"Mémoire présenté à la faculté des études supérieures en vue de l'obtention du grade de maître en droit (LL.M.)" / Les bouleversements engendrés par les nouveaux moyens de communication des données publiques de même que les multiples possibilités offertes par le réseau Internet, telles que le stockage des informations, la mémoire sans faille et l'utilisation des moteurs de recherche, présentent des enjeux majeurs liés à la protection de la vie privée. La diffusion des données publiques en support numérique suscite un changement d'échelle dans le temps et dans l'espace et elle modifie le concept classique de publicité qui existait dans l'univers papier. Nous étudierons les moyens de respecter le droit à la vie privée et les conditions d'accès et d'utilisation des données personnelles, parfois à caractère sensible, contenues dans les documents publics diffusés sur Internet. Le cas particulier des données accessibles dans les banques de données judiciaires exige des solutions particulières : il s'agit de trouver l'équilibre nécessaire entre le principe de transparence judiciaire et le droit à la vie privée. / The upheavals generated by the new means of disseminating public data, together with the multiple possibilities offered by the Internet, such as information storage, comprehensive memory tools and the use of search engines, give rise to major issues related to privacy protection. The dissemination of public data in digital format causes a shift in our scales of time and space, and changes the traditional concept ofpublic nature previously associated with the "paper" universe. We will study the means of protecting privacy, and the conditions for accessing and using the personal information, sometimes of a "sensitive" nature, which is contained in the public documents posted on the Internet. The characteristics of the information available through judicial data banks require special protection solutions, so that the necessary balance can be found between the principle of judicial transparency and the right to privacy.

Abstract Purpose This thesis aims to focus on how master students administer scholarly articles after they have found them. The purpose of the study is to detect how and to what extent people administer their articles from a personal information management-perspective (PIM). Method To answer the research questions, a web-based questionnaire survey was distributed which was announced to around 2,000 master students from different universities in Sweden. Most of the items in the survey focused on individual storage methods. The respondents were asked to rate the frequency of their different information administration behaviors on a seven level Likert-type-scale. Subsequently, items concerning specific information administration behaviors were posed, followed by questions on the respondent's sociodemographic status. The results were based on overall 316 answers. Analysis The quantitative data was analyzed using non-parametric tests such as Friedmans-test, Kruskal-Wallis-analysis, Wilcoxon-Signed Rank-test, Mann-Whitney-U-test and Chi-square-test with the statistical computer program SPSS. Findings The findings generally confirm that the majority of the surveyed graduate students are using scholarly articles. Regarding their information management, it is as usual to store the whole article as it is to store the reference. Further it is more common to choose electronic storage methods for articles and references than to use physical methods. The results highlight that most of the students use several method types and use them to varying extent. Neither age, computer skills, duration of study or satisfaction with their way of information storage influenced the quantity of used methods. Regarding specific handling, the storing of article copies on the computer’s hard drive were most frequently used. The respondents preferred furthermore to read the articles on a screen rather than printed paper versions. The influencing factors of gender, age, computer skills, subject discipline were affecting the choice of methods. General conclusions about these influencing factors are, however, complicated by possible occurring confounders. Moreover, the method types were used to different extents depending of subject discipline. Originality/value Most previous PIM research is concentrating on how people store information in general. The dealing and administrating with specific types of information are, however, rarely discussed. In the context of scholarly articles did research predominantly focus on seeking structures and reading patterns. The step between finding and reading an article has so far not directly been addressed in academic research. The study therefore is unique in addressing information storage systems of scholarly articles on such a large scale. Knowledge about storage patterns will help journal publishers and librarians to design more targeted solutions for journal systems and improve services like courses in information seeking. Paper type Two years master’s thesis

This thesis is set to investigate the factors that affect the intention to disclose personal information to SNS providers. The purpose of this study is to identify factors and how these factors affect the behavioral intention to disclose personal information to SNS from a new angle of analysis, namely through a user-to-organizational approach. By examining this phenomenon in a new context, this study seeks to provide an understanding of this phenomenon in a new setting and test if previous research can be used to explain the stated behavioral intention. With this argumentation in mind, the thesis aims to contribute to existing theory in consumer behavior, social networking sites, privacy concerns and personal information disclosure. In order to do so this paper is built on a quantitative research approach where the main research strategy is based on the results of a questionnaire. Through the questionnaire, a proposed framework was tested in order to identify factors affecting peoples’ intentions to disclose personal information to SNS providers. The model was built upon the structure of privacy calculation theory, which has been proven to identify intentions to disclose personal information in online settings. The results show that the factors that significantly affect behavioral intentions are trusting beliefs and self-presentations. They are factors leading to personal information disclosure to SNS providers. Limitations of this study is that it suffers a sampling restrictions due to its sampling of only Swedish inhabitants. This paper is the first to develop and empirically test an integrated model of personal information disclosure to SNS, taking on a user-to-organizational approach to privacy. Since SNS are financially evaluated by number of active users of their SNS it is crucial to understand the factors that affect consumers’ intention to disclose their personal information. From the empirical findings, this study proved that trust and self-presentation determine the intentions to disclose personal information to SNS providers. The results shows a discrepancy of existing literature, explaining differences between user-to-user and user-to-organizational context, and thus broadening the context of personal disclosure in the SNS realm. Practitioners can, by using the insights, tailor their strategies in order to maximize the efforts of affecting potential users’ to disclose their personal information, which SNS providers are dependent upon.

This dissertation explores personal digital archiving practices, particularly in relation to the construction of self. Personal digital archiving is an everyday practice through which people manage and preserve digital documents that have particular meanings to them. This process involves a constant value assignment that is intertwined with the recollection of life events. In-depth case studies were used to gain a holistic understanding as close to research participants’ perspectives as possible. Semi-structured narrative interviews were conducted with 23 individuals from various backgrounds.The results are discussed in relation to emotions and self-evaluation. Personal digital archiving as a process, directly or indirectly, involves a self-enhancement and self-verification which is an integral part of self-confirmation. This study contributes to the in-depth observation of everyday record-keeping in a digital environment, particularly providing interpretive accounts of individual differences and why people do things in a certain way. / text

The increase in online social network (OSN) usage has led to personal details known as attributes being readily displayed in OSN profiles. This can lead to the profile owners being vulnerable to privacy and social engineering attacks which include identity theft, stalking and re identification by linking. Due to a need to address privacy in OSNs, this thesis presents a framework to quantify the vulnerability of a user's OSN profile. Vulnerability is defined as the likelihood that the personal details displayed on an OSN profile will spread due to the actions of the profile owner and their friends in regards to information disclosure. The vulnerability measure consists of three components. The individual vulnerability is calculated by allocating weights to profile attribute values disclosed and neighbourhood features which may contribute towards the personal vulnerability of the profile user. The relative vulnerability is the collective vulnerability of the profiles' friends. The absolute vulnerability is the overall profile vulnerability which considers the individual and relative vulnerabilities. The first part of the framework details a data retrieval approach to extract MySpace profile data to test the vulnerability algorithm using real cases. The profile structure presented significant extraction problems because of the dynamic nature of the OSN. Issues of the usability of a standard dataset including ethical concerns are discussed. Application of the vulnerability measure on extracted data emphasised how so called 'private profiles' are not immune to vulnerability issues. This is because some profile details can still be displayed on private profiles. The second part of the framework presents the normalisation of the measure, in the context of a formal approach which includes the development of axioms and validation of the measure but with a larger dataset of profiles. The axioms highlight that changes in the presented list of profile attributes, and the attributes' weights in making the profile vulnerable, affect the individual vulnerability of a profile. iii Validation of the measure showed that vulnerability involving OSN profiles does occur and this provides a good basis for other researchers to build on the measure further. The novelty of this vulnerability measure is that it takes into account not just the attributes presented on each individual profile but features of the profiles' neighbourhood.

在耐延遲網路中，沒有網路服務的使用者，可以藉由各節點間的短距離傳送，透過一個間斷性的連結將資料傳送至目的地。因此，在本研究，當使用者在校園環境中，欲將手邊的資料傳送給其他使用者，但無法連結上網際網路時，可以透過與目標節點關聯性較高的節點幫忙以達到傳送資料之目的。 本論文提出一基於個人與社群資訊的資料傳送方法，以個人興趣、個人資訊與朋友關係等三個面向去分析適合用來幫助傳送資料的節點。在每個訊息中，我們加入一級別值，並在相遇到其他節點時做資訊的交換與計算，並利用選擇較高級別值的節點轉送，使資料可以透過較有效率的路線傳送至目的地。最後，我們將本論文方法與其它資料傳送方法比較評估效能，模擬結果顯示我們提出的傳送方法有較優的傳送成功率與較低的資源耗費。 / In Delay Tolerant Networks (DTNs), the user without network service can, through short transmission between nodes, use an intermittent route to deliver messages to the destination. In our study, when a user in the campus environment wants to send its data to others but can’t link to Internet in that moment, the user can use the node which has higher relation degree with the destination to help forward the data. In this thesis, we proposed a social-based routing approach. It is based on aspects of personal interest, personal information, and social relation to analyze which node is appropriate for data relaying. For each data, a rank value is associated with it. When the node encounters with other nodes, it will exchange and calculate data information to renew the rank value. Based on the rank value, data can be relayed to nodes with higher rank values, and thus to the destination through a more efficient way. Finally, we evaluated our approach, and compared with other routing schemes. The simulation results showed that our proposed approach had better delivery probability and lower resource cost.

Le présent texte a pour sujet la Base de données nationale d'inscription, système d'inscription obligatoire depuis quelques mois pour l'ensemble des firmes de courtage et des représentants en valeurs mobilières au Canada, à l'exception de ceux et celles qui n'exercent leurs activités qu'en territoire québécois. La question de la protection des renseignements personnels compris dans cette base de données y est analysée en portant une attention particulière à la pluralité des régimes de protection qui évolue au Canada. En effet, différentes règles s'appliquent selon que l'on est en présence d'un organisme public ou une entreprise du secteur privé et selon que la « transaction» est intraprovinciale ou extraprovinciale. La Base de données nationale d'inscription remplace dorénavant la procédure d'inscription sur support papier. Les documents issus de ce système informatique possèdent des caractéristiques propres et certaines règles doivent être respectées afin de leurs conférer la même valeur juridique que les documents papier. Finalement, la compilation de l'information dans cette gigantesque base de données serait futile s'il n'était pas possible d'accéder aux renseignements qui y sont contenus. Une fois les différents types d'accès définis, une comparaison sera faite avec certains systèmes d'inscription en ligne américains. La technologie bouleverse nos habitudes dans tous les secteurs de l'économie. Les finances ne sont pas en reste. Avec la Base de données nationale d'inscription, c'est tout le système d'inscription de l'industrie canadienne des valeurs mobilières qui prend un sérieux coup de jeune. Et il était temps ... / The subject of the present text concems the National Registration Database, a recent mandatory registration system designated for all brokerage firms and investment advisors across Canada, with the exception of those who exercise their activities exclusively in Quebec. The matter of protection of personal information included in this database is analyzed with an emphasis on the existence of multiple laws evolving in Canada. In fact, different mIes apply whether you are in the presence of a public body or an enterprise of the private sector and whether the "transaction" is concluded within or out of the province. The National Registration Database replaces the previous paper format registration procedure. The documents produced by this computerized system have their own particularities and certain mIes must be respected in order to maintain a legal value equal to the priOf format. Finally, the compiling of information found in this enormous database would be useless if it was not possible to access its information. Once the different types of access are determined, a comparison will be done with existing American online registration systems. It is obvious that technology has had a tremendous impact on the economy. Of course, the financial industry is affected. With the National Registration Database, the whole Canadian securities registration system has had a total makeover. It was about time... / "Mémoire présenté à la Faculté des études supérieures en vue de l'obtention du grade de Maître en droit (LL.M.)"

Les bouleversements engendrés par les nouveaux moyens de communication des données publiques de même que les multiples possibilités offertes par le réseau Internet, telles que le stockage des informations, la mémoire sans faille et l'utilisation des moteurs de recherche, présentent des enjeux majeurs liés à la protection de la vie privée. La diffusion des données publiques en support numérique suscite un changement d'échelle dans le temps et dans l'espace et elle modifie le concept classique de publicité qui existait dans l'univers papier. Nous étudierons les moyens de respecter le droit à la vie privée et les conditions d'accès et d'utilisation des données personnelles, parfois à caractère sensible, contenues dans les documents publics diffusés sur Internet. Le cas particulier des données accessibles dans les banques de données judiciaires exige des solutions particulières : il s'agit de trouver l'équilibre nécessaire entre le principe de transparence judiciaire et le droit à la vie privée. / The upheavals generated by the new means of disseminating public data, together with the multiple possibilities offered by the Internet, such as information storage, comprehensive memory tools and the use of search engines, give rise to major issues related to privacy protection. The dissemination of public data in digital format causes a shift in our scales of time and space, and changes the traditional concept ofpublic nature previously associated with the "paper" universe. We will study the means of protecting privacy, and the conditions for accessing and using the personal information, sometimes of a "sensitive" nature, which is contained in the public documents posted on the Internet. The characteristics of the information available through judicial data banks require special protection solutions, so that the necessary balance can be found between the principle of judicial transparency and the right to privacy. / "Mémoire présenté à la faculté des études supérieures en vue de l'obtention du grade de maître en droit (LL.M.)"

Social Network Site (SNS) users’ disclosed personal information is beneficial for marketers, as targeted advertising can be provided accordingly. This study identifies the three privacy concepts of concerns, attitudes and intentions, along with culture (i.e. Hofstede’s masculinity) to be key drivers of users’ self-disclosure on SNSs. Hence, this study evaluates these antecedents and their potential effect on self-disclosure, considering Facebook as the SNS of choice. To account for potential cross-cultural differences, data has been gathered via two online questionnaires, resulting in one German and one Norwegian sample of respondents. Multiple regression analyses were carried to evaluate the antecedents of self-disclosure and one-way ANOVA to examine potential differences amongst Germans and Norwegians. Results indicate that privacy intention is the strongest predictor of self-disclosure on SNSs; whereas privacy concerns and attitudes only reveal an indirect effect on self-disclosure. In addition, significant differences have been found for all of the constructs, indicating that there exist fundamental differences between Germans and Norwegians with regards to their cognitive processing behind personal information disclosure on SNSs.

The term cookie regarding IT is still a relatively new term. It is rarely discussed among internet users. The name cookie is fairly known but the concept not as much. Cookies are well established by different companies and organizations that in some way offer online services. Today visitors of the internet meet cookies almost every time they go online. For the users who choose not to accept cookies the online experience becomes highly limited. Cookies store information of the visitors in order to improve their experience but also to help the organization. The majority of webpages online that uses electronic commerce or in any way can benefit from storing the customers information uses cookies. Cookies can be sold or exchanged between organizations to increase their profit and range. In 2011 a provision regarding all organizations using cookies were implemented. Every internet user visiting these pages had to be notified about their use of cookies immediately. New laws are established in order to control or regulate the exertion of other people’s personal information at the same pace as cookies are further developed. The next law to be established is GDPR, General Data Protection Regulation, which will be focused on in this thesis. The purpose of this study is to explore the phenomenon of cookie-use and how it affects internet users and organizations in synergy with the GDPR-law. To achieve the desired result a mixed method has been applied involving both interviews and a survey. The interviews consisted of pre-determined questions and dynamic follow-up questions. Three different organizations participated in the interviews, an university, an organization using e-business and a media agency. The survey consisted of a few mandatory closed questions. The distribution of the survey led to right above 130 respondents. The gained results from the use of a quantitative methods hinted that barely half of the respondents knew what a cookie actually was. Several of the participants were curious about learning more about the phenomenon while a lower percentage did not consider it important. Knowledge or ignorance regarding cookies turned out to have a great impact on the respondent’s comfortableness and behavior online. The results from the qualitative method showed that the organizations working with cookies will be affected by GDPR. Following thesis will contribute to the field of informatics by consequently process the empiric data collected with support from theoretic competences. It will contribute as a source of information regarding cookies within information technology. / Termen cookie är fortfarande en relativt ny term och är inte särskilt debatterad bland internetanvändare. Begreppet cookie är någorlunda känt men innebörden inte lika så. Cookies är väl etablerat av olika företag och organisationer som på något sätt använder sig av internet. Idag stöter användare på cookies nästan överallt när de rör sig på internet. För den som bestämmer sig för att avstå från allt som har med cookies att göra blir internet vistelsen mycket begränsad. Cookies arbetar för att lagra information om besökarna dels för att gynna besökarnas vistelse men även för att hjälpa företagen. Majoriteten av alla hemsidor som idag använder sig av e-handel samt kan gynnas av att kundens data sparas använder sig av cookies. Cookies kan även säljas eller utbytas mellan företag och organisationer för att öka deras försäljning och vidd. År 2011 implementerades en bestämmelse gällande alla företag och organisationer som då använde sig av cookies. Alla besökare skulle upplysas om att just de använde cookies när de besöker deras hemsida. Nya lagar etableras för att kunna kontrollera och reglera användandet av besökares personliga information online i takt med att användandet av cookie utvecklas. Den nästkommande lagen att implementeras är GDRP, General Data Protection Regulation, som kommer att ha stort fokus i denna uppsats. Syftet med denna uppsats är att granska fenomenet cookie, dess användningsområden samt hur det påverkar internetanvändare och de olika företagen och organisationerna i synergi med GDPR-lagen. För att uppnå önskat resultat har en mixad metod använts i form av intervjuer och en enkät. Intervjuerna bestod av förutbestämda frågor och dynamiska följdfrågor under samtalets gång. Tre företag ställde upp som intervjuobjekt. En högskola, ett företag med försäljning online samt en mediebyrå. Enkäten bestod av obligatoriska frågor med förutbestämda svarsalternativ. Distributionen av enkäten ledde till strax över 130 respondenter. Resultatet efter användningen av den kvantitativa metoden antydde att knappt hälften av respondenterna inte visste vad en cookie var. Många var nyfikna och ville lära sig mer medan en lägre procent av respondenterna inte ansåg att de inte ville veta mer. Vetskapen samt ovetskapen gällande cookies påvisade sig ha stor inverkan på respondenternas bekvämlighet samt beteende online. Resultatet av den kvalitativa metoden visade att organisationer som arbetar med cookies kommer bli påverkade av GDPR. Följande uppsats kommer bidra till området informatik genom att följaktligen bearbeta empiriinsamling med stöd av teoretiska kompetenser. Den kommer att bidra som en informationskälla gällande cookies inom informationsteknologi.