This thesis presents the results of a multi-disciplinary investigation of a variant Ancestral Pueblo mortuary rite at Wallace Ruin, southwest Colorado (USA). This multi-storey building is one of four Lakeview Group great houses connected to the Pueblo II regional system centred at Pueblo Bonito of Chaco Canyon some 100 km to the south. From c. AD 1060-1150, Wallace Ruin functioned as a ritual-economic centre with a small residential component. Then, habitation of this great house, the Lakeview Group and all domiciles within 10 kilometres ceased. However, three or more decades later at least six rooms were used as a non-residential, Pueblo III mortuary facility for a minimum of 32 individuals. This utilisation was in marked contrast to the enduring Ancestral Pueblo practice of residential burial, usually in the extramural midden. The interrogation of several hypotheses regarding this anomaly entails a bioarchaeological approach that integrates skeletal evidence with spatial analyses regarding diachronic mortuary location choices at Wallace Ruin. Taphonomic methods that segregate bone displacements during corpse decomposition in a filled versus a void space provide accurate determinations of the depositional versus discovered mortuary microenvironments. The diachronic analysis of data from roughly 200 San Juan Region sites reveals additional ways in which Wallace’s Pueblo III mortuary program departs from longstanding communities of practice, whether great house or domicile. Chief among these are the use of a surface room floor and the postural arrangement of supine bodies with knees upright. These results, in combination with material culture evidence, form the basis of this thesis: The Pueblo III mortuary program at Wallace Ruin is a variant rite that entails a Mesa Verde Region reformulation of a Pueblo Bonito house society. The sanctioned retrieval of objects of memory offers a plausible explanation for intentional intrusions into two mortuary contexts. Beyond addressing questions concerning Wallace Ruin, a major contribution of this study includes advancement of the house society model as an interpretive scheme for evaluating Mesa Verde Region socio-ritual dynamics. This research also demonstrates the effectiveness of anthropologie de terrain (Duday, 2006) to retrospectively determine the original status of Ancestral Pueblo mortuary microenvironments. The refinement developed for this study, in which Range of Motion criteria are used to detect large-scale movements of lower limbs during corpse decomposition, is suitable for bioarchaeological analyses the world over.

Submitted by Filipe dos Santos (fsantos@pucsp.br) on 2016-10-04T17:33:33Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Douglas Borreio Maciel dos Santos.pdf: 1997077 bytes, checksum: 931723ace2c652d3c1226b1796b4eaf5 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-10-04T17:33:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Douglas Borreio Maciel dos Santos.pdf: 1997077 bytes, checksum: 931723ace2c652d3c1226b1796b4eaf5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-06-16 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This thesis presents a survey conducted under the Master Academic Program of Postgraduate Studies in Mathematics Education from PUC-SP. It is a bibliographic theoretical research of the type state of the art that targets develop a Panorama Research whose theme is the use of mathematical modeling in high school: in the period 2010 to 2014. The objective of Panorama is to systematize the two main elements of a modeling: the phenomenon to be modeled and the mathematical concept modeler. The data were selected from the search of dissertations and articles in the thesis database of CAPES, the Digital Library of PUC-SP and on the Internet (using the Google search engine). The study included the analysis of twenty-one dissertations and seven articles. It was observed that the 28 most studies analyzed, 18 of them used as the modulator function concept, still showing complex numbers, arithmetic progressions, geometric progressions three rule and proportionality constant spatial geometry and redemption system. And they were presented as a phenomenon to be modeled for example semidesintegração cesium and iodine; the study of the automobile supply due to the movement, optimizing the use of alcohol or petrol in a car race; study the advantages and disadvantages in the use of nuclear power plant to the environment; the apparent movement of the sun and the length of shadows among others / Nessa dissertação é apresentada uma pesquisa realizada no âmbito do Mestrado Acadêmico do Programa de Estudos Pós-Graduados em Educação Matemática da PUC-SP. É uma pesquisa teórica bibliográfica do tipo estado da arte que tem por alvo elaborar um Panorama de Pesquisas que tem por tema o uso da modelagem matemática no Ensino Médio: no período 2010 a 2014.O objetivo do Panorama é sistematizar os dois elementos principais de uma modelagem: o fenômeno a ser modelado e o conceito matemático modelador. Os dados foram selecionados a partir da busca de dissertações e artigos no Banco de Teses da CAPES, na Biblioteca Digital da PUC-SP e na Internet (utilizando o buscador Google). O estudo abrangeu à análise de vinte e uma dissertações e sete artigos. Observou-se que dos 28 trabalhos analisados a maioria, 18 deles utilizaram função como conceito modelador, aparecendo ainda números complexos, progressões aritméticas, progressões geométricas, regra de três e proporcionalidade, geometria espacial e sistema de amortização constante. E foram apresentados como fenômeno a ser modelado, por exemplo, a semidesintegração do césio e iodo; o estudo do abastecimento do automóvel em função do movimento, a otimização do uso do álcool ou gasolina numa corrida de automóvel, o estudo das vantagens e desvantagens na utilização da usina nuclear para o meio ambiente; o movimento aparente do Sol e o comprimento das sombras entre outros

Endogenous viral elements, or viral genomic fossils, have proven extremely valuable in the study of the macroevolution of viruses, providing important, and otherwise unobtainable, insights into the ancient origin of viruses, and how their ancestors might have co-evolved with their hosts in the distant past. This type of investigation falls within the realm of paleovirology—the study of ancient viruses. Investigations of extant viruses and paleovirological analyses, however, often give conflicting results, especially those concerning viral evolutionary rates and timescales. Reconciling these two types of analyses is a necessary step towards a better understanding of the overall long-term evolutionary dynamics of viruses. The main study system of this thesis is foamy viruses (FVs). FVs are characterised by their stable co-speciation history with their hosts, allowing their evolutionary dynamics to be modelled and investigated over various timescales. This unique evolutionary feature makes FVs one of the best subjects for connecting recent and ancient viral evolution. The work here reports the discovery of several endogenous mammalian FVs, and examines how mammalian FVs co-evolve with their hosts. Analyses reveal a co-diversifying history of the two that could be dated back to the basal radiation of eutherians more than 100 million years ago. However, a small number of ancient FV cross-species transmissions could still be found, mostly involving New World monkey FVs. Based on this extended FV-mammal co-speciation pattern, this thesis investigates the long-term evolutionary rate dynamics of FVs, and shows that the rate estimates of FV evolution appear to decrease continuously as the rate measurement timescale increases, following a power-law decay function. The work presented here also shows that this so-called 'time-dependent rate phenomenon' is in fact a pervasive evolutionary feature of all viruses, and surprisingly, the rate estimates of evolution of all viruses seem to decay at the same speed, decreasing by approximately half for every 3-fold increase in the measurement timescale. Based on this power-law rate-decay pattern, we could infer evolutionary timescales of modern-day lentiviruses that are consistent with paleovirological analyses for the first time. Finally, this thesis reports the discovery of basal FV-like endogenous retroviruses (FLERVs) in amphibian and fish genomes. Phylogenetic analyses reveal that the progenitors of ray-finned fish FLERVs co-diversify broadly with their fish hosts, but also suggest that there might have been several ancient viral cross-class transmissions, involving lobe-finned fish, shark, and frog FLERVs. Again, by using the power-law rate-decay model, analyses in this thesis suggest that this major retroviral clade has an ancient Ordovician marine origin, originating together with their jawed vertebrate hosts more than 450 million years ago. This finding implies that the origin of retroviruses as a whole must be in the early Paleozoic Era, if not earlier. The results presented here bridge ancient and recent viral evolution.

No description available.

Michelangelo Phenomenon provides an interpersonal model of goal pursuits and suggests that close partners sculpt one another and help them move toward their ideal selves. Attachment theory also provides a parallel explanation of how close others can help one another move toward their goals. The purpose of the current research was to look at the influence of attachment on the Michelangelo Phenomenon and test whether it best fit as a predictor, mediator, or moderator. The hypotheses were tested across three studies (two longitudinal and one cross-sectional) using a maximum likelihood estimation path analysis following APIM assumptions. The results provided strong support for the link between attachment and the Michelangelo Phenomenon. Across three studies, attachment acted as a predictor of the Michelangelo Phenomenon with higher levels of attachment anxiety and avoidance predicting lower levels of affirmation. Relevance to therapy and future directions are also discussed.

La presente investigación busca determinar cuáles fueron los factores que influyeron en el crecimiento de las exportaciones de Calamar Gigante congelado al mercado español durante los años 2012 – 2016. Primer capítulo, iniciamos con la evolución que ha venido desarrollándose la industria pesquera a nivel internacional y posteriormente como se ha desempeñado la industria en el Perú sobre la extracción, comercialización y exportación de Calamar Gigante congelado. Se investiga si: el cambio climático (niño o niña), el tratado de libre comercio con la Unión Europea, la competitividad, el aporte de las instituciones privadas o públicas al sector pesquero y el mercado de destino y su tendencia de consumo contribuyeron a la exportación de Calamar Gigante Congelado. Segundo capítulo, se determina el planteamiento de la investigación (Problemática e hipótesis), metodológica y tipo de investigación. Las entrevistas fueron realizadas a: Exportadores, Gremio, Instituciones Gubernamentales y Trader. Estos fueron escogidos por ser entidades o empresas representativas al sector. Tercer capítulo, se analizará la información brindada por los entrevistados, la cual nos permitirá obtener un panorama real del sector pesquero potero sobre el problema planteado y nos contribuirá al final del estudio. Cuarto capítulo, se procederá a contrastar las opiniones vertidas en cada entrevista y validar la pertinencia de cada factor con respecto al crecimiento de las exportaciones de pota congelada al mercado español en el periodo de tiempo especificado. Por último, en el quinto capítulo como resultado de la investigación, se presentan conclusiones y recomendaciones. / The following research tries to determinate the factors that influenced the growth of frozen giant squid exports to Spain from 2012 to 2016. First chapter, we begin with the evolution of the fishing industry which has been developing internationally and subsequently how is the situation of the industry in Peru about the extraction, commercialization and export of Frozen Giant Squid. It is investigated whether: climate change (el niño), the free trade agreement with the European Union, competitiveness, the contribution of private or public institutions to the fishing sector and the destination market and its consumption trend contributed to the Export of Frozen Giant Squid. Second chapter, the approach of the research (Problematic and hypothesis), methodological and type of research is determined. The interviews were conducted with: Exporters, Guild, Government Institutions and Trader. These were chosen because they are entities or companies that are representative for the fishery sector. Third chapter, the information provided by the interviewees will be analyzed, which will allow us to obtain a real picture of the fishing sector in the area of the problem and contribute to the end of the study. Fourth chapter, we will proceed to contrast the opinions expressed in each interview and validate the relevance of each factor with respect to the growth of exports of frozen squid to the Spanish market in the specified period of time. Finally, in the fifth chapter as a result of the investigation, conclusions and recommendations are presented. / Tesis

The physical tumor microenvironment contributes significantly to carcinogenesis, cancer progression and metastatic dissemination. Two main components of the tumor microenvironment, hypoxia and acidosis, are present in nearly every solid tumor and act as powerful selection forces against the tumor. Hypoxia and acidosis promote tumor heterogeneity and contribute to chemotherapy and radiotherapy resistance. This dissertation interrogates methods to target the tumor microenvironment including two novel studies describing mechanisms of buffer therapy resistance and targeting tumor hypoxia with vasodilators to enhance the efficacy of a hypoxia activated prodrug, TH-302. In the first study, mechanisms of buffer therapy resistance were identified and detailed. Many studies have shown that the acidity of solid tumors contributes to local invasion and metastasis. Oral pH buffers can specifically neutralize the acidic pH of tumors and reduce the incidence of local invasion and metastatic formation in multiple murine models. However, this effect is not universal as we have previously observed that metastasis is not inhibited by buffers in some tumor models, regardless of the buffer used. B16-F10 (murine melanoma), LL/2 (murine lung) and HCT116 (human colon) tumors are resistant to treatment with lysine buffer therapy, whereas metastasis is potently inhibited by lysine buffers in MDA-MB-231 (human breast) and PC3M (human prostate) tumors. In the current work, I confirmed that sensitive cells utilized a pH-dependent mechanism for successful metastasis supported by a highly glycolytic phenotype that acidifies the local tumor microenvironment resulting in morphological changes. In contrast, buffer-resistant cell lines exhibited a pH-independent metastatic mechanism involving constitutive secretion of matrix degrading proteases without elevated glycolysis. These results have identified two distinct mechanisms of experimental metastasis, one of which is pH-dependent (buffer therapy sensitive cells) and one which is pH-independent (buffer therapy resistant cells). Further characterization of these models has potential for therapeutic benefit. In the second study, improving the efficacy of hypoxia activated prodrug, TH-302, through induction of hypoxia was investigated. Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinomas are desmoplastic and hypoxic tumors, both of which are associated with poor prognosis. Hypoxia activated prodrugs, such as TH-302, are specifically activated in hypoxic environments and are now in a Phase III clinical trial in pancreatic cancer. Using animal models, we show that tumor hypoxia can be exacerbated using a vasodilator, hydralazine, improving TH-302 efficacy. Hydralazine reduces tumor blood flow through the "Steal" phenomenon, where atonal immature tumor vasculature fails to dilate in coordination with normal vasculature. The current study shows that MiaPaCa-2 tumors exhibit a "Steal" effect in response to hydralazine, resulting in decreased tumor blood flow and subsequent tumor pH reduction. The effect is not observed in SU.86.86 tumors with mature tumor vasculature, as measured by CD31 and smooth muscle actin (SMA) immunohistochemistry staining. Combination therapy of hydralazine and TH-302 resulted in a reduction in MiaPaCa-2 tumor volume growth after 18 days of treatment. Further optimization of hypoxia-inducing agents and dosing regimens may lead to increased TH-302 activity, potentially improving clinical outcome. The data presented here demonstrate methods to effectively target the tumor microenvironment for therapeutic benefit. Further investigation into mechanisms of action and biomarkers for therapy response may have important implications on clinical treatment regimens for cancer patients.

<p>The aim of this study is to find out in which way the education about climate in school is taught and how the students experience the world situation today. There are various theories about the greenhouse effect and its origin and these theories should be addressed to ensure that students get a broader understanding of how climate change occurs. This includes the natural phenomena and also the human impact on climate change. Students in school are a source of concern that only human are the cause of global warming, and know little or almost nothing about the natural phenomena of global warming.  I will mention what has emphasized in the national steering documents in the case of environmental education at school.</p><p>I have used a qualitative method, where interviews and document analysis were used as techniques. The interviews took place with five students in ninth grade and with three science teachers in the same school.</p>

No description available.

The purpose of this thesis is to examine how a depreciation in the exchange rate affects the trade balance in an economy over time. The outcomes of a depreciation are possible to analyze through the J-curve phenomenon that shows the relation between the exchange rate and the trade balance both in the short-run and the long-run. The data used in this thesis cover 39 countries and their quarterly changes in exchange rate between 1982 and 2005. The largest depreciation for each country during these years was detected and is the base for this research. In this thesis, focus is on the trade ratio rather than the trade balance for empirical purposes. The relation between the largest depreciations and its effect on the trade ratio are examined in two sets of regressions. The results show no evidence of a J-curve in neither one of the sets of regressions, even though the trade ratio is positively affected by the depreciation. When testing only for significantly large depreciations in the exchange rate the affect on the trade ratio is stronger, all else equal. According to the findings in this thesis, a depreciation in the real effective exchange rate causes the trade ratio to increase immediately and then decrease over time. The conclusion is that the findings are not in line with the J-curve phenomenon tested for; however, they support standard trade theory with the Marshall-Lerner condition being met i.e. a depreciation in the exchange rate will affect the trade balance positively.