台灣新興的跨國婚姻熱潮使得由台灣男性與東南亞籍女性組成的新住民家庭漸多，新住民子女現今多就讀幼稚園與國小低年級，新住民子女教育的研究多為小學階段其學業成就等能力，研究取樣差異使結果大相逕庭，對新住民子女幼教老師本身的研究缺乏，故研究者將研究重點放在新住民子女幼教老師。本研究採質性研究法，探討兩位背景相當的幼教老師教學。目的在瞭解多元文化教學觀點有哪些、持不同教學觀點老師之教學困境、解決策略有何不同，並深入探討其觀點與困境、策略之間的關係。資料蒐集採深度訪談法，用三階段編碼分析資料，研究對象是從9位教師的訪談中分析出最符合同化觀點的小慧老師與涵化觀點的小芳老師。 研究結果如下：（1）透過文獻探討歸納出多元文化教育場域中有兩類教學觀點，一為同化觀點，一為涵化觀點，兩者分別對低社經地位與少數族群學生學習成就低落原因的解釋、文化有無優劣、文化融合有不同的主張。（2）兩位老師皆面臨的教學困境有語言、家庭、課程方面，小芳老師尚有幼兒方面的困境。新住民幼兒說話腔調使教師聽不懂，小慧老師致力矯正其口音與腔調、小芳老師則是課後請教家長；此乃因小慧老師持有同化教育中官方語言教育的觀點。（3）新住民子女的學習與行為較依賴老師，小慧老師認為新住民子女的學習較差乃因其本身文化不利、新住民沒有教育下一代的能力，所以請父親輔導其課後學習，而母親監督就好，不需參與輔導；小芳老師則肯定新住民的教育能力、並認為新住民子女行為問題是家庭文化與學校文化之間落差使然，故充分與家長溝通，調整母親工作時間使其有時間教育孩子。（4）小慧老師認為新住民文化是低落的，且不需要傳承、新住民沒有能力傳承其文化，故在課程中沒有東南亞文化教材，而在教授台灣文化教材時發生幼兒經驗不足無法團討的困難；小芳老師認為新住民有教育能力、並認為雙重文化是優勢，於是請新住民子女分享其回東南亞的經驗、設計相關文化主題活動。（5）小芳老師班級中的新住民子女感到自卑時，她會鼓勵其尊重母親原生文化以增加幼兒自信。最後建議教師應培養反思能力、建立多元文化教育觀點量表。 / The new immigrant families have increased with the surge of cross-cultural marriages between Taiwanese and Southeast Asian spouses, most of whose children study in kindergartens and elementary lower grades. Sampling may result in significantly distinct analyses on learning capabilities of those elementary children, and researches on their preschool teachers are relatively absent; therefore, the study focuses on preschool teachers and applies the qualitative research to 2 teachers of similar backgrounds in order to explore which perspectives in multicultural education field, explore the variations on teaching difficulties and resolving strategies of teachers with dissimilar education perspectives and to discover the relationship between both. The study includes in-depth interview for data collection and three-stage coding for data analysis, and selects Teacher Hue and Teacher Feng respectively matching assimilation and acculturation perspectives out of 9 interviewees as research targets. The study reveals the following findings: (1) assimilation and acculturation perspectives in multicultural education fields through documentation induction, stand different on reason explanations for lower social and economic positions and learning achievements of the minority students, cultural superior or inferior quality, and cultural integration, (2) two teachers have teaching difficulties in terms of language, family, and course, as well as kid issues only for Feng, and when getting confused of kid’s expressions, Hue with official language prospective in assimilation education is devoted to correcting assent and pronunciation while Feng consulting parents after school, (3) those students used to rely on teachers on learning and behavior, and Hue contributes inferior learning capability to disadvantaged culture background and education ability of new immigrants and suggests home learning assistance of father and supervision of mother instead of after school programs while Feng considers cultural gap between family and school resulting in their behavior issues and emphasizes communications with parents to enhance mother’s education, (4) education difficulties on their involving in discussion in grass-root course happen to Hue who believes no necessity for heritage of inferior Southeast Asian culture and absence of heritage potential of new immigrants, and thus ignores Southeast Asian culture in teaching materials while those children are welcome to share their alien experiences and design relevant cultural activities by Feng who accepts education capability of new immigrants and ensures advantages of dual culture, and (5) Feng encourages those children feeling inferior to respect mothers’ culture, enhancing their confidence. The study eventually suggests that teachers shall cultivate retrospective potentials and establish multicultural education perspective inventories.

The abuse of power, dominance of certain shared perspectives, and reduction of personal values into so-called organizational core values are problems that plague traditional organizational direction setting. The purpose of this study was to explore how power intersects with the knowledge formation process, shared perspectives, and participatory processes within organizational direction setting. The study used an ethnographic case study approach to focus on a church that went through a yearlong direction setting process. The church had lost its senior pastor and wanted to determine its direction before hiring a new pastor. The researcher was a participant in that process. His field notes and other documentation provided one source of data. The researcher also interviewed 20 people who participated in the process. In terms of the intersection of power and knowledge formation, the study revealed that the discursive practices of the facilitator along with the voices of those in privileged groups, the outspoken, and those who had engendered trust in others carried considerable weight during the process. At the intersection of power with shared perspectives, there were two major perspectives representing subgroup cultures: a traditional perspective that resisted change and a progressive perspective that wanted change. The progressives dominated the church’s privileged groups and exerted extensive influence on the direction setting process. The organizational symbols of church staff and worship music style served to galvanize some people in the battle over which perspective would prevail. Transparency functioned as a bridge that brought some on either side of the conflict closer together. The research revealed two major types of power related to the intersection of power with participatory processes: the power of pain and intimidation. Both minimized the participation of some women, youth, and traditionalists. All three intersections featured deployments of power that influenced the construction of directional knowledge. This knowledge helped to inform the rules of “appropriate” conduct within the organization’s emerging truth regime. The study revealed that, in this case, robust directional knowledge would have accommodated personal, subgroup, and widely shared values in a state of dynamic equilibrium. The researcher concluded with a discussion of implications for organizational leaders.

Cette note de synthèse pour une Habilitation à Diriger des Recherches aborde, dans le cadre de la Théorie Anthropologique du Didactique, deux thématiques qui ont en commun d'être issues d'une réflexion sur la résolution de problèmes en mathématiques. La première s'intéresse aux développements praxéologiques que les élèves et étudiants doivent mener à bien pour utiliser avec une certaine réussite le savoir théorique mathématique, compte tenu du parcours de résolution de problèmes que leur font emprunter les systèmes scolaire et universitaire. Ces développements étant pour une large part non explicitement accompagnés par les systèmes didactiques, le travail personnel apparaît comme jouant un rôle déterminant, puisque les élèves doivent investir un espace d'étude autonome qui s'élargit de manière abrupte aux changements institutionnels collège/lycée//supérieur. Cette direction est présentée dans les deux premiers chapitres de la note de synthèse. La deuxième thématique situe la réflexion sur l'utilisation des savoirs dans les problèmes mathématiques au coeur d'une thématique beaucoup plus ample puisqu'il s'agit de s'intéresser, cette fois au niveau des institutions, aux dynamiques qui animent la vie des praxéologies : émergence, stabilisation et institutionnalisation dans une institution créatrice, diffusion, utilisation et transposition dans de nouvelles institutions. Prenant appui sur des exemples correspondant à des moments variés de la vie des praxéologies, le chapitre 3 propose une certaine réorganisation du modèle praxéologique, avec la double intention 1. d'expliciter la diversité des savoirs qui peuvent entrer dans le bloc technologico-théorique, 2. de figurer les liens de la praxéologie aux institutions qui la (co)déterminent. Ce modèle est succinctement mis en relation avec quelques travaux de didactique des mathématiques mais aussi d'ergonomie cognitive et de clinique de l'activité.

La thèse s'intéresse à l'accompagnement familial des apprentissages scolaires en mathématiques, mais aussi et surtout à l'organisation non discriminante de ses conditions. La " culture didactique " partagée dans notre société s'adapte de moins en moins aux régulations de la scolarité obligatoire. En effet, en se focalisant sur le repérage des difficultés individuelles et en encourageant les interventions précoces à l'extérieur de l'institution d'enseignement, elle transforme les aléas " ordinaires " de l'apprentissage en dysfonctionnements. Certaines tentatives d'amélioration insistent sur l'information et la communication entre école et parents. Or les discours éloignent souvent de la réalité des actions. Les " exercices à faire à la maison ", en transmettant des comportements, jouent un rôle complémentaire important. Certes, ils font rapidement surgir les divergences, parce qu'ils rendent visibles les contre-performances des élèves, et suggèrent toutes sortes de rectifications. Les devoirs sont par conséquent souvent accusés d'introduire des disparités et de pertuber les relations entre protagonistes. La thèse réexamine ce point de vue, en étudiant d'autres formes d'étude, qui s'ajusteraient mieux aux besoins des institutions didactiques. Pour simplifier la circulation des savoirs mathématiques les plus fréquemment utilisés, la société a mis en place des instruments culturels. Mais certains ont été détournés de leur fonction, ce qui a rompu des équilibres didactiques essentiels. La récitation des tables de multiplication fournit un exemple paradigmatique de la dénégation des transpositions. Les régressions métadidactiques ont en effet lentement modifié une ancienne répartition des tâches entre institutions, jusqu'à dédidactifier tout un pan de l'enseignement du calcul. La thèse éclaire la compréhension de ces phénomènes à l'aide de la Théorie des Situations Didactiques. Elle propose un nouveau concept pour une ingénierie spécifique de l'entraînement et de la familiarisation des élèves avec les connaisances les plus fondamentales : les assortiments didactiques.

South Africa and the rest of the world currently face an exacerbating threat of environmental degradation, which can be partly ascribed to the fact that some parts of society still place economic growth as a priority over environmental conservation. This study shows that such an approach is only profitable over the short term and actually causes more harm than good. On the other hand, the world is still recovering from the major 2008 global financial crisis. To tip the scale back into balance, it is crucial that economic -, social -, and environmental development be sustainable; from now and into the future. This study recognises that, to achieve sustainable development at all three levels, a transition to a green economy is needed. In essence a green economy requires investment in the environment for the benefit of both society and the economy. This study then goes on to show that ecotourism can be used as a manner to invest in the environment, whilst at the same time uplifting society and improving the economy. Subsequently it is identified as a key driver of a green economy. However, a daunting reality is that ecotourism developments and - activities also threaten the environment. This study therefore argues that ecotourism has to be regulated effectively; otherwise it will not live up to its purpose and may, as a result, curtail South Africa’s efforts of a transition to a green economy, instead of positively contributing to it. This study asks the question: Does South Africa’s environmental legislation provide for the effective regulation of ecotourism? This question is answered by considering whether various relevant pieces of national environmental legislation measure up to certain criteria that is inherent to the effective regulation of ecotourism. Finally this study serves to show that; from an environmental law perspective, and to the extent that this study investigated the ecotourism environment, ecotourism as a phenomenon is regulated effectively in South Africa. However, it appears that there still remains tremendous scope for improvement. / LLM (Environmental Law and Governance), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2014

Dans cette thèse, nous étudions trois thèmes qui nous sont apparus centraux dans la Géométrie cartésienne : le problème de Pappus, le problème des tangentes et des normales, et un problème de gnomonique connu sous le nom de Problema Astronomicum. Par " Géométrie cartésienne ", nous entendons le corpus formé non seulement par la Géométrie, publiée en 1637, mais également par la Correspondance cartésienne et les deux éditions latines placées sous la direction de Frans van Schooten, publiées respectivement en 1649 et 1659-1661. Nous étudions la genèse de la théorie des courbes géométriques définies par des équations algébriques en particulier à travers les controverses qui apparaissent dans la correspondance cartésienne : la controverse avec Roberval sur le problème de Pappus, la controverse avec Fermat sur les tangentes, et la controverse avec Stampioen sur le Problema astronomicum. Nous souhaitons ainsi montrer que la Géométrie de la Correspondance constitue un moyen terme entre la Géométrie de 1637 et les éditions latines de 1649 et 1659-1661, mettant en lumière les enjeux et les difficultés du processus de création de la courbe algébrique comme objet. D'autre part, nous examinons la méthode des tangentes de Fermat et la méthode des normales de Descartes, en les rapportant à une matrice commune formée par le traité des Coniques d'Apollonius, plus précisément, le Livre I et le Livre V consacré à une à théorie des droites minimales.

Dans cette thèse, nous étudions trois thèmes qui nous sont apparus centraux dans la Géométrie cartésienne : le problème de Pappus, le problème des tangentes et des normales, et un problème de gnomonique connu sous le nom de Problema Astronomicum. Par " Géométrie cartésienne ", nous entendons le corpus formé non seulement par la Géométrie, publiée en 1637, mais également par la Correspondance cartésienne et les deux éditions latines placées sous la direction de Frans van Schooten, publiées respectivement en 1649 et 1659-1661. Nous étudions la genèse de la théorie des courbes géométriques définies par des équations algébriques en particulier à travers les controverses qui apparaissent dans la correspondance cartésienne : la controverse avec Roberval sur le problème de Pappus, la controverse avec Fermat sur les tangentes, et la controverse avec Stampioen sur le Problema astronomicum. Nous souhaitons ainsi montrer que la Géométrie de la Correspondance constitue un moyen terme entre la Géométrie de 1637 et les éditions latines de 1649 et 1659-1661, mettant en lumière les enjeux et les difficultés du processus de création de la courbe algébrique comme objet. D'autre part, nous examinons la méthode des tangentes de Fermat et la méthode des normales de Descartes, en les rapportant à une matrice commune formée par le traité des Coniques d'Apollonius, plus précisément, le Livre I et le Livre V consacré à une à théorie des droites minimales.

This thesis argues that truth-telling in high level (nursing home) aged care is a undamentally important aspect of care that ought to reside equally alongside instrumental care. The health of the resident in a nursing home, as with individuals in other care contexts, is directly linked to care provision that allows the resident to be self determining about their care and thus allows them to make reasonable choices and decisions. This qualitative study explores the meaning of truth-telling in the care providerresident dyad in high level (nursing home) aged care. Grounded within the epistemology of social constructionism and the theoretical stance of symbolic interactionism, this study relied on oral and written text from care providers (personal care assistants and registered nurses) and residents. Thematic analysis of data relied on practices within grounded theory to determine their understanding and the conditions and consequences of their understanding about truth-telling in the nursing home. Through an understanding of the relationship-role-residency trinity, truth-telling in high level (nursing home) care comes to be understood. It has been determined that the link between truth-telling and the nature of the care provider-resident (and residents' families) relationship is that both personal carers and nurses in this study premise their understanding of truth disclosure on knowing a resident's (and resident's family's) capacity for coping with the truth and therefore catering for the resident's or family's best interests. The breadth and depth of this knowing and how the relationship is perceived and described determine what care providers will or will not tell. That is, the perceptions both personal carers and nurses have about the relationship - how they describe themselves as 'family like', 'friend' and 'stranger', has implications for the way disclosure operates and is described. Additionally, how care providers perceive and understand their role determines what care providers will or will not tell. That is, the perceptions both carers and nurses have about their own and each other's role - how they describe themselves for example as 'hands-on' carer and 'happy good nurse' has implications for the way disclosure operates and is described. Furthermore, care providers' meaning and understanding of truth-telling in aged care is not possible in the absence of an appreciation of how the care providers give meaning to and come to understand the care circumstance - residency, the aged care facility, the nursing home. That is, the perceptions both personal carers and nurses have about the aged care facility - how they describe residency as 'Home away from Home' (and what this means), as a place of little time and a plethora of situations have implications for the operation of truth-telling as a whole. Recommendations from the study include the implementation of a telling audit to better serve the truth-telling preferences of residents and the reorientation of care practices to emphasise affective care (talk rather than tasks). Furthermore, it is recommended that changes occur to the care provider roles, that care providers define themselves as facilitators rather than protectors, and education be ongoing to improve communication with and care of residents with dementia and those dying. Finally, the language of residency as 'home' needs to capture an alternate philosophy and attendant practices for improved open communication.

This study investigates the everyday practices of young children acting in their social worlds within the context of the school playground. It employs an ethnographic ethnomethodological approach using conversation analysis. In the context of child participation rights advanced by the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child (UNCRC) and childhood studies, the study considers children’s social worlds and their participation agendas. The participants of the study were a group of young children in a preparatory year setting in a Queensland school. These children, aged 4 to 6 years, were videorecorded as they participated in their day-to-day activities in the classroom and in the playground. Data collection took place over a period of three months, with a total of 26 hours of video data. Episodes of the video-recordings were shown to small groups of children and to the teacher to stimulate conversations about what they saw on the video. The conversations were audio-recorded. This method acknowledged the child’s standpoint and positioned children as active participants in accounting for their relationships with others. These accounts are discussed as interactionally built comments on past joint experiences and provided a starting place for analysis of the video-recorded interaction. Four data chapters are presented in this thesis. Each data chapter investigates a different topic of interaction. The topics include how children use “telling” as a tactical tool in the management of interactional trouble, how children use their “ideas” as possessables to gain ownership of a game and the interactional matters that follow, how children account for interactional matters and bid for ownership of “whose idea” for the game and finally, how a small group of girls orientated to a particular code of conduct when accounting for their actions in a pretend game of “school”. Four key themes emerged from the analysis. The first theme addresses two arenas of action operating in the social world of children, pretend and real: the “pretend”, as a player in a pretend game, and the “real”, as a classroom member. These two arenas are intertwined. Through inferences to explicit and implicit “codes of conduct”, moral obligations are invoked as children attempt to socially exclude one another, build alliances and enforce their own social positions. The second theme is the notion of shared history. This theme addresses the history that the children reconstructed, and acts as a thread that weaves through their interactions, with implications for present and future relationships. The third theme is around ownership. In a shared context, such as the playground, ownership is a highly contested issue. Children draw on resources such as rules, their ideas as possessables, and codes of behaviour as devices to construct particular social and moral orders around owners of the game. These themes have consequences for children’s participation in a social group. The fourth theme, methodological in nature, shows how the researcher was viewed as an outsider and novice and was used as a resource by the children. This theme is used to inform adult-child relationships. The study was situated within an interest in participation rights for children and perspectives of children as competent beings. Asking children to account for their participation in playground activities situates children as analysers of their own social worlds and offers adults further information for understanding how children themselves construct their social interactions. While reporting on the experiences of one group of children, this study opens up theoretical questions about children’s social orders and these influences on their everyday practices. This thesis uncovers how children both participate in, and shape, their everyday social worlds through talk and interaction. It investigates the consequences that taken-for-granted activities of “playing the game” have for their social participation in the wider culture of the classroom. Consideration of this significance may assist adults to better understand and appreciate the social worlds of young children in the school playground.

Thesis (MA (Geography and Environmental Studies))--University of Stellenbosch, 2006. / The Garden Route is located along the southern Cape coast of South Africa, between the Outeniqua Mountain Range and the coast, stretching from Gourits River in the west to Bloukranz River in the east. This region is recognised as a holiday destination and the centre of the southern Cape’s tourism industry. It has also gained popularity as a golfing destination set to proliferate in terms of new golfcourse developments (Golf Digest 2004; Gould 2004; Granger 2003). No known complete academic or public record is however available for the study area in which all the golf development types, namely short courses, public-municipal golf-courses and residential golf estates, are recorded. This leaves a gap in the understanding of the Garden Route as a golfing destination, as well as opening the floor for public speculation about the status of the Garden Route golfscape. This situation emphasises the need for a description of the Garden Route golfscape in order to achieve a better understanding of it and of the Garden Route as an emerging golfing destination. The research aspires to describe the Garden Route golfscape in terms of the geographic spatial distribution and characteristics of all the golf development types mentioned. It also aims to analyse how the public and developers of golf developments perceive the Garden Route golfscape. The research has shown that amongst the four identified intra-regional golfscapes of the Garden Route, namely the Mossel Bay, George, Knysna and Plettenberg Bay intra-regional golfscapes, the George intra-regional golfscape has been affected the most by golf developments. This intra-regional golfscape has the greatest number of existing golf developments, as well as the highest number of new golf development applications followed by Mossel Bay, Knysna and Plettenberg Bay. It is also clear from the research that the press, through publishing factually incorrect and biased information, plays a significant role in negatively affecting the public’s perception about the Garden Route golfscape. The literature, as well as the results of the public opinion poll, identifies residential private golf estate developments as the development type responsible for controversial golf debates. The survey indicated that there is less concern and objection to public-municipal golf-courses and short courses. The lack of public support for golf developments is as a result of the fact that the public is not convinced that either the natural environment or tourism, will benefit from the Garden Route developing into an international golfing destination. At the time of research, the Garden Route hosted 22 approved golf developments of which nine are short courses, another nine are golf estates and the remaining four are public municipal courses. A total of eight new golf estates are proposed for the Garden Route. There are no proposals for new public-municipal golf-courses or short courses. The research has highlighted that existing challenges associated with Garden Route golf developments must be quantified through future research in order to compare the impacts (economic, social and environmental impacts) with that of other land uses in the study area. Results from such future exercises, combined with future in-depth environmental and human resource audits of the area, will help determine the carrying capacity of the study area for golf developments, which will in turn contribute to an even better understanding of the Garden Route golfscape.