierdie ingewikkelde proses begryp. Hierdie tesis argumenteer dat Catullus die persona – soos ’n toneelmasker – as ’n sogenaamde “perspektieftotem” gebruik het. Die sorgvuldige gebruik van oorredingstegnieke wat die momentum voorsien, word in van sy gedigte geanaliseer met hierdie perspektieftotem-funksie in gedagte. Die resultaat is dat die digter dit regkry om gesofistikeerde, diverse en toeganklike personae te skep wat lesers deur die eeue as “eg” aanvaar.

This thesis examines phonetic variation of /s/ in bilingual French and German gay and straight men. Previous studies have shown sibilant variation, specifically the voiceless sibilant /s/, to correlate with constructions of gay identity and 'gay sounding voices' in both production and perception. While most of this work concerns English, researchers have also explored /s/ variation and sexual orientation or non-normative masculinity in Afrikaans, Danish, Hungarian, and Spanish. Importantly, with the exception of only a small number of studies, this body of work has largely left the realm of /s/ variation and sexual orientation in bilingual speakers unexplored, and furthermore there is very little work which examines these voices in the context of French and German. The analyses show that some gay French and German men produce /s/ with a higher centre of gravity (CoG) and more negative skew than the straight speakers of the study, a result which dovetails with previous studies in languages such as English. Unlike English however, French and German listeners do not appear to associate /s/ variation with sexual orientation or (non)normative masculinities. I argue that the gay speakers who produce /s/ with a higher CoG than the other speakers of the study are doing so as a way to distance themselves from hegemonic masculinity. This thesis is structured into three stand-alone journal articles bookended with introductory and conclusion chapters which tie them together in the broader picture of /s/ variation and French/German speakers and listeners. The first of the three articles expands upon the previously established linguistic framework of indexing gayness by exploring /s/ variation in native and non-native speech, examining how the linguistic construction of gay identity interacts between their English production and the constraints of their native language. The data draws on read speech of 19 gay and straight French and German men across their L1 and L2 English to explore the social meaning of /s/. Results show that some gay speakers produce /s/ with a higher centre of gravity (CoG) and more negative skew than the straight speakers. These results are consistent with previous findings, which show sibilant variation to index sexual orientation in monolingual gay men's speech, and provide evidence of this feature correlating with sexual orientation in French and German. Furthermore, the results presented here call for a greater level of inquiry into how the gay speakers who employ this feature construct their gay identities beyond a purely gay/straight dichotomy. The second study reports the results of a cross-linguistic matched guise test examining the role of /s/ variation and pitch in judgements of sexual orientation and non-normative masculinity in English, French, and German listeners. Listeners responded to manipulations of /s/ and pitch in their native language and all other stimuli languages (English, French, German, and Estonian). All listener groups rate higher pitch stimuli as more gay and more effeminate sounding than lower pitch guises. However, only the English listeners hear [s+] guises as sounding more gay and more effeminate than the [s] or [s-] guises. This effect is seen not only in their native language, but across all stimuli languages. French and German listeners, despite previous evidence showing /s/ to vary according to sexual orientation in men's speech, do not hear [s+] guises as more gay or more effeminate in any of the stimuli languages including their native French or German. The final of the three articles takes the findings of the first two papers and attempts to reconcile the production/perception mismatch seen when comparing the results of the first two papers. The first article in this thesis revealed two groups of speakers which form the basis for analysis for this paper. The first group is a heterogeneous group of gay and straight speakers whose average /s/ productions are below 7,000 Hz ([s] speakers) and the second is a homogeneous group of gay speakers producing average /s/ CoG above 7,000 Hz ([s+] speakers). The analysis shows style shifting across task type with both groups of speakers producing higher /s/ CoG productions in L1 read speech contexts than any of the L2 speech contexts. Style shifting across conversation topic reveals that the [s+] speakers are producing higher /s/ CoG when discussing their coming out stories and topics of LGBT involvement. I argue that these [s+] speakers are employing these higher frequency /s/ variants to construct a very specific and identifiable gay persona, that of a counter-hegemonic effeminate gay man. This thesis is among the first to examine phonetic qualities of gay bilingual speakers and the ways in which they may index their sexual orientation. The inclusion of bilingual French and German speakers adds to our growing knowledge of ways in which these individuals navigate and construct their identities within both their L1 and, specifically, within an L2. In this regard, this thesis contributes to the growing body of knowledge concerning socioindexicality in L2 production more generally. This work thus speaks to these gaps within the sociolinguistic literature and provides strong evidence that /s/ variation is a valuable resource for some French and German men in the construction of a certain type of gay identity.

公案小說為中國古代小說的一個門類，如同其他的文學形式一般，亦有其時代性。《三言》公案小說位於明代公案小說專集的前緣地帶，在內容上出現了許多法律現象與法制資料，如犯罪行為的描述，破案判案的過程，法務機關及司法過程，刑罰內容、訴狀與判決書。由於《三言》小說除了明人故事外，其他時代的話本在流傳過程中亦可能經過明人的加工與修改，故本論文即以「明律」為研究依據，期望一、在形式上研究小說與法制素材結合的情形，並驗證小說中法制素材的真實性。二、從內容中去探討罪與法在公案小說中的相對關係，以及法的理念在小說中表現或處理方式。第一章緒論，主要敘述公案小說的意義及流變，《三言》公案小說創作的律法背景，本論文的研究動機及撰述重點。第二章討論《三言》公案小說情節與律法的關係，著重「罪」與「法」的分析、證明，以期瞭解公案小說犯罪類別和比重以及依法判決的真實性。並研究公案情節在小說結構中的作用。第三章就犯罪者、執法者及其他關係人三方面，以身份職業分類，將《三言》公案小說人物的行為舉止、言語談吐、心理活動的描繪，歸納分析，以求了解法律觀與法律認知在個人與社會存在的情形。第四章分析《三言》公案小說文字中律法用語的出處及使用情形，俗諺語中的公門形象及法律經驗。並考證訴狀、判決書的格式與內容的真實性。第五章結論，就本論文研究結果提出總結，並提出研究中遭遇之困難及若干尚待深入考察的問題。

The purpose of this essay is to examine the scientific relations between Sweden and America, later USA, through the letter correspondence between Nils Collin and his fellow “scientists” in Sweden and America between 1770–1830. By examining the letters though three different theoretical lenses: Scientific persona, gift exchange and the geography of knowledge with the concepts of centers and peripheries, the inquiry shows us how the scientific relations between the two countries developed and changed during the investigated time period, thus adapting themselves to the political developments that created an international scientific arena instead of the earlier nation neutrality. The letter correspondence reflects the increase in communication between Swedish scientists and American scientists as well as between Swedish institutions such as The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences and The American Philosophical Society with Nils Collin as their main go-between. The letters indicate that Nils Collin’s role within the communication network changed with time and that he became an enabler of knowledge circulation between Sweden and the US though his position and many contacts. Lastly, by examining the letters, we can see how the increased communication as well as Nils Collin’s changing role plays part in the American scientific and national development that ultimately changed the earlier ideas of centers and peripheries of knowledge.