Student Number : 0310496H - MPH research report - Faculty of Health Sciences / This study compares pharmaceutical company research on new medicines in South Africa with the country’s burden of disease and describes the process and criteria that companies use to set their research priorities. A quantitative survey of pharmaceutical companies shows that company research conducted from 2000 to 2003 is moderately associated with the country’s burden of disease estimates for 2000. The degree of association is dependent on which measures of company research and burden of disease are compared, and which comparative statistic is used. A qualitative analysis of company interviews reveals that feasibility of clinical trials, market forces, and environmental factors are core criteria for company research priority setting. The burden of disease, although important, is not a sole criterion, and has considerable limitations. Furthermore, this study reveals the complex nature of health priority setting by pharmaceutical companies and thus can assist policy decision makers in identifying practical strategies to encourage research in diseases of need by pharmaceutical companies.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-25T16:44:14Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Cinira Aguida Ferreira Marcondes.pdf: 1009721 bytes, checksum: 1b6f4ca245ceb43dfcb725eff84194d2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-10-21 / During the implementation of the sales force development strategy of a Brazilian pharmaceutical company it was identified the opportunity to focus on emotional competences of those employees in a project that lasted two years. The goal of this initiative was to strengthen the potentials of both individuals and groups in relation to their professional roles and to reinforce the relationship with clients, based on ethical principles and long term relations. The scenario and the results of this decision were the object of discussion in this research. The career evolution of 256 sales actors, considering as the cutoff event the integration and restructuring that resulted from a merger that happened to this company, marked the variables of this case study which tried to identify the influence of emocional competences in the professional trajectories of those actors. The emotional behaviours that served as the basis for the project and the analysis in this research include intrapersonal emotional competences such as Self-evaluation, Emotional Self-knowledge, Self-management and Adaptability; and interpersonal emotional competences, Empathy, Client Orientation, Conflict Management, Change Catalyst, Influence, Teamwork and Collaboration, directly related to the moment and needs of the company. This competence matrix makes up the ECI® tools (Emotional Competence Inventory - Hay Group® Consultants), that is comprised of a 360º evaluation and proposes an identification of strengths and improvements to help develop emotional competences at work and reach high performance. This case study raises questions identifying the probabiliy of which emotional competences may have influenced the career evolution of those professionals, both in the context of professional growth as well as in the perspective of those that left the company voluntarily or not. The belief that supports this project is that emotion and reason walk hand-in-hand, and that conscious of those emotional abilities, human beings are more able to choose rationally their behaviour in order to build social relations that would benefit people and the system in which they are inserted. Ethics is in how empathic an individual is in his/her attitudes with others, adapting to environmental conditions to contribute with his/her abilities in order to build a happier and more harmonious, personal and professional, life / Ao implementar uma estratégia de desenvolvimento para uma força de vendas de uma indústria farmacêutica no Brasil, identificou-se a oportunidade de dar foco nas competências emocionais destes profissionais em um projeto que aconteceu durante dois anos. O objetivo desta ação foi fortalecer as potencialidades dos indivíduos e do grupo em relação ao seu papel profissional e para fortalecer o relacionamento com os clientes, pautados pela ética e por relações de longo prazo. O cenário inserido nesta decisão e o resultado foram objeto de discussão desta pesquisa. A evolução da carreira de 256 atores de vendas, considerando como limite de tempo a integração e a reestruturação decorrente de uma fusão que a empresa realizou, marcaram as variáveis deste estudo de caso que procurou identificar a influência das competências emocionais nos caminhos profissionais destes atores. Os comportamentos emocionais que fundamentaram o projeto e a análise desta pesquisa contemplaram competências emocionais intrapessoais, tais como Autoavaliação, Autoconhecimento Emocional, Auto Gerenciamento e Adaptabilidade; e competências emocionais interpessoais, Empatia, Orientação para o Cliente, Gestão de Conflito, Catalisador da Mudança, Influência, Trabalho em Equipe e Colaboração, diretamente relacionadas ao momento e as necessidades da empresa. Esta matriz de competências constitui a ferramenta ECI® (Emotional Competence Inventory - Hay Group® Consultants), constituída por uma avaliação 360º e que propõe a identificação de pontos fortes e os de melhoria para desenvolver as competências emocionais no trabalho e atingir a alta performance. Este estudo de caso levanta hipóteses identificando a probabilidade de quais competências emocionais podem ter influenciado a evolução da carreira destes profissionais, tanto no contexto do crescimento profissional como na perspectiva dos que deixaram a organização voluntária ou involuntariamente. A crença que suporta este projeto é que a emoção e a razão andam juntas, e que consciente das habilidades emocionais, o ser humano possui condição de escolher racionalmente seu comportamento para construir relações sociais que beneficiem as pessoas e o sistema em que estão inseridas. A ética está no quanto empático o indivíduo é em suas atitudes para com os outros, adaptando-se as condições do ambiente para contribuir com suas habilidades de forma a construir uma vida, pessoal e profissional, mais harmoniosa e feliz

The first chapter describes a development of the pharmaceutical industry and its market. The attention is especially paid to the pharmaceutical industry of France which is considered to be a representative of the European pharmaceutical industry. The second chapter is focused on the pharmaceutical company marketing and a medicament regarded as a product and presented from its creation to a distribution to a final consumer.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-10T16:05:03Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 ELAINE PEINADO.pdf: 1967613 bytes, checksum: bcf243373aee2203b6c2b2f554452c4d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-03-15 / This study aims to determine the effect of intellectual capital and its components on business performance in a pharmaceutical manufacturing company. The theoretical framework consists of aspects of the intellectual capital, segregated into human, structural and relational capital, and business performance considered the financial dimensions, internal and process. A single case study was quantitative approach in a pharmaceutical manufacturing company with extensive intellectual capital. Data collection was conducted through a questionnaire and the data were analyzed with descriptive statistics and application of structural equation modeling (Partial Least Square - PLS). The survey results consisted of a structural model with explanatory power of the dependent variable organizational performance of 72.4%. It found a significant direct association between the human and structural capital and between structural capital and relational, and a significant direct association between relational capital and performance and the increase in the explanatory power of the structural model with the inclusion of interactions between components intellectual capital. It follows from these results, the relevance of the company performing the holistic management of intellectual capital, since it is a key element in managing business performance. However, the survey coverage limitations instigate replication of this model in other companies in the same industry for comparison of results. / Este estudo objetiva verificar o efeito do capital intelectual e seus componentes no desempenho organizacional em uma empresa industrial farmacêutica. O marco teórico compõe dos aspectos inerentes ao capital intelectual, segregado em capital humano, estrutural e relacional, e do desempenho organizacional, sob as dimensões financeira, interna e de processo. Um estudo de caso único foi realizado com enfoque quantitativo em uma empresa industrial farmacêutica com extenso capital intelectual. A coleta de dados foi realizada por meio de um questionário e os dados foram analisados com aplicação de estatísticas descritivas e modelagem de equações estruturais (Partial Least Square - PLS). Os resultados da pesquisa consistiram de um modelo estrutural com poder explanatório da variável dependente desempenho organizacional de 72,4%. Constatou-se uma associação direta significativa entre o capital humano e estrutural e entre o capital estrutural e o relacional, além de uma associação direta significativa entre capital relacional e desempenho e o aumento do poder explanatório do modelo estrutural com inclusão das interações entre os componentes do capital intelectual. Conclui-se, a partir desses resultados, a relevância da empresa realizar a gestão holística do capital intelectual, uma vez que trata-se de um elemento chave no gerenciamento do desempenho organizacional. Todavia, as limitações de abrangência da pesquisa instigam a replicação desse modelo em outras empresas do mesmo setor industrial para fins comparativos dos resultados

This thesis deals with the descriptive analysis of entire process of the pharmaceutical industry's distribution and the verification of its effective functioning in the Czech Republic. The first part is focused on the definition of key terms and presents the theoretical basis for this thesis (specifics of pharma industry, history of pharmaceutics and pharma industry, actual situation and predictions of pharma industry). The second part is concerned the individual subjects of the distribution - pharmaceutical company, wholesaler and pharmacy.

El crecimiento de productos sanitarios enviados a través de logística de frío, en los últimos años, ha sido sostenible y significativo. Este incremento trae consigo desafíos orientados a mantener los productos en los rangos de temperatura establecidos y, por lo tanto, mantener su calidad; considerando, además, que gran mayoría de estos afectan directamente la salud de los clientes. Las deficiencias en la gestión de la cadena de frío afectan la rentabilidad de las empresas del sector químico-farmacéutico, debido a las devoluciones ocasionadas por la entrega de productos de baja calidad. En ese contexto, la presente investigación propone una solución que incluye la aplicación de tres herramientas: Jidoka, el sistema de planificación MRP II y la estandarización del trabajo para reducir el nivel de devoluciones. La propuesta se sustenta en la mejora del proceso de embalaje, considerando nuevas políticas de inventario, mecanismos óptimos para la gestión de materiales de embalaje y la actualización del protocolo de trabajo. Luego de la implementación del modelo mediante un piloto, se logró reducir las devoluciones en 41.5% y aumentar la cantidad de órdenes entregadas perfectamente a 95.2%. / The growth of sanitary products shipped through cold logistics, in recent years, has been sustainable and significant. This increase brings with it challenges aimed at maintaining the products in the established temperature ranges and, therefore, maintaining their quality; considering, furthermore, that most of them directly affect the health of customers. The deficiencies in the management of the cold chain affect the profitability of the companies in the chemical-pharmaceutical sector, due to the returns caused by the delivery of low-quality products. In this context, this research proposes a solution that includes the application of three tools: Jidoka, the MRP II planning system and the Standardization of Work to reduce the level of returns. The proposal is based on the improvement of the packaging process, by applying new inventory policies, optimal mechanisms for the management of packaging materials and the updating of the work protocol. After the implementation of the model through a pilot test, it was possible to reduce returns by 41.5% and increase the number of perfectly delivered orders to 95.2%. / Trabajo de investigación

本研究旨在如何透過創新的營銷模式，如電子醫藥行銷及電子醫藥平台，來解決跨國製藥廠在台灣面臨的困境。本研究以個案公司為研究對象，透過傳統策略規劃流程來做策略分析、策略擬定及策略執行。策略分析主要在分析內外部環境，外部環境，先透過五力分析來確認製藥產業的吸引力及哪一項競爭力是跨國製藥廠最需重視的，接著討論醫業環境的演變及對傳統營銷模式的衝擊。內部分析，主要針對個案公司做情勢分析，透過個案公司的組織目標、BCG矩陣分析模型、核心競爭力、品牌權益市場調查、高涉入購買決策過程分析、SWOT分析、商業模式和4C（四種交換成本）處分析來判斷情勢。從分析的結果來確認主要問題及機會，然後根據主要問題及機會來擬定相對策略，最後分析執行行動方案的成效來驗證策略的正確性。 / This study explores how the innovative marketing and sales model (such as eDetailing and Physician Digital Platform) can help to overcome the obstacles that international pharmaceutical company has been facing in Taiwan. This research is a case study for an international pharmaceutical company. The study is mainly focused on Taiwan’s pharma division. They study is structured in 3 major sections – strategy analysis, strategy defining and strategy execution. For the analysis, it focuses on analyzing external and internal environment. For the external environment, first apply the 5-force theory to identify the attractiveness of the industry and which competitive forces should be focused on. Then it discusses the evolution of the pharmaceutical industry in Taiwan and how it impacts the traditional sales model. The internal analysis focuses on the case study of the company. Use tools and models such as BCG Matrix, core competency, brand equity market research, buying process, SWOT, business model and 4 Costs model to analyze the studied company’s situation. Through the analysis, identify the key problem and opportunity and make corresponding strategies. At the final section, validate the strategy’s effectiveness through analyzing the execution of the innovative marketing and sales model initiatives.

全民健康保險制度在台灣開辦以來已經快二十年了，在全民都有保險、給付的範圍從基礎到複雜的醫療照護完整、合約醫療機構相當普遍、就醫的方便性等，得到大多數台灣民眾的肯定。 但全民健保這一路實施下來卻為台灣帶來的龐大國家赤字。健保局針對於每年五千餘億的健保費用其中的藥品費用(為第二大支出，占了其中的25%)多次長期進行多種的藥費及藥價管控措施，低廉的新藥核價加上每兩年的藥價調查後的藥價調降，國外藥廠除了要配合健保的藥價政策外，還需要面對醫療機構對於現有藥品再降價的要求。長久下來，藥廠利潤逐年下降影響甚劇。 其中以今年七月所要實施二代健保中「藥品三同」對於原開發藥廠藥衝擊最大。衛生署所實施的三同政策，即是針對健保給付超過15年的藥品，實施「同成分」、「同品質」、「同價格」，調整為同價格。此一政策倘若實施，原開發藥廠利潤嚴重下降，可能會導致會放棄台灣市場，民眾只剩下國產學名藥可以選擇。再者，三同政策最大的瑕疵，在於只單方面考慮健保給付的藥價，卻忽略了藥廠製藥成本，此舉明顯不顧成本不同卻硬性規定價格，明顯違反市場機制，也違反健保精神。 專利藥到期的原開發藥藥廠要如何因應以縮小品質及價格的爭端，只著眼於一昧砍藥價來填補健保財務虧損，不仔細思考同成分就一定同品質的問題而將藥品砍至同一價格的健保署藥物品質認定及給付標準。 本研究探討之研究問題包括: 1)在台灣健保逐年調降藥價的政策下藥品三同政策前，原開發藥廠在台的經營模式為何,2)在政府政策培育下的學名藥如何日益茁壯來影響專利藥到期的原開發藥廠市場活動，3)藥品三同政策實施後對專利藥到期的原開發藥廠的衝擊4)主要獲利的專利藥品皆到期的台灣武田藥品公司未來的經營模式從主要價值活動面該如何調整因應。 本研究以Afuah A.(2004)經營模式架構，先從過去健保政策下原開發藥廠的營運模式做說明，再以目前健保政策環境因素的變化，如何影響個案公司的市場行銷活動，而活動又如何影響公司的資源、定位及成本。 本研究發現「藥品三同」對台廠學名藥因具有較佳的成本競爭優勢，對原開發藥廠產生威脅，但因原料的不穩定性讓病患、處方醫師無法信任。所以原開發藥廠除了監督政府長期對學名藥廠品質加以把關、用訴訟延緩學名藥的上市外、另外一方面併購國內學名藥廠，以配合醫療院所對於低價高品質藥品的需求。最後，專利藥到期的原開發藥廠從健保政策中與學名藥廠價格競爭獲得利潤，就必須改變營運模式，首要的就是降低成本。如何從採購及製造方面有效降低成本著手，進一步調整有形、無形資產投入、人員配置培養與組織等策略資源，以及定價、市場區隔等定位修正，是原開發藥廠需要深入思考的問題。 / National Health Insurance (NHI) program has been implemented in Taiwan for almost 20 years. It has earned recognition for the compulsory enrollment for all residents in Taiwan, the benefits covered from basic to complicated medical care, the prevalence of contract medical facility and the convenience of going to doctors. NHI, however, has caused fiscal deficit for the past few years. Drug cost, among the over 500,000,000,000 NTD health insurance fee, is the second largest expenditure, which takes up 25 percent of health insurance fee. Therefore, Bureau of National Health Insurance has taken measures to manage and control drug cost and drug price multiple times for a long period. Foreign pharmaceuticals have cooperated on the low-priced pricing for new drugs and have lowered drug price after drug price evaluation every two year. However, there is still demand from medical institution for lowering drug price. The profit is therefore significantly affected in the long run. Among the impacts, the significant one for research-based pharmaceutical companies is “three sameness of drug” in the 2nd generation NHI, which will be implemented in this coming July. This three sameness policy is to adjust those drugs which are covered by NHI for over 15 years and are of the same ingredients and quality to the same price. If this policy is put into practice, the profit of research-based pharmaceutical companies would plunge, which may result in their leave of Taiwan market. The domestic generic drugs, as a result, would be the only choice for the general public. Moreover, the major flaw of this three sameness policy is that it merely considers the drug price NHI covers, not the costs of pharmaceutical companies. That the drug price is set inflexibly without taking costs difference into consideration is against not only market mechanism but also the essence of NHI. The questions this study aimed to investigate were: 1. What have been the operating models of research-based pharmaceutical companies in Taiwan in the circumstances of drug price drop year by year before “three sameness policy”? 2. How have the government-sponsored generic drugs affected the market activities of drug patent expiration of research-based pharmaceutical companies? 3. What have been the impacts of “three sameness policy” on drug patent expiration of research-based pharmaceutical companies? 4. How should the operating model of Takeda Pharmaceuticals Taiwan, Ltd. adapt to, from the aspect of primary value activities, the condition of drug patent expiration of its profitable drugs? Based on the framework of operating model by Afuah A.(2004), this study began with the operating model of research-based pharmaceutical companies in former NHI policy. It then elaborated on how changes of the present NHI policy have influenced the marketing activities of the case company and how these activities have influenced the company’s resources, position and costs. This study reveals that “three sameness policies” is favorable for Taiwanese generic manufacturers for their costs competition. However, the instability of raw materials could not gain the trust of patients and doctors. Therefore, in order to cooperate on the demand for low-price and high-quality drug, researched-based pharmaceutical companies supervise the government’s check on the quality of generic manufacturers, employ litigation to suspend the launch of generic drugs or merge domestic generic manufacturers. If research-based pharmaceutical companies with drug patent expiration would like to compete with generic manufacturers and make a profit in NHI policy, they would have to change their operating model. How to reduce costs of purchase and manufacture and go further to adjust the input of physical and intangible assets, strengthen professional training of personnel and organization and modify strategies for pricing and market segmentation are the main issues worth considering.

В работе рассмотрены теоретико-методические основы разработки стратегии развития транснациональной корпорации. Проведён анализ эффективности стратегии развития транснациональной корпорации Bayer AG. На основе корреляционно-регрессионного анализа разработана модель по влиянию отдельных факторов на эффективность текущей стратегии развития корпорации. Разработаны предложения по формированию стратегии развития корпорации, что позволит повысить его конкурентную позицию на мировом фармацевтическом рынок. / The paper examines the theoretic and methodical basis for the development strategy of a transnational corporation. An analysis of the effectiveness of Bayer AG's development strategy has been carried out. On the basis of correlation and regression analysis, a model has been developed on the influence of individual factors on the effectiveness of the current strategy of the corporation's development. Proposals have been developed to form a strategy for the development of the corporation, which will increase its competitive position in the global pharmaceutical market.

策略的目的是在特定的競爭環境中，憑藉企業的特質條件為它創造競爭地位或發展的方向，也就是創造具競爭性的差異優勢，使企業得以順利發展和持續成長。在競爭的環境中，組織能耐常會隨著時間經過而演化；演化的方式會隨著技術本身的特性、外部市場競爭強弱、與內部的組織與管理特性的差異，而有所不同。除此之外，體制環境會影響整個產業內的創新速率，因而對廠商的能耐演化造成影響。但是在環境急速變動的情況下，組織能耐要完全由內部產生不但不可能，而且其速度亦嫌過於緩慢，再加上現代企業的專業分工網絡，企業必須與客戶、供應商、甚至競爭同業合作，以獲得相關的資訊與技術；在企業的發展歷程中，如何有效提升內部經營管理及促進組織之間的知識交流與能耐移轉，便成為組織管理的重要課題。 本研究以一家台灣本土醫藥公司，在台灣生技製藥產業的架構下，創業、轉型、成長的發展歷程，仔細描述影響企業發展的關鍵因素 ─ 企業策略轉變、環境變動、能耐演化，以及企業內部管理提升，彼此之間如何相互配適，並塑造出企業的獨特發展路徑；茲藉由個案公司過去的回顧，描繪其成長的軌跡，作為其未來發展路徑的參考。 / Under the favorable government policy support and a well-established regulatory environment, there are more and more new start-up companies established in Taiwan biotechnology and pharmaceutical industry in the past dacade. However, most of the new emerging companies are still facing very difficult situation. New drug discovery is one kind of long-term time-consuming and heavily cash-investment-needed business. Besides, Taiwan is a small market in the world. The market potential can not afford to develop a R&D based local pharmaceutical company. However, biotechnology and pharmaceutical industry is a very diversified and versatile industry. Under such circumstances, how does a biotech and pharmaceutical company make use of the limited resources and scarce capital assets to identify the niche market, create a new business model, develop the corporate competence, and construct the internal operation to strengthen the core business and secure a sustainable growth in the industry? Besides, due to the evolution of the modern tools including genomic science, bioinformatics, high-through-put screening machine, and gene therapy, the speed of new drug discovery becomes much faster and much more efficient, but the product life cycle also becomes much shorter. How does a local company play in such a highly competitive, technically professional, and dramatically changed environment? This study tracks the growth path of a local pharmaceutical company to show how the key factors, which are, environmental uncertainty, the development of core competence in the firm, and the choice of a successful strategy by top management and the organization, can be manipulated in the entrepreneurial firm that grows rapidly and formalizes its structure and internal operation. The growth path of the company in the past years could be interpretated as the mutual interactions (dynamic fit) of those key factors. Evenmore, the interaction consequences influence the strategic intent to confront the changing environment, and facilitate the practice of the law and the establishment of a government policy. Besides, in order to improve the whole healthcare system in certain medical care, the company develops a new operation model to run the specific business. Traditionally, most pharmaceutical companies are pursuing market-oriented product management, instead of sales-oriented business management. Nowadays, most multi-national firms are actively involved in disease management to expand the market share of certain disease. However, how to integrate the healthcare system and strengthen individual disease management under the specific healthcare system has become a new operation model of a pharmaceutical company to a specific market segment. The company has to work together and closely with the stakeholders, such as health authorities, medical societies, patient associations, healthcare personnel, and the patients themselves to improve the whole healthcare system and even the policy of the law, regulatory, social, and welfare system in the specific medical care, as well.