Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-26T13:35:24Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 1414332 bytes, checksum: 6e2f42018f3e3dcdf9e8cbccab567e7a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-03-20 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Pattern, structure and emergent collective properties are ubiquitous in systems with many units (alive or inanimated) coupled through nonlinear interactions. Within this context, the study of cooperative phenomena in population dynamics of ecological interest has attracted the attention of the mathematicians and physicists since Lotka and Volterra in the 1920s. Thenceforth, in addition to differential equations, theoretical ecology has continuously incorporated powerful and well-established techniques of contacts processes, cellular automata models and others, developed in the fields of condensed matter physics, statistical physics and computational physics. In the present work, a predator-prey model with pursuit and escape triggered by alarm pheromones is proposed and studied through analytical methods and computer simulations. Such models can show oscillatory behavior of the population density, phase transitions that belong to distinct universality classes and rich stationary phase diagrams. Two distinct levels of description were used. In a first approach, we consider a model of cellular automata in which predators and preys walk on a square lattice, according specific rules for each species, in a homogeneous environment and with periodic boundary conditions. The second part of our study is based on the analysis of partial differential equations that also describes the dynamics of a prey-predator system with the same characteristics above. Both, spatially uniform or mean field like and explicit spatio-temporal partial differential equations were considered. These models can represent relevant tools to design better strategies of biological control of pests by predators. In successful cases, the pests and its predators must persist in stable interactions at a low level of pest density. / Padrões, estruturas, propriedades coletivas emergentes são ubíquas em sistemas com muitas unidades (vivas ou inanimadas) acopladas por meio de interações não-lineares. Dentro desse contexto, o estudo de fenômenos cooperativos em dinâmica de populações de interesse ecológico tem atraído a atenção de físicos e matemáticos desde os anos de 1920 com Lotka e Volterra. Portanto, além de equações diferenciais, a teoria ecológica tem continuamente incorporado poderosas e bem-estabelecidas técnicas dos processos de contatos, modelos de autômatos celulares e outros, desenvolvidos no campo de física da matéria condensada, física estatística e física computacional. No presente trabalho, um modelo presa-predador com perseguição e fuga mediada por um feromônio de alarme é proposto e estudado através de métodos analíticos e simulações computacionais. Tais modelos podem exibir comportamentos oscilatórios da densidade de população, transições de fases que pertencem a classes de universalidade distintas e um diagrama de fases rico. Duas abordagens distintas de descrição foram usadas. Numa primeira abordagem, propomos um modelo de Autômato Celular (AC) onde predadores e presas se movimentam, segundo regras específicas para cada espécie, num ambiente homogêneo e com condições de contorno periódicas. A outra parte do nosso estudo é baseado na análise de EDP s que também descrevem a dinâmica de um sistema presa-predador com as mesmas características citadas acima. É feito um estudo considerando as equações sem termos espaciais, isto é, tipo campo médio e depois considerando esses termos. Esses modelos podem representar ferramentas relevantes para o estudo das melhores estratégias para o controle biológico de pragas por predadores. Em casos bem sucedidos, as pestes e seus predadores devem persistir em interações estáveis e com uma baixa densidade da população de pragas.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T15:36:49Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 TomazewskiHM.pdf: 329402 bytes, checksum: cf495510bcea6a64239a8ef7b8221afa (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-08-30 / Why are we attracted to some people but not to other ones? How is this attraction established? Which signs are characteristic of a good partner? These and many other questions concerning how mate attraction and mate selection work out among humans have been intriguing behavioral scientists. It is well-known that beauty indicates something about a potential mate s health. The odor may indicate a similar assessment, if we can assess how pheromones are integrated into human sexual behavior. However, what is the relation between age preference and body scent evaluation? In order to investigate this question, this study?s objective was identifying evidences which show that olfactory cues might reveal the potential mate s age and that it coincides with the ideal mate s profile. To produce the stimuli, men and women had to wear cotton t-shirts for three nights in order to have their body odor impregnated. After that, opposite-sex individuals evaluated the intensity and attractivity of these odor impregnated tshirts according to two Likert scales (4 points scale for intensity; 7 points scale for attractivity). We found differences between men and women on body scent perception, that indicates a better scent discrimination for women when it concerns the perception of potential mate s age. Another finding was the negative correlation between intensity and attractiveness perception for both sexes. We also verified that mate selection strategies are plural, more than one tactic simultaneously fitting in the same strategy, but all of them are related to differential investment of each sex on their own reproductive success / Por que nos sentimos atra?dos por algumas pessoas e por outras n?o? O que define essa atra??o? Quais os sinais que definem um bom parceiro? Essas e muitas outras perguntas sobre como se d? a atra??o e a sele??o de parceiros na esp?cie humana v?m intrigando os cientistas do comportamento. J? entendemos que a beleza nos indica muito da sa?de de um parceiro em potencial. O odor pode nos indicar um caminho similar se entendermos como os ferom?nios se integram no comportamento sexual humano. Entretanto, como se relaciona a prefer?ncia de idade e a avalia??o do odor corporal? Esse estudo se prop?e a encontrar evid?ncias que mostrem que pistas olfativas podem nos revelar a idade de um parceiro em potencial e que essa idade coincide com o perfil ideal para um parceiro. Para tanto, foram utilizadas camisetas de algod?o que foram impregnadas com o odor corporal de homens e mulheres. Esses odores, posteriormente, foram avaliados por indiv?duos do sexo-oposto quanto a sua intensidade e atratividade em duas escalas (intensidade 4 pontos e atratividade em 7 pontos). Encontramos que homens e mulheres diferem na percep??o de odores corporais, com as mulheres apresentando um melhor discernimento quanto ? avalia??o de cheiro quando se trata de perceber a idade de um parceiro em potencial. Outro achado foi a exist?ncia de uma correla??o negativa entre a percep??o de intensidade e de atratividade, em ambos o sexo. Verificamos ainda que as estrat?gias de sele??o de parceiros s?o plurais, cabendo mais de uma t?tica harmonicamente numa mesma estrat?gia, e que estas est?o relacionadas ao investimento diferencial que cada g?nero faz no seu pr?prio sucesso reprodutivo

Made available in DSpace on 2014-07-29T15:13:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese_Kennedy_2010.pdf: 1273886 bytes, checksum: d53179ca59a4af096e34e7c640527b2d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-08-13 / Amblyomma cajennense, commonly known as Cayenne tick, is a three-host tick widely distributed in Brazil and in the rest of Latin American countries. Owing to its low host specificity, it plays an important role in the transmission of pathogens in animals and man. Chemical communication is a vital component in tick biology whereby pheromones are largely responsible in the regulation of mating, recognition of sexual partner and copulation. By understanding the behaviour of A. cajennense and the pheromones involved, there exists practical possibility for the use of these substances as an additional method of control thereby reducing the use of acaricides. Based on this, the aims of this work were to quantify and elucidate behaviours induced by pheromones emitted by females A. cajennense as well as identify and characterize qualitatively and biologically the pheromone produced by males. Engorged females were collected from naturally-infested horses for the establishment of laboratory colonies for use in this study. The pheromones were obtained by extraction in hexane and sonication by ultra-sound of fed males and females. The female sex pheromone, 2,6-dichlorophenol (2,6-DCP), was quantified by GC/MS using internal standard and standard addition methods through construction of calibration curves using 5-bromine-4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzaldehyde and 2,6-DCP, respectively. The male extract was analysed chemically by GC/MS in comparison with standards. As concerns biological tests, glass beads were treated with two femaleequivalents of the female pheromone and 2,6-DCP in an equivalent concentration and exposed to males to observe the induced behaviour(s). Attraction to the male pheromone was evaluated by release of individual unfed, virgin females to three concentrations (1, 5 and 10 male-equivalents) of the extract in olfactometer bioassays. Orientations towards the odour source were analysed by Kruskal-Wallis and displacement angles by Circular Statistics. Aggregation was evaluated by releasing the tick stages in Petri dish bioassays shortly followed by introduction of filter paper strips impregnated with 10 male-equivalents of the extract and recording tick responses on camera. Data analysis was by Chi-square test. Tests for attachment were carried out in vivo in rabbits, Oryctolagus cuniculus, and the released ticks observed in determined intervals between 20min and 24hrs. The data was analysed by Wilcoxon signed-ranked test and Friedman s repeated measures ANOVA. The results indicated that each female emits 2.15 ng ml-1 of pheromone on average. The male extract was positive for benzoic acid, nonanoic acid, salicylic acid, benzaldehyde, 2,6-DCP, limonene and methyl salicylate. The female extract and 2,6- DCP stimulated mounting in up to 80% and 73% of all cases, respectively, confirming that 2,6-DCP alone mediates mounting behaviour in A. cajennense. There was no statistically significant attraction or aggregation in males or females induced by the male pheromone. However, significantly faster and greater attachment was recorded in both. The behavioural responses corresponded with the pheromone s composition. It was concluded that the male pheromone promotes neither attraction nor aggregation but is responsible for faster fixation of A. cajennense adults. The pheromone also contains different proportions and differs from other Amblyomma species as far as the presence or absence of certain components is concerned. The results serve as a first step in advanced studies aimed at development of novel strategies for the management of this species using these pheromones. / Amblyomma cajennense, vulgarmente conhecido como carrapato-estrela, é um carrapato trioxeno que está amplamente difundido no território brasileiro e nos demais países da América Latina. Dada a sua baixa especificidade, assume um importante papel na transmissão de patógenos entre os animais e o homem. A comunicação química é um componente vital na biologia dos carrapatos, onde feromônios são majoritariamente responsáveis na regulação da busca pelo parceiro e a cópula. Compreendendo o comportamento de A. cajennense e os feromônios envolvidos, existem possibilidades práticas do uso destas substâncias como uma forma alternativa e satisfatória de controlálos minimizando o uso de acaricidas. Diante disso, procurou-se neste trabalho, quantificar e elucidar comportamentos instigados por feromônio produzido por fêmeas bem como identificar e caracterizar qualitativa e biologicamente feromônio de machos. Fêmeas ingurgitadas de A. cajennense foram colhidas de eqüinos naturalmente infestados para estabelecimento de colônias no laboratório. Os feromônios foram obtidos por extração e sonicação em hexano de machos ou fêmeas de carrapatos alimentados. Quantificou-se o feromônio sexual, o 2,6-diclorofenol (2,6-DCF), em fêmeas pelas técnicas de padrão interno, com 5-bromo-4-hidróxi-3-metóxi-benzaldeido como referência interna, e adição padrão por meio de cromatografia gasosa acoplada à espectrometria de massas (CG/EM) através de construção de curvas de calibração. O extrato dos machos foi analisado quimicamente por CG/EM diante de padrões sintéticos. No que concerne aos testes biológicos, pérolas de vidro foram tratadas com dois equivalentes-fêmea de amostra de feromônio extraído de fêmeas e com 2,6-DCF em uma dose equivalente e expostas aos machos para observar comportamento(s) provocado(s). A atração diante do feromônio de machos foi avaliada pela liberação individual de fêmeas, machos e ninfas virgens, não alimentadas, frente a três concentrações (1, 5 e 10 equivalentes-macho) do extrato de machos, em um olfatômetro. As orientações à fonte de odor foram analisadas por teste de Kruskal-Wallis e os ângulos por Estatística Circular. A agregação foi avaliada pela aplicação de 10 equivalentes-macho do extrato em arenas de placas de Petri e os dados analisados por Chi-quadrado. Testes de fixação foram feitos in vivo em coelhos, Oryctolagus cuniculus, onde os carrapatos foram liberados e observados em intervalos determinados entre 20min e 24hs e suas respostas analisadas por testes de Wilcoxon e ANOVA Friedman. Os resultados mostraram que uma fêmea libera em média 2,15 ng mL-1 de feromônio. O extrato de machos apresentou ácido benzóico, ácido nonanóico, ácido salicílico, benzaldeido, 2,6-DCF, limoneno e salicilato de metila. O extrato de fêmeas e o 2,6-DCF sintético estimularam a monta em até 73% de casos, respectivamente, confirmando que o composto é responsável por mediar à monta em A. cajennense. Não houve atração nem agregação estatisticamente maior dos machos e fêmeas diante do feromônio procedente de machos. Entretanto, uma fixação significativamente maior e mais rápida foi registrada dentro de 24 h em ambos os sexos. Os achados de respostas biológicas corresponderam com a composição química de feromônio de machos. Concluiu-se que o feromônio de machos não promove atração nem agregação, mas é responsável pela fixação de adultos de A. cajennense. O feromônio também possui diferenças na proporção e na presença de determinados compostos descritos em outras espécies do gênero Amblyomma. Os resultados estão discutidos como um ponto de partida para estudos avançados visando o desenvolvimento de novas estratégias de controle e de manejo desta espécie utilizando esses feromônios.

Com o objetivo de obter informações básicas sobre a bioecologia e o comportamento de Sphenophorus levis Vaurie, foram realizados diferentes bioensaios para conhecer seu comportamento sexual e reprodutivo; obter e testar a atividade biológica de seu feromônio natural em condições de laboratório e campo; verificar a eficiência de captura do feromônio sintético de agregação em condições de campo; determinar o tipo de armadilha mais eficiente para a captura e manejo de adultos; e avaliar o raio de ação das atuais armadilhas. Os resultados mostraram que S. levis, acasala-se em qualquer hora do dia, tem múltiplas cópulas, e os casais entre 14 e 35 dias de idade apresentaram as maiores frequências de cópulas, com 76 a 88%, respectivamente. A duração média da primeira cópula foi de 5,75 ± 4,22 h, e o tempo total de cópula variou entre 1 a 17 h. O período de pré-oviposição em fêmeas entre 14 e 35 dias, foi de 5,52 ± 4,53 a 10,90 ± 5,37 dias. O número de ovos/fêmea foi de 0,25 a 7,80, com viabilidade entre 33 e 63%. Fêmeas de S. levis com idade avançada entre 85 e 210 foram receptivas ao acasalamento (66%), ovipositaram entre 4,50 a 7,09 ovos, com viabilidade entre 49 e 79%. Machos e fêmeas de S. levis aptos ao acasalamento, apresentaram uma sequência típica de comportamentos para efetivar a cópula. A duração da pré-cópula variou de 2 a 5 horas. A cópula foi longa, com uma duração entre 7 a 13 horas. A pós-cópula durou entre 1,31 a 1,41 horas. O comportamento sexual associado à cópula foi influenciado pelo contato visual entre os casais e físico com outros indivíduos da espécie. Bioensaios em olfatômetro Y demonstraram que os machos foram estimulados por voláteis de cana; cana + machos; e cana + fêmeas; enquanto as fêmeas apenas por cana + machos. Os machos responderam ao extrato natural de macho + cana; as fêmeas ao extrato de machos + cana, extrato de fêmeas e extrato de fêmeas + cana. O isômero (S)-2-metil-4-octanol gerou atividade comportamental de ambos os sexos de S. levis. No campo, a avaliação da atratividade dos extratos naturais e os compostos sintéticos (isômeros S; R e mistura racêmica S-R), mostraram diferença na captura de fêmeas e totais de adultos de S. levis entre o isômero R e o controle; no entanto, não diferiram dos demais tratamentos. A captura de adultos selvagens de S. levis nas diferentes armadilhas testadas, diferiu entre o controle (isca CTC) e as armadilhas testadas (modelos galão, funil, e moleque da bananeira). A recaptura de adultos marcados de S. levis foi baixa e correspondeu a apenas 2% dos insetos liberados, sendo maior a distância de 5 m (10 adultos). De forma geral, estes resultados contribuem para o conhecimento do comportamento sexual e reprodutivo de S. levis e são úteis para futuros programas de manejo integrado desta praga. / With the aim of obtaining basic information on bioecology and behavior of Sphenophorus levis Vaurie, different bioassays were realized in order to understand its sexual and reproductive behavior; obtain and test the biological activity of its natural pheromone under laboratory and field conditions; verify the capture efficiency of the synthetic aggregation pheromone under field conditions; determine the most efficient type of traps for capture and management of the adults; and evaluate the radius of action of the current traps. The results showed that S. levis mates any time of the day, has multiple mating and the mates between the ages of 14 and 35 days presented the highest mating frequencies of 76 to 88%, respectively. The mean duration for the first mating was 5.75 ± 4.22 h, and the total mating time varied between 1 to 17 h. The pre-oviposition period for females between 14 and 35 days, was 5.52 ± 4.53 to 10.90 ± 5.37 days. The number of eggs/female was 0.25 to 7.80, with viability of between 33 and 63%. Females of S. levis with advanced age between 85 and 210 days were receptive to mating (66%), oviposited between 4.50 to 7.09 eggs with viability between 49 and 79%. Males and females of S. levis with capacity to mate presented typical frequency behavior to effect mating. The pre-mating duration varied from 2 to 5 hours. Mating was long with duration of 7 to 13 hours. The post-mating duration lasted between 1.31 to 1.41 hours. Sexual behavior associated with mating was influenced by visual contact between the couples and the physical among coespecifics. Bioassays in a Y tube olfatometer demonstrated that the males were responsive to sugarcane volatiles; sugarcane + males; and sugarcane + females; while the females were stimulated at least by sugarcane + males. The males responded to the natural extract of male + sugarcane; while the females to the extract of males + sugarcane, extract of females and extract of females + sugarcane. The isomer (S)-2- methil-4-octanol generated behavioral activity of both sexes of S. levis. In the field, the evaluation of attractivity of natural extracts and the synthetic compounds (isomer S; R and racemic mixture of S-R), showed differences in the capture of females and totals of adults of S. levis between the isomer R and the control; however, it was not different in other treatments. The capture of wild S. levis adults in the different tested traps differed between the control (bait CTC) and the tested baits/traps (models galão, funil, and moleque da bananeira). The recapture of marked adults of S. levis was low and corresponded to 2% of the liberated insects within the longest distance of 5 m (10 adults). In general, these results add to the knowledgment of S. levis sexual and reproductive behavior and are useful to future programs of integrated management of this pest.

The leaf-cutting antsof the genus Atta and Acromyrmex belong to the order Hymenoptera, Formicidae family, Myrmicinae subfamily and Attini tribe are locatedin the Americas, occurring in tropical areas of Mexico andin Central and South America,are considered herbivorous and difficult to control when attacking crops and forests. The species Atta texana and Acromyrmex versicolor are the only representatives of these ants foundin North America. Several species of the genus Attaare found in Brazil. Understanding the behavior of leaf-cutting ants in their multiple division of laboris a necessary step to establish living with them, and develop or adapt new methods of control, when these reach the economic injury level. There fore, this study sought to clarify the behavior of Atta opaciceps regarding the specificity of behaviors of territory marking and trail, seeing how the different castes respond to different intra and interspecific extracts (Acromyrmex subterraneus subterraneus, A. cephalotes, A. sexdens sexdens and A. sexdens rubropilosa) on laboratory conditions. It also sought to identify the chemical constituents present in the foragers venom gland extracts of A.opaciceps, seeking to know what the compounds responsible fore liciting the trail behavior of foragers of this species. / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / As formigas cortadeiras do gênero Attae Acromyrmex pertencem à ordem Himenóptera, família Formicidae, subfamília Myrmicinae e tribo Attini estão localizadas no continente americano, ocorrendo nas áreas tropicais do México e nas Américas Central e do Sul, são consideradas herbívoras e de difícil controle quando atacam as lavouras e florestas. As espécies Atta texana e Acromyrmex versicolor são as únicas representantes destas formigas encontradas na América do Norte. Várias espécies do GêneroAtta são encontradasno Brasil.Entender os comportamentos das formigas cortadeiras em sua múltipla divisão de trabalho constitui uma etapa necessária para estabelecer a convivência com estas, além de desenvolver e, ou adaptar novos métodos de controle, quando essas atingem o nível de dano econômico. Dessa forma, o presente estudo procurou esclarecer o comportamento de Atta opaciceps quanto à especificidade dos comportamentos de marcação de território e de trilha, verificando como as diversas castas respondem a diferentes extratos intra e interespecíficos (Acromyrmex subterraneus subterraneus, A. cephalotes, A. sexdens sexdens e A. sexdens rubropilosa) sob condições de laboratório. Buscou-se também identificar os constituintes químicos presentes nos extratos de glândula de veneno de forrageiras de A. opaciceps, objetivando saber quais os compostos responsáveis pelo eliciamento do comportamento de trilha em forrageiras desta espécie.

[ES] La confusión sexual es el método de control de plagas basado en semioquímicos que ofrece los mejores resultados y tiene mayor aceptación en el mercado. Este método se basa en la liberación al ambiente de la feromona sexual del insecto al que se pretende controlar en una cantidad suficiente para provocar un retraso o una reducción del apareamiento. Los estudios dedicados a la optimización de la feromona utilizada, la cual condiciona en gran medida el precio del uso de esta técnica, se basan en ensayos empíricos sobre parámetros como el número de emisores utilizados y su distribución, la carga inicial de feromona, etc. La cuantificación de la concentración de feromona en aire es un parámetro más directo y ofrece información valiosa tanto para realizar estudios destinados a optimizar el uso de los emisores disponibles, como para el desarrollo de nuevos dispositivos de emisión con un menor uso de feromona. En la presente tesis se ha desarrollado una metodología que permite la cuantificación de la concentración de feromona en aire en condiciones reales de campo basada en la captación de volátiles del aire y su posterior análisis mediante técnicas de cromatografía de gases y espectrometría de masas. Mediante el uso de esta metodología se ha estudiado la cantidad de feromona en aire a lo largo del ciclo de cultivo en campos tratados con confusión sexual para dos especies diferentes de importancia agronómica en los cultivos de la viña y del arroz, la polilla del racimo de la vid (Lobesia botrana Denis & Schiffermüller) y el barrenador del arroz (Chilo suppressalis Walker) tratados con diferentes tipos de emisores. Estos estudios han servido para conocer de qué manera se distribuye la feromona en aire a lo largo del tiempo en relación con la cinética de los emisores y cuáles son los mecanismos implicados en la confusión sexual en condiciones reales. Además, también se ha estudiado la dependencia climática de emisores pasivos en condiciones de campo puesto que tendrá relación con la cantidad de feromona en aire y puede repercutir en la eficacia del método de control. Los resultados obtenidos en las parcelas en las que se instaló la confusión sexual contra L. botrana muestran que la concentración de feromona en aire va cambiando a lo largo del ciclo de cultivo. Además, se observa que la cubierta vegetal produce un efecto tampón, de manera que la presencia de una masa foliar desarrollada actúa regulando la concentración de feromona en el aire y permite una distribución más homogénea. Mediante la correlación de la velocidad de emisión con los parámetros climáticos, se comprobó que la temperatura y velocidad del viento son parámetros determinantes y que esta dependencia es variable entre distintos tipos de emisores. Por otro lado, se determinó mediante bioensayos electrofisiológicos y de comportamiento que las concentraciones de feromona necesarias para desencadenar mecanismos de confusión no competitiva en machos de L. botrana estaban muy por encima de las cuantificadas en campo, por lo que se concluyó que los principales mecanismos que producen la confusión sexual en condiciones reales son los competitivos. En el caso de las captaciones realizadas en el arrozal, los valores obtenidos de la concentración de feromona en aire sirvieron para estudiar por qué con una colocación más temprana de los emisores se conseguía un mayor efecto en el control de la plaga. Además, se observó que, en este caso, la concentración de feromona en aire guardaba una relación más estrecha con la emisión que proporcionan los emisores de confusión sexual. Este hecho apoya la hipótesis de que una densa masa vegetal, menor en los arrozales que en la viña, puede proteger a la feromona de su lavado por efecto del viento. / [CA] La confusió sexual és el mètode de control de plagues basat en semioquímics que ofereix els millors resultats i té una major acceptació en el mercat. Aquest mètode es basa en l'alliberament de la feromona sexual de l'insecte que es pretén controlar a l'ambient en una quantitat suficient per a provocar un retràs o una reducció de l'aparellament. Els estudis dedicats a l'optimització de la feromona utilitzada, que condiciona en gran mesura el preu de l'ús d'aquesta tècnica, es basen en experiments empírics sobre paràmetres com el número d'emissors utilitzats i la seua distribució, la càrrega inicial de feromona, etc. La quantificació de la feromona en l'aire és un paràmetre més directe i ofereix informació valuosa tant per a realitzar estudis destinats a optimitzar l'ús dels emissors disponibles, com per al desenvolupament de nous dispositius d'emissió amb un menor ús de feromona. En aquesta tesis s'ha desenvolupat una metodologia que permet la quantificació de la concentració de feromona en aire en condicions reals de camp basada en la captació de volàtils de l'aire i el seu anàlisis mitjançant tècniques de cromatografia de gasos i espectrometria de masses. Mitjançant l'ús d'aquesta metodologia s'ha estudiat la quantitat de feromona en aire al llarg del cicle de cultiu en camps tractats amb confusió sexual per a dos espècies diferents d'importància agronòmica en els cultius de la vinya i de l'arròs, el corc del raïm (Lobesia botrana Denis & Schiffermüller) i el cucat de l'arròs (Chilo suppressalis Walker) tractats amb diferents tipus d'emissors. Aquests estudis han servit per a conèixer de quina manera es distribueix la feromona al llarg del temps en relació amb la cinètica dels emissors i quins són els mecanismes implicats en la confusió sexual en condicions reals. A més, també s'ha estudiat la dependència climàtica d'emissors passius en condicions de camp donat que tindrà relació amb la quantitat de feromona en aire i pot repercutir en l'eficàcia del mètode de control. Els resultats obtinguts en les parcel·les en les que es va instal·lar la confusió sexual contra L. botrana mostren que la concentració de feromona en aire va canviant al llarg del cicle de cultiu. A més, s'observa que la coberta vegetal produeix un efecte tampó, de manera que la presència d'una massa foliar desenvolupada actua regulant la concentració de feromona en l'aire i permet una distribució més homogènia. Mitjançant la correlació de la velocitat d'emissió amb els paràmetres climàtics, s'ha comprovat que la temperatura i la velocitat del vent són paràmetres determinants i que esta dependència és variable entre diferents tipus d'emissors. D'altra banda, s'ha determinat mitjançant bioassajos electrofisiològics i de comportament que les concentracions de feromona necessàries per a desencadenar mecanismes de confusió no competitiva en mascles de L. botrana estaven molt per damunt de les quantificades al camp, per la qual cosa es va concloure que els mecanismes principals que produeixen la confusió sexual en condicions reals són els competitius. En el cas de les captacions realitzades en els arrossars, els valors obtinguts de la concentració de feromona en aire van servir per a estudiar per què amb una col·locació més primerenca dels emissors s'aconseguia un major efecte en el control de la plaga. A més, es va observar que, en aquest cas la concentració de la feromona en aire guardava una relació més estreta amb l'emissió que proporcionaven els emissors de confusió sexual. Aquest fet suporta la hipòtesi de que una massa vegetal densa, menor en els arrossars que en les vinyes, pot protegir a la feromona del seu llavat per l'efecte del vent. / [EN] Mating disruption is the pest control method with better acceptation in market due to its results. This method is based on the releasing of the pheromone of the target insect into the environment with enough quantity to delay or to reduce their mating. Optimization-pheromone studies, which condition the use price of this technique a lot, are based on empirical essays about parameters such as the number of dispensers deployed and their distribution, pheromone initial content, etc. Airborne pheromone quantification is a more direct parameter that offers valuable information to do studies to optimize dispenser available use as to develop new dispensers with less pheromone emission. In this work, a methodology that allows the airborne pheromone quantification in real field conditions has been developed based on volatiles airborne sampling and their later analysis with gas chromatography techniques and mass spectrometry. Using this methodology, the airborne pheromone throughout the crop cycle in mating disruption treated fields against different agronomic important species, the European Grapevine Moth (Lobesia botrana Denis & Schiffermüller) and the Rice Stem Borer (Chilo suppressalis Walker), has been studied in vineyards and rice paddies treated with different types of dispensers. These studies have been useful to know how the pheromone is distributed along the time in relation to the dispensers' kinetics and which are the mechanisms involved in mating disruption in real conditions. Moreover, the climatic dependency of the passive dispensers in field conditions has also been studied as it will be related to the airborne pheromone quantity and it can affect the efficacy of the control method. The results show that the airborne pheromone concentration in mating disruption treated fields against L. botrana changes throughout the crop cycle. In addition, it is observed that canopy produces a buffer effect, so the presence of a developed foliage regulates the concentration of the airborne pheromone and allows a more homogeneous distribution. The correlation of emission rate with climatic parameters were useful to check that temperature and wind speed have an influence on dispensers' emission. On the other hand, with electrophysiological and behavioral bioassays, it was determined that higher airborne concentrations were needed to trigger non-competitive mechanisms in L. botrana males. In this way, it was concluded that competitive mechanisms are the ones acting in treated fields In rice paddies air samplings, airborne pheromone concentration data were used to study why an earlier dispensers' deployment achieved a better effect controlling the pest. Furthermore, it was observed a more direct relationship between airborne pheromone with dispensers' emission. This fact supports the hypothesis that thicker foliage, lesser in rice fields than in vineyards, can prevent pheromone from its washing by wind. / Gavara Vidal, A. (2021). Cuantificación de feromonas en aire y su aplicación en métodos de control de plagas [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/165412

The transmission of sex pheromone-mediated signals is essential for goldfish reproduction. However, the neural pathways underlying this reproductive signalling pathway in the goldfish brain is not well described. Lesioning experiments have shown previously that two brain areas, the preoptic area (POA) and the ventral telencephali pars ventralis (Vv) in particular, are important for reproduction. We used patch clamp electrophysiology to study the electrical activities of POA and Vv neurons. Based on the intrinsic properties of these neurons, we suggest there are five different functional classes of POA neurons and a single class of Vv neurons. In addition, by electrically stimulating the olfactory bulb (OB), we were able to show that this primary sensory structure makes monosynaptic glutamatergic connections with both POA and Vv neurons. While electrophysiology measures signalling events occurring at short time scales on the order of milliseconds to minutes, we were also interested in studying sex pheromone signalling in the goldfish brain over a long time scale. Thus, we describe changes in gene expression in male goldfish exposed to waterborne sex pheromones (17alpha,20beta dihydroxy-4-pregene-3-one and Prostaglandin-F2alpha) over 6 hours. We perform cDNA microarrays on Prostaglandin-F2alpha-treated fish to study the rapid modulation of transcription and define the signalling pathways affected. Our microarrays showed that 71 genes were differentially regulated (67 up and 4 down). Through gene ontology enrichment analysis, we found that these genes were involved in various biological processes such as RNA processing, neurotransmission, neuronal development, apoptosis, cellular metabolism and sexual reproduction. RT-PCRs were performed to validate our microarrays and to facilitate direct comparisons of the effects of the two sex pheromones, 17alpha,20beta dihydroxy-4-pregene-3-one and Prostaglandin-F2alpha. By combining electrophysiology and gene expression analyses, we were able to study sex-pheromone signalling on two different time scales. One short, occurring on the order of milliseconds to minutes, that involves electrical activities in the brain through the glutamatergic amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole-4-propionate and N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors; and the other long occurring several hours later that involves changes in the gene expression levels of calmodulin and ependymin among other genes underlying neuroplasticity. Reproductive neuroplasticity in the goldfish may therefore require the activation of glutamatergic receptors which then activate downstream signals like calmodulin and ependymin to transform the sex pheromones-mediate signal into gene expression.

Die Forschung an der Hefe Saccharomyces cerevisiae – auch als Bäckerhefe bekannt – hat sich für die biologische Grundlagenforschung als unentbehrlich erwiesen und führte zu wichtigen Erkenntnissen in der Erforschung von Krankheiten wie Krebs. Am Beispiel der Paarung von Hefezellen werden in dieser Arbeit wesentliche Aspekte der eukaryotischen Zellbiologie untersucht. In der Haplophase des Lebenszyklus der Hefe, treten haploide Zellen als Paarungstyp MATa oder MATα auf. Diese Paarungstypen kommunizieren über Pheromone, die in ein extrazelluläres Medium abgesondert werden und von Zelloberflächenrezeptoren des komplementären Paarungstyps erkannt werden. Hefezellen wachsen in die Richtung eines möglichen Paarungspartners, da sie sich nicht aktiv bewegen können. Die Auswertung von empirischen Daten aus der Fluoreszenzmikroskopie und Rasterkraftmikroskopie (AFM) mit mathematischen Modellen ermöglichte die Rekonstruktion wesentlicher Prozesse der Hefepaarung: (i) Interzelluläre Kommunikation über die Sezernierung und Rezeption von Pheromonen, (ii) Aufbau der Zellpolarität als Reaktion auf die Pheromonantwort, (iii) Induktion und Mechanik der Zellformänderung. Folgende Modelle wurden dazu entwickelt: (i) Die interzelluläre Kommunikation wurde unter Verwendung von zellulären Automaten mit Hilfe von Reaktions-Diffusions (RD) Gleichungen modelliert. Das Modell zeigte, dass die gegenseitige Stimulierung und erhöhte Pheromonabsonderung zu einer verbesserten Abstimmung in der Paarung in der Zellpopulation führt. (ii) Ein Turing- und ein Phasenseparations- Mechanismus wurden als Modelle zum Aufbau der Zellpolarität verwendet. Volumen-Oberflächen gekoppelte RD Gleichungen wurden analytisch und numerisch mit der Finite-Elemente-Methode (FEM) untersucht. (iii) Die Zellwandveränderung wurde mit klassischer Kontinuumsmechanik und der FEM Methode modelliert. Dies ermöglichte eine Beschreibung der reversiblen elastischen und der irreversiblen plastischen Verformungen der Zellwand. / Research on the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae – also known as baker’s yeast – has been essential not only for fostering basic biological knowledge but even more so for contributing towards understanding diseases such as cancer. In this thesis, general biological phenomena occurring in eukaryotic cells are investigated, exemplified by the mating process of yeast. In the haploid phase of their life cycle, yeast cells occur as mating type MATa or MATα, both of which communicate via pheromones that are secreted in an extracellular medium and can be sensed by cell-surface receptors of the complementary mating type. In order to mate, yeast cells grow towards a potential mating partner, since they are not able to actively move. Mathematical models on the basis of fluorescence and atomic force microscopy (AFM) data were developed. The key aspects of the yeast mating process that I examined were (i) intercellular communication of cells via pheromones, (ii) the initial symmetry break and implementation of cell polarity, and (iii) subsequent morphogenetic changes. The methods used and findings were as follows: (i) Pheromone secretion and sensing motifs were modelled using cellular automata models based on reaction-diffusion (RD) equations. My models show that mutual stimulation and increased pheromone secretion between cells improves mating efficiency in cell populations. (ii) To explain yeast mating decisions, two possible model types for cell polarity were tested: a Turing-type and a phase-separation mechanism. Bulk-surface RD equations were investigated analytically and numerically using the finite element method (FEM). Typical cell shapes were reconstructed in 2D and 3D. (iii) The cell wall was modelled using classical continuum mechanics that allows for reversible elastic and irreversible plastic cell wall deformation. Mathematical modelling demonstrated that all three processes investigated are precisely orchestrated and interlocked during yeast mating.

Species identifications have been historically difficult in the economically important spruce budworm (Choristoneura fumiferana) pest complex. Morphological, ecological, behavioural, and genetic characters have been studied to try to understand the taxonomy of this group, but diagnostic character states differ in frequency rather than being complete replacements between each species. I developed a morphology-based character system that focuses on forewing colour components (Chapter 2), as well as eight simple sequence repeats (SSRs, also referred to as microsatellite markers) (Chapter 3). I tested these along with a 470 bp region of COI mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) (Chapter 2, 4) to determine their congruence with putative species that were identified by adaptive traits (larval host plant, length of larval diapause, larval and adult morphology, pheromone attraction, distribution). The morphometrics system was effective for identification of the five species tested, with only slight overlap between C. fumiferana and C. biennis. MtDNA distinguished C. fumiferana and C. pinus pinus, but the remaining species shared haplotypes. SSRs distinguished four species (C. fumiferana, C. pinus pinus, C. retiniana, C. lambertiana) but the remaining four species that were included in this survey (Chapter 4) remained mixed within two populations. There was evidence for hybridization between several species pairs. I also conducted a detailed study (Chapter 5) in Cypress Hills, an isolated remnant coniferous forest in western Canada, where identifying individuals from the Choristoneura fumiferana complex has been impossible due to the unusual ecogeographic characteristics of the area. I integrated data on behaviour, ecology, morphology, mtDNA, and SSRs, comparing Cypress Hills populations to those from other regions of North America to determine which species they resembled most. I delimited at least three populations, resembling C. fumiferana, C. occidentalis and C. lambertiana. Adult flight phenology, along with pheromone attraction, were identified as major isolating mechanisms between these populations. My studies highlighted the importance of integrative taxonomy for understanding species boundaries. Their patterns of differentiation suggest that spruce budworm species have recently diverged via natural selection in spite of some gene flow. Overall, this work is intended to contribute to more accurate identification of specimens and a better understanding of the evolutionary processes that drive speciation. / Systematics and Evolution

The transmission of sex pheromone-mediated signals is essential for goldfish reproduction. However, the neural pathways underlying this reproductive signalling pathway in the goldfish brain is not well described. Lesioning experiments have shown previously that two brain areas, the preoptic area (POA) and the ventral telencephali pars ventralis (Vv) in particular, are important for reproduction. We used patch clamp electrophysiology to study the electrical activities of POA and Vv neurons. Based on the intrinsic properties of these neurons, we suggest there are five different functional classes of POA neurons and a single class of Vv neurons. In addition, by electrically stimulating the olfactory bulb (OB), we were able to show that this primary sensory structure makes monosynaptic glutamatergic connections with both POA and Vv neurons. While electrophysiology measures signalling events occurring at short time scales on the order of milliseconds to minutes, we were also interested in studying sex pheromone signalling in the goldfish brain over a long time scale. Thus, we describe changes in gene expression in male goldfish exposed to waterborne sex pheromones (17alpha,20beta dihydroxy-4-pregene-3-one and Prostaglandin-F2alpha) over 6 hours. We perform cDNA microarrays on Prostaglandin-F2alpha-treated fish to study the rapid modulation of transcription and define the signalling pathways affected. Our microarrays showed that 71 genes were differentially regulated (67 up and 4 down). Through gene ontology enrichment analysis, we found that these genes were involved in various biological processes such as RNA processing, neurotransmission, neuronal development, apoptosis, cellular metabolism and sexual reproduction. RT-PCRs were performed to validate our microarrays and to facilitate direct comparisons of the effects of the two sex pheromones, 17alpha,20beta dihydroxy-4-pregene-3-one and Prostaglandin-F2alpha. By combining electrophysiology and gene expression analyses, we were able to study sex-pheromone signalling on two different time scales. One short, occurring on the order of milliseconds to minutes, that involves electrical activities in the brain through the glutamatergic amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole-4-propionate and N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors; and the other long occurring several hours later that involves changes in the gene expression levels of calmodulin and ependymin among other genes underlying neuroplasticity. Reproductive neuroplasticity in the goldfish may therefore require the activation of glutamatergic receptors which then activate downstream signals like calmodulin and ependymin to transform the sex pheromones-mediate signal into gene expression.