Submitted by Automa??o e Estat?stica (sst@bczm.ufrn.br) on 2018-02-21T21:14:12Z No. of bitstreams: 1 BrunoLeonardoDeSenaCosta_TESE.pdf: 4089487 bytes, checksum: fcfd3987ed1c7e1dfaa97685067e032e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Arlan Eloi Leite Silva (eloihistoriador@yahoo.com.br) on 2018-02-22T20:55:45Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 BrunoLeonardoDeSenaCosta_TESE.pdf: 4089487 bytes, checksum: fcfd3987ed1c7e1dfaa97685067e032e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-02-22T20:55:45Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 BrunoLeonardoDeSenaCosta_TESE.pdf: 4089487 bytes, checksum: fcfd3987ed1c7e1dfaa97685067e032e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-01-15 / Neste trabalho o fen?meno da carbonata??o do cimento Portland ? investigado por diferentes abordagens, por?m convergindo para o mesmo objetivo: aprofundar o conhecimento dos processos e os efeitos do CO2 na matriz ciment?cia. Esse fen?meno ocorre atrav?s de rea??es qu?micas entre o ?cido carb?nico, formado pela rea??o do CO2 com a ?gua, e alguns produtos hidratados do cimento. Em subsuperf?cie, devido ao incremento de temperatura e press?o o meio se torna mais danoso, sendo assim, na ?rea de petr?leo e g?s, principalmente a cimenta??o, tem um grande interesse por esta problem?tica. Frente ao exposto, neste trabalho foram desenvolvidos e publicados tr?s artigos intitulados: [Artigo I] Efeitos do di?xido de carbono no cimento Portland: uma rela??o entre a sedimenta??o est?tica e a carbonata??o, [Artigo II] Carbonata??o em cimento Portland para po?os de petr?leo: influ?ncia do tempo de hidrata??o antes do contato com o CO2 e [Artigo III] Estudo sobre a carbonata??o em uma matriz de cimento Portland classe G em ambientes supercr?tico e saturado. No primeiro estudo foi proposto um modelo para o comportamento da sedimenta??o e da carbonata??o ocorrido em uma pasta inst?vel, onde a sedimenta??o est?tica baseia-se na mec?nica dos fluidos. No segundo estudo foram investigadas tr?s pastas com a mesma formula??o, por?m curadas durante per?odos de tempos de 8 horas, 7 dias e 28 dias antes do contato com o CO2. Os resultados mostraram processos distintos, mas com efeitos similares de carbonata??o ao final. E no ?ltimo estudo as amostras foram expostas ao mesmo tempo em CO2 supercr?tico e saturado. As an?lises mostraram resultados significativamente distintos, onde as amostras expostas ao meio saturado sofreram um ataque 35% superior ?quelas submetidas ao CO2 supercr?tico. Este trabalho apresenta estudos que buscam promover uma maior compreens?o da fenomenologia da a??o do CO2 e ao mesmo tempo dar subs?dios para o desenvolvimento de tecnologias que combatam a carbonata??o. / In this study the phenomenon of Portland cement carbonation is investigated by different approaches, but converging towards the same objective: to deepen the knowledge of the processes and the effects in the cement matrix. The phenomenon occurs through chemical reactions between carbonic acid, formed by the reaction of CO2 with water, and some hydrated products of cement. In subsurface due to the increase of temperature and pressure the medium becomes more damaging, being therefore, in the area of oil and gas, mainly cementing, has a great interest by this problematic. In view of the above, in this study three articles were developed and published entitled: [Article I] Effects of carbon dioxide in Portland cement: a relation between static sedimentation and carbonation, [Article II] Carbonation in oil well Portland cement: Influence of hydration time prior to contact with CO2 and [Article III] Study of carbonation in a class G Portland cement matrix at supercritical and saturated environments. In the first study, a model was proposed for sedimentation and carbonation behavior in an unstable slurry, the static sedimentation based on fluid mechanics. In another study, three slurries of the same formulation were investigated, but were cured for periods of 8 hours, 7 days and 28 days before CO2 contact. The results showed distinct processes, but with similar carbonation effects at the end. In addition, in one last study samples were exposed at the same time in supercritical and saturated CO2. The analyzes showed significantly different results, where the samples exposed to the saturated medium suffered a 35% higher attack. This work presents studies that seek to promote a greater understanding of phenomenology and give subsidies for the development of technologies that combat carbonation.

Submitted by Automa??o e Estat?stica (sst@bczm.ufrn.br) on 2017-03-09T23:07:12Z No. of bitstreams: 1 LeonardoPivottoNicodemo_TESE.pdf: 9309572 bytes, checksum: e4499385f1149f24b4219e74842610df (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Arlan Eloi Leite Silva (eloihistoriador@yahoo.com.br) on 2017-03-14T00:41:28Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 LeonardoPivottoNicodemo_TESE.pdf: 9309572 bytes, checksum: e4499385f1149f24b4219e74842610df (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-03-14T00:41:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 LeonardoPivottoNicodemo_TESE.pdf: 9309572 bytes, checksum: e4499385f1149f24b4219e74842610df (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-08-17 / A tessitura da discuss?o contempor?nea acerca da sustentabilidade da ind?stria petrol?fera torna-se cada vez mais not?ria ao passo em que os aspectos ambientais desta atividade apresentam, principalmente em campos petrol?feros situados em terra, um significativo potencial para gera??o de impactos ambientais. Portanto, o objetivo geral da tese foi o de propor uma metodologia de sele??o, adapta??o, valida??o e prioriza??o e sistematiza??o de indicadores de sustentabilidade campos petrol?feros em terra (ISPETRO). Assim, foram definidos os seguintes objetivos espec?ficos, analisar a percep??o dos atores sociais diretamente afetados pela atividade petrol?fera como ferramenta para sele??o participativa de indicadores de sustentabilidade; analisar o posicionamento cient?fico de uma rede de especialistas, mediante a ado??o do m?todo Delphi como ferramenta para sele??o de indicadores de sustentabilidade; propor uma metodologia participativa de sele??o de indicadores de sustentabilidade pautada na rela??o da percep??o dos atores sociais integrada ao parecer cient?fico de uma rede de especialistas; propor a valida??o, prioriza??o e sistematiza??o de um conjunto de indicadores para avalia??o de sustentabilidade de campos petrol?feros em terra. Foram realizadas entrevistas padronizadas ou estruturadas a fim de agregar a percep??o dos moradores dos diferentes campos petrol?feros. Para an?lise dos dados, foi utilizada a an?lise de correspond?ncia que consiste em t?cnica estat?stica multivariada, que fornece ferramentas para analisar a associa??o entre as linhas e colunas de uma tabela de conting?ncia. A an?lise dos dados quantitativos procedeu-se com a t?cnica estat?stica multivaridada de correspond?ncia (AC) atrav?s da constru??o de tabelas de conting?ncia com as determinadas vari?veis descritas, bem como utilizou-se do teste de propor??es multinomiais para a categoriza??o da influ?ncia dos grupos analisados sobre cada indicador. Neste teste s?o avaliadas propor??es par a par nos dois n?veis da tabela de conting?ncia de dados entre as multinomiais. Foi necess?ria a proposi??o de uma metodologia consistente cientificamente e que permitisse o cruzamento da percep??o das comunidades com o posicionamento cient?fico dos especialistas, logo foram estabelecidos e sistematizados os crit?rios de inclus?o e exclus?o dos indicadores. Ap?s a adapta??o dos indicadores com base na participa??o dos especialistas e da popula??o, procedeu-se ? an?lise de componentes principais (ACP) que ? uma das mais utilizadas an?lises estat?sticas para descrever padr?es de varia??es dos dados em um conjunto multivariado. Foram realizadas duas etapas distintas para a sele??o das vari?veis relevantes para a constru??o dos ?ndices de sustentabilidade dos Campos de Petr?leo e G?s do Rio Grande do Norte: (1) uma ACP inicial foi realizada para inspe??o dos dados de pondera??o do Processo Anal?tico Hier?rquico (AHP) e para indicar quali-quantitativamente quais os indicadores de sustentabilidade adequados para as suas respectivas dimens?es e, (2) a posteriori, ACPs para cada dimens?o, separadamente, para selecionar os indicadores mais relevantes. Foram selecionados 23 indicadores que foram analisados conforme a discrep?ncia informada pelos especialistas quanto ?s dimens?es da sustentabilidade e ficaram reordenados em indicadores da dimens?o econ?mica E1, E2, E12, E13, E17 e S15; indicadores da dimens?o social S4, S5, S14, S17 e, S19; indicadores da dimens?o ambiental E3, A1, A7, A8, A10, A19 e A28; indicadores da dimens?o institucional E19, E20, S20 e A29. Conclui-se que a sustentabilidade pode ser mensurada por um conjunto de indicadores definidos como priorit?rios capazes de indicar a situa??o da sustentabilidade de campos petrol?feros em terra podendo ser acrescentados os indicadores complementares com a finalidade de refinamento da avalia??o. Apontam-se como o estado de sustentabilidade mais favor?vel os campos petrol?feros com menor interface com as comunidades e que n?o apresentaram ?reas de Prote??o Permanente pr?ximas ?s suas instala??es. / The tessitura of the contemporary discussion about the sustainability of the oil industry becomes increasingly evident while at environmental aspects of this activity presents, mainly in oil fields situated on land, a potential significant for the generation of environmental impacts. The general objective of the thesis was to propose a selection methodology, adaptation, validation, prioritization and systematization of sustainability indicators in oil fields on land (ISPETRO). Thus, the following specific objectives were defined, analyze the perception of social actors directly affected by oil activity as a tool for participative selection of sustainability indicators; analyze the scientific positioning of a network of specialists, through the adoption the Delphi method as a tool for selecting sustainability indicators; propose a participatory methodology of selection of sustainability indicators guided in the relation of perception of integrated social actors at scientific opinion from a network of specialists; propose the validation, prioritization and systematization of a set of indicators to evaluate the sustainability of oil fields on land. The methodology it was structured into four parts, for the first hypothesis we used the methodology applied to the communities where it was considered the exploratory and descriptive category as the types of most suitable research. Were conducted standardized or structured interviews in order to aggregate the perception of residents of different oil fields. For data analysis, was performed the correspondence analysis that consists of a multivariate statistical technique which provides tools to analyze the association between rows and columns of a contingency table. The quantitative data analysis proceeded with multivariate statistical technique of correspondence (AC) through the construction of contingency tables with determined variables described, as well as was used the multinomial proportions test for the categorization of the influence of the groups analyzed over each indicator. In this test, are evaluated proportions pairwise in the two levels of data contingency table between the multinomial. To evaluate the qualitative data was performed with the aid of Content Analysis, using the "analytical description which operates according to systematic and objective procedures of message content". Thus, it was necessary the proposal of a consistent methodology scientifically and to allow the crossing of the perception of the communities with scientific positioning of specialists, were thus established and systematized the criteria for inclusion and exclusion of indicators. After the adaptation of the indicators based on the participation of specialists and population, proceeded to the principal component analysis (PCA) which is one of the most used statistical analyzes to describe patterns of variation of the data in a multivariate set. Were performed two distinct stages for the selection of relevant variables for the construction of sustainability indexes of the oil fields and Gas of Rio Grande do Norte: (1) an initial PCA was performed for inspection of data weighting of the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) and to indicate qualitative and quantitatively which sustainability indicators suitable for their respective dimensions and, (2) a posteriori, PCAs for each dimension, separately, to select the most relevant indicators. Were selected 23 indicators that were analyzed according to the discrepancy informed by specialists about the dimensions of sustainability and were reordered at indicators of economic dimension E1, E2, E12, E13, E17 and S15; indicators of social dimension S4, S5, S14, S17 and S19; indicators of environmental dimension E3, A1, A7, A8, A10, A19 and A28; indicators of institutional dimension E19, E20, S20 and A29. It was concluded that sustainability can be measured by a set of indicators defined as priorities able to indicate the status of sustainability of oil fields on land, can be implemented the complementary indicators to the purpose of refinement of evaluation. Are pointed out as the state of sustainability most favorable the oil fields with smaller interface with communities and who did not have a Permanent Protection Areas near their installations.

The main idea of this thesis is to find an optimal Business Intelligence solution for monitoring and analysis of petrol stations, which would be provided as a complementary product to the current production system, and would aim to contribute both to the business of the customer, and provider of this software. Main goal is to design the solution, as well as to develop consequent marketing strategy, all the while taking many factors into consideration. These factors are e.g. status of current production system, competitive environment, customer requirements and many others. In order to fulfill the goal, extensive research of relevant literature and academic publications has been performed. Main areas of interest in this research were marketing strategy development methodologies, licensing and pricing policies, IT project management methodologies and Business Intelligence theory. Thesis also uses a lot of company's internal information, such as the data structure and quality of the database, or prevailing needs and requests of current customers. Contribution is the sole demonstration of combining various internal and external factors, taking into account whilst designing the solution. The thesis demonstrates, that Business Intelligence in its broader definition, may for certain groups of customers result in an original and non-conventional solution. Non-conventional both from the perspective of features and components, as well as the tools and development environments used to implement it. Thesis begins by researching given sources. The research is followed by the theoretical part, describing general Business Intelligence principles relevant to the topic. Fourth chapter foreshadows the current status-quo, informing about features and architecture of current production system, data sources and also about a current business strategy of the company providing Europos software. Current status-quo in relation to the external environment is described in the next chapter, where competitive and market analyses are conducted. The sixth chapter sums up the facts from previous chapters, and transforms them into concrete customer requirements regarding the form and content of future solution. Based on those requirements, conceptual design of the solution is made in chapter seven, which also includes the solution's increment delimitation. Chapter eight describes selected tools for the solution, and refines the design by more specific physical data model diagrams. Final solution is depicted and described in chapter nine. Finally, the thesis ends with chapter eleven, where all categories of marketing mix are designed, therefore there is a clear vision of how, and for how much would the product be offered and sold to the customer.

O problema ambiental das áreas contaminadas foi por muito tempo negligenciado. No Estado de São Paulo as primeiras medidas efetivas de gestão do tema foram tomadas em 2000, em parte motivadas pela ocorrência de acidentes em postos de combustíveis. A publicação da resolução CONAMA 273/00, que instituiu a obrigatoriedade do licenciamento dos postos de combustíveis (novos e em operação), deu mais destaque ao assunto, pelo menos no Estado de São Paulo, onde sua implementação revelou inúmeros passivos ambientais em postos de combustíveis. Estudar este e outros impactos desta resolução na gestão das áreas contaminadas por postos de combustíveis foi o objetivo deste trabalho. Isto foi feito por meio da descrição da gestão de áreas contaminadas por postos de combustíveis, antes e depois da resolução, e de seus resultados divulgados pela CETESB. A análise qualitativa da gestão foi feita com base nos instrumentos de gestão utilizados e encontrou uma gestão centrada em instrumentos de comando e controle, mas que se complementa com instrumentos econômicos e acordos voluntários. A análise quantitativa foi feita com base nos dados secundários divulgados pela CETESB e aponta, apesar de tendências de melhoria, para resultados ainda incipientes, com baixos percentuais de postos de combustíveis licenciados, reduzido número de áreas remediadas e pequeno decréscimo no número de acidentes em postos de combustíveis. / Contaminated sites represent an environmental problem that was neglected for a long time. In São Paulo State this problem was first addressed in 2000, partially due to environmental accidents in petrol stations. CONAMA 273/00, a resolution that enforced petrol stations (both new and running businesses) to require permits, attracted more attention to the matter, at least in São Paulo State, where its implementation revealed various petrol stations contaminated sites. This and other impacts of this resolution on petrol stations contaminates sites management are the core subject of this thesis. The study consists on the description of the management program before and after the resolution, as well as the results obtained, which were made public by CETESB. The qualitative analysis of the management program was based on the instruments used, it revealed a command and control approach, which makes use of complimentary instruments such as economic and voluntary ones. The quantitative analysis based itself on secondary data obtained at CETESB and, although the positive trend of the results, it still indicates low percentages of petrol station with permit, a reduced number of cleaned-up sites and a small decrease in the number of accidents in petrol stations.

A novel chromatographic method was devised that makes use of the superb group separation power of normal phase supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC) combined with a fast second separation by a resistively heated gas chromatograph (GC). The SFC was operated isothermally with stopped flow to provide the time required for the GC analysis. The GC analysis had a typical cycle time of 1 minute. During this time the GC column was independently heated at a rate of 450°C/min to 250°C and actively cooled down again to -50°C before the next GC injection takes place. This was achieved with an in-house designed, resistively heated, temperature programmable gas chromatograph. Various temperature measurement circuits were also evaluated. An interface was developed that allows transfer between the SFC and the GC in such a way that the entire eluent from the first separation is analysed by the second separator. Chromatographic resolution was not lost during the transfer process from the first to the second separation stages. The interface also allows for the exchange of the carrier gas used in the second gas chromatographic separation to provide for the maximum separation speed. In the first separation, a silica gel packed column and the novel application of a silica gel porous layer open tubular capillary column was used for SFC group separation. The SFCxGCftp was applied to petrochemical samples and essential oils and the results were compared to that obtained with a commercially available GCxGC system. / Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2003. / Chemistry / unrestricted

The thesis deals with an analyses of emission and harmful particles of exhaust fumes of automobiles with an environmental impact. More precisely, it describes the basic characteristics of current fuel types and emission produced by internal combustion engines. Next, it deals with the measures and possibilities of decreasing car traffic emission with respect to environmental impact. It also describes the current European standards for emission and the systems of the cars that are able to decrease emission. The work also deals with the measuring of emission and the methods that are used. According to the measuring methods, the analysis of exhalation is done and it is based on the data of the real car fleet. Values of the emission analyses are compared. The financial aspect is a part of the analyses.

Sweden has recently increased its efforts to reach net-zero greenhouse gas emission by 2045.The purpose of this study is to assess the feasibility for Bollnäs municipality to meet itsenvironmental goals through the conversion of its current fleet to a Natural Gas Vehicle basedfleet. A CO2 emission-based comparison has been used to estimate from an environmentalstandpoint the viability of biogas as the main fuel for the Bollnäs municipality fleet. Theresults have shown how a compressed natural gas (CNG) based fleet would lower by morethan five times the estimated CO2 emission of the current fleet. The viability of a biogas fleethas been proven and further results have shown how if the CNG fuel was produced from100% renewable resources the environmental impact would be even lower. The results havealso shown how Electric Vehicles (EV) and Hydrogenated Vegetable Oil (HVO) from 100%renewable resources could be viable environmental alternatives but it requires furtherinvestigation from an infrastructure and economic standpoint. / <p>2021-06-04</p>

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:29:11Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Claudia Carvalheiro.pdf: 993414 bytes, checksum: 7dbbb6ca11fb949ca3bddc99f1e5fccf (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-05-25 / Since the 1970s the number of petrol stations in Brazil has increased a lot. It s known that nowadays there are about 32.000 petrol stations working in Brazil in which 8.500 are in São Paulo state and 2.000 are in São Paulo capital. These petrol stations use underground containers to store automotive fuel and sell it afterwards. Although this is a potencially polluter activity, the establishments had never been asked by the government any kind of urban or environmental license in order to protect the environment. The situation started to change in the beginning of this decade when a law passing number 38.231/99, from São Paulo City Hall, determined the changing of the underground containers and the adequacy of the petrol stations equipments to environmental and security rules, and when a Resolution CONAMA 273/00 determined that not only the new petrol stations, but also the old ones had to have a license at the environmental organ called CETESB in São Paulo state. The importance of this subject is getting clearer as far as CETESB declared in its last report (November 2008, published in March 2009), that from 2.514 contaminated areas in the state of São Paulo, 1.953 are caused by petrol stations. Therefore, in this paper several theorical and practical issues will be mentioned about the development and implementation of a license for the new petrol stations and for the ones that are already working in São Paulo city. There will be also mentioned the interpretations and the possible solutions of the conflicts that can come from this process as well as the explanations and conclusions for each case / A partir da década de 1970 houve um aumento significativo do número de postos no país. Hoje estima-se que existam cerca de 32 mil postos de gasolina em operação no Brasil, dos quais aproximadamente 8.400 situam-se no Estado de São Paulo e em torno de 2.000 na Capital paulista. Estes postos utilizam tanques subterrâneos para armazenar os combustíveis automotivos que revendem ao consumidor final e, apesar de exercerem uma atividade potencialmente poluidora, nunca lhes foi exigido qualquer tipo de licenciamento ambiental e nem urbanístico para defesa do meio ambiente. Essa situação só mudou no início desta década, em razão, primeiro, do Decreto 38.231/99, da Prefeitura de São Paulo, que determinou a troca dos tanques e adequação dos equipamentos dos postos da Capital às normas ambientais e de segurança, e, segundo, da Resolução CONAMA 273/00, que determina que todos os postos, novos e em operação, devem se licenciar perante o órgão ambiental competente, a CETESB no caso do Estado de São Paulo. A importância deste tema fica ainda mais evidente quando se verifica, pelas informações que a CETESB forneceu em seu último relatório, sobre as áreas contaminadas no Estado de São Paulo, em novembro de 2007, que, das 2.272 áreas contaminadas, 1.745 são postos de combustíveis. Portanto, serão abordados os diversos aspectos, teóricos e práticos, que influem no desenvolvimento e implementação do licenciamento dos postos de gasolina (novos e em operação), situados no município de São Paulo, e como são interpretados e aplicados na solução dos conflitos decorrentes desse processo, com explanação, em cada caso, das posições e conclusões adotadas pela autora

The number concentration and size distribution of particles in Brisbane have been studied extensively by the researchers at The International Laboratory for Air Quality and Health, Queensland University of Technology (Morawska et al., 1998, 1999a, 1999b). However, the comprehensive studies of chemical compositions of atmospheric particles, especially with regard to the two main classes of pollutants (polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and trace elements), that are usually of environmental and health interest, have not been fully undertaken. Therefore, this thesis presents detailed information on polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and elemental compositions of vehicle exhausts and of urban air in Brisbane. The levels of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and elements in three of Brisbane's urban sites (Queensland University of Technology, Woolloongabba and ANZ stadium sites) were measured. The most common PAHs found in all sites were naphthalene, phenanthrene, anthracene, fluoranthene, pyrene and chrysene while Al, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Mo, Si, Sn, Sr and Zn were the most common elements detected in the total suspended particles and fine particle (PM2.5). With the aid of multivariate analysis techniques, several outcomes were obtained. For example: -- Major human activities such as vehicular and industrial sources were the most contributing pollution sources in Brisbane. However, these two sources have different influential strength on the compositions of the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and trace inorganic elements found in the urban air. -- Woolloongabba bus platform was the most polluted site on the basis of the elemental and PAH compositions in its air samples while QUT site was the worst polluted site in terms of PM2.5 elemental contents. These results demonstrated that the impact of traffic related pollutants on Brisbane's urban air is significant. This led to the investigations of the direct emissions of pollutants from exhaust vehicular source in the second part of this research work. The exhaust studies included the investigations of PAHs, trace inorganic elements and particles. At the time of the study, the majority of vehicles in Brisbane used low sulfur diesel (LSD) fuel or unleaded petrol (ULP). However, the importance of vehicles using ultra low sulfur diesel (ULSD) and liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) is constantly growing. Therefore, the exhaust emission studies on chassis dynamometer from heavy duty non-catalyst-equipped buses powered by LSD and ULSD with 500 ppm and 50 ppm sulfur contents respectively as well as passenger cars powered by ULP and LPG were explored. The outcomes of such studies are summarized as follows: -- Naphthalene, acenaphthene, acenaphthylene, anthracene, phenanthrene, fluorene, fluoranthene and pyrene were frequently emitted by the buses powered by LSD and ULSD. However, buses powered by ULSD emitted 91% less PAHs than those powered by LSD. On the other hand, Mg, Ca, Cr, Fe, Cu, Zn, Ti, Ni, Pb, Be, P, Se, Ti and Ge were found in measurable quantities in the exhaust of the buses. The emissions of the elements were found to be strongly influenced by the engine driving conditions of the buses and fuel parameters such as sulfur content, fuel density and cetane index. -- Naphthalene, fluorene, phenanthrene, anthracene, pyrene, chrysene, benzo(a)anthracene and benzo(b)fluoranthene were predominantly emitted by ULP and LPG cars. On the average, the total emission factors of PAHs from LPG cars were generally lower than those of ULP cars, but given the large variations in the emission factors of cars powered by the same type of fuel, differences in the emission factors from both car types were statistically insignificant. In general, platinum group elements and many other elements were found in the exhausts of cars powered by both fuels. Emissions of inorganic elements from the cars were dependent on the type and the mileage of the cars. For example, ULP cars generally emitted higher levels of Cu, Mg, Al and Zn while LPG cars emitted higher level of V. In addition, cars with higher mileages were associated with higher emissions of the major elements (Zn, Al, Fe, V and Cu). -- Buses powered by ULSD usually emitted fewer particles, which were generally 31% to 59% lower than those emitted by LSD powered buses. Similarly, cars powered by LPG emitted less particles from those powered by ULP fuel. However, more nanoparticles (those with aerodynamic diameters of less than 50 nm) were emitted by LPG powered cars than their ULP counterparts. Health effect assessment of the exhaust PAHs was evaluated in terms of benzo(a)pyrene toxicity equivalent (BAPeq). The potential toxicities of PAHs emitted by ULSD powered buses were generally lower than those emitted by their LSD counterparts. A similar trend with lower emissions of PAHs from LPG cars than from ULP cars was observed when otherwise identical passenger cars were powered by LPG and ULP fuels. In summary, this thesis has shown that the majority of airborne particles found around Brisbane have anthropogenic origins, particularly vehicle emissions, and that fuel or lubricant formulations and engine operating conditions play important roles in the physical and chemical characteristics of pollutants emitted by vehicles. The implications of these results on worldwide strategies to reduce the environmental and health effects of particles emitted by motor vehicles were discussed. In this regard, direct emission measurements from vehicles powered by LSD, ULSD, ULP and LPG unveiled the relative environmental benefits associated with the use of ULSD in place of LSD to power diesel engines, and of LPG in place of ULP to power passenger cars.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:07:09Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Marcus VCB_DISSERT_PARCIAL.pdf: 2643130 bytes, checksum: 5d46e76949be4c4eb0ad9dfdafb24bcb (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-02-18 / The materials engineering includes processes and products involving several areas of engineering, allowing them to prepare materials that fulfill the needs of various new products. In this case, this work aims to study a system composed of cement paste and geopolymers, which can contribute to solving an engineering problem that directly involves the exploitation of oil wells subject to loss of circulation. To correct it, has been already proposed the use of granular materials, fibers, reducing the drilling fluid or cement paste density and even surface and downhole mixed systems. In this work, we proposed the development of a slurry mixed system, the first was a cement-based slurry and the second a geopolymer-based slurry. The cement-based slurry was formulated with low density and extenders, 12.0 ppg (1.438 g/cm ?), showing great thixotropic characteristics. It was added nano silica at concentrations of 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5 gps (66.88, 133.76 and 200.64 L/m3) and CaCl2 at concentrations of 0.5, 1, 0 and 1.5%. The second system is a geopolymer-based paste formulated from molar ratios of 3.5 (nSiO2/nAl2O3), 0.27 (nK2O/nSiO2), 1.07 (nK2O/nAl2O3) and 13.99 (nH2O/nK2O). Finally, we performed a mixture of these two systems, for their application for correction of circulation lost. To characterize the raw materials, XRD, XRF, FTIR analysis and titration were performed. The both systems were characterized in tests based on API RP10B. Compressive strength tests were conducted after curing for 24 hours, 7 and 28 days at 58 ?C on the cement-based system and the geopolymer-based system. From the mixtures have been performed mixability tests and micro structural characterizations (XRD, SEM and TG). The results showed that the nano silica, when combined with CaCl2 modified the rheological properties of the cement slurry and from the concentration of 1.5 gpc (200.64 L / m?) it was possible to obtain stable systems. The system mixture caused a change in the microstructure of the material by favoring the rate of geopolymer formation to hinder the C3S phase hydration, thus, the production of CSH phases and Portlandite were harmed. Through the mixability tests it can be concluded that the system, due to reduced setting time of the mixture, can be applied to plug lost circulation zones when mixed downhole / A engenharia de materiais abrange processos e produtos envolvendo v?rias ?reas da engenharia, permitindo que sejam preparados materiais que atendam a v?rias necessidades de novos produtos. Neste caso, este trabalho tem por objetivo estudar um sistema de pasta composto por cimento e geopol?meros, que possa contribuir para a resolu??o de um problema de engenharia que envolve diretamente a explora??o de po?os de petr?leo sujeitos ? perda de circula??o. Para corrigi-la, j? foi proposto na literatura o uso de materiais granulares, fibrosos, redu??o da densidade do fluido de perfura??o ou pasta de cimento e at? mesmo sistemas mistos de fluidos misturados na superf?cie ou no fundo do po?o. Neste trabalho, foi proposto o desenvolvimento de um sistema misto de pastas, sendo o primeiro ? base de cimento Portland e o segundo ? base de geopol?mero. A pasta ? base de cimento, foi formulada com baixa massa espec?fica e aditivos extendedores, 12,0 lb/gal (1,438 g/cm?), apresentando grande car?ter tixotr?pico. Essa pasta foi aditivada com nanoss?lica, em concentra??es de 0,5; 1,0 e 1,5 gpc (66,88; 133,76 e 200,64 L/m3) e CaCl2, em concentra??es de 0,5; 1,0 e 1,5 %. A segunda pasta se constitui ? base de geopol?mero, sendo formulada a partir das raz?es molares de 3,5 (nSiO2/nAl2O3); 0,27 (nK2O/nSiO2); 1,07 (nK2O/nAl2O3) e 13,99 (nH2O/nK2O). E por fim, foi realizada a mistura desses dois sistemas, visando sua aplica??o para corre??o de perda de circula??o. Para caracterizar os precursores foram utilizadas as t?cnicas de DRX, FRX, FTIR e titula??o. Foram realizados os ensaios de caracteriza??o baseados na API RP10B para ambas as pastas puras. Ensaios de resist?ncia ? compress?o foram realizados ap?s a cura por 24 horas, 7 e 28 dias ? 58 ?C, para os sistemas de pasta de cimento e geopol?mero, separadamente. A partir das misturas, foi realizado o ensaio de misturabilidade e caracteriza??es microestruturais (DRX, TG e MEV). Os resultados mostraram que a nanoss?lica, quando combinada ao CaCl2 modificou as propriedades reol?gicas da pasta de cimento e a partir da concentra??o de 1,5 gpc (200,64 L/m?) foi poss?vel se obter sistemas est?veis. A mistura dos sistemas ocasionou uma modifica??o da microestrutura do material, atrav?s do favorecimento da rea??o de geopolimeriza??o em detrimento da hidrata??o da fase C3S, com isso, a produ??o das fases Portlandita e C-S-H foram prejudicadas. Atrav?s dos ensaios de misturabilidade, devido ao reduzido tempo de pega das misturas, pode-se concluir que o sistema misturado, pode ser aplicado para tamponar zonas de perda de circula??o quando misturado no fundo do po?o