Insulin sensitivity is related to the fatty acid profile of skeletal muscle. The aim of this thesis was to investigate whether physical activity and dietary fat quality, independent of each other, influence the fatty acid composition of the skeletal muscle lipids. In an intervention study where middle-aged men were exercising for six weeks, and in a cross-sectional study comparing sedentary with endurance trained young men, it was demonstrated that the fatty acid composition of skeletal muscle lipids differed between physical active and inactive men. In brief, a lower proportion of palmitic acid (16:0) and total n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) and a higher proportion of stearic (18:0) and oleic acid (18:1n-9) and total n-3 PUFA in the muscle phospholipids were associated with physical activity, despite similar fatty acid composition of the diet. In the second study, that included a larger training volume, differences in the fatty acid profile were also found in the skeletal muscle triglycerides. In contrast, after short-term supra-maximal exercise we found no significant changes in the proportion of the fatty acids in skeletal muscle. Furthermore, after a treatment period of three months, with diets with various dietary fat quality, the proportions of saturated fatty acids (14:0, 15:0 and 17:0) were higher and the proportion of 18:1 n-9 lower in subjects with a high intake of saturated fatty acids compared with subjects with a high intake of monounsaturated fatty acids. In addition subjects given n-3 supplementation had a higher proportion of total n-3 PUFA and lower n-6 PUFA in the skeletal muscle phospholipids than controls. Differences similar to those observed in the phospholipids were found in the triglycerides. In summary, these results suggest that regular aerobic physical activity and dietary fat quality influence the fatty acid composition of the skeletal muscle lipids, which may affect insulin sensitivity and glucose homeostasis.

La Proteína Quinasa C (PKC) juega un papel fundamental en la regulación del crecimiento celular. Estas proteínas están implicadas en diferentes vías intracelulares que son consideradas como dianas para el tratamiento contra el cáncer. Atendiendo a las propiedades enzimáticas, las PKC se clasifican en tres grandes subfamilias: clásicas, nuevas y atípicas. En las PKC clásicas, el dominio C2 es un motivo regulador que responde a señales de Ca2+ intracelulares. Este dominio presenta un motivo denominado región rica en lisinas que interacciona con fosfolípidos acídicos. Los resultados de esta tesis demuestran que la afinidad de este dominio por fosfolípidos como el PIP2 es mayor frente a otros de la misma naturaleza. El dominio C2 de las PKC nuevas se une a fosfolípidos cargados negativamente de modo Ca2+-independiente. Nuestro estudio demuestra que la interacción de este dominio con las membranas es principalmente electrostática con una pequeña contribución de interacciones hidrofóbicas. Por otra parte, el estudio de la estructura secundaria del dominio catalítico de la PKC mostró una elevada proporción de hélice . La adición de Mg2+-ATP provocó un mayor efecto protector frente a la desnaturalización térmica. / Protein kinase C (PKC) is a family of related protein kinases that plays an important role in regulating cell growth. These protein kinases are involved in several intracellular pathways that end in transcription and are considered to be potential targets for anticancer therapy. The mammalian isoenzymes have been grouped into three subfamilies according to their enzymatic properties: classical, novel and atypical.The C2 domain is a regulatory sequence motif and is a targeting domain that responds to intracellular Ca2+ signals in classical protein kinases. This domain presents a motif named the lysine-rich cluster that interacts with acidic phospholipids. The results demonstrate that PIP2 interacts with the C2 domain of PKCα in a different way to that described for other phospolipids.C2 domain in novel PKC binds to negatively charged phospholipid vesicles in a Ca2+-independent manner. Our study confirms that the main way in which C2-PKC interacts with membranes is electrostatic in nature, with a very small contribution on the part of hydrophobic interactions.The secondary structure of catalytic domain from atypical PKC showed a high contribution of -helix component. In addition, Mg2+-ATP significantly altered the denaturation pattern of this domain because it protected against denaturation.

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In this thesis the properties of proteins and membranes are studied by molecular dynamics simulations. The subject is decomposed into parts addressing free energy calculations in proteins, mechanical inclusion models for lipid bilayers, phase transitions and structural correlations in lipid bilayers and atomistic lipid bilayer models. The work is based on results from large scale computer simulations, quantum mechanical and continuum models. Efficient statistical sampling and the coarseness of the models needed to describe the ordered and disordered states are of central concern. Classical free energy calculations of zinc binding, in metalloproteins, require a quantum mechanical correction in order to obtain realistic binding energies. Classical electrostatic polarisation will influence the binding energy in a large region surrounding the ion and produce reasonable equilibrium structures in the bound state, when compared to experimental evidence. The free energy for inserting a protein into a membrane is calculated with continuum theory. The free energy is assumed quadratic in the mismatch and depend on two elastic constants of the membrane. Under these circumstances, the free energy can then be written as a line tension multiplied by the circumference of the membrane inclusion. The inclusion model and coarse grained particle simulations of the membranes show that the thickness profile around the protein will be an exponentially damped oscillation. Coarse-grained particle simulations of model membranes containing mixtures of phospholipid and cholesterol molecules at different conditions were performed. The gel-to-liquid crystalline phase transition is successively weakened with increasing amounts of cholesterol without disappearing even at a concentration of cholesterol as high as 60%. A united atom parameterization of diacyl lipids was constructed. The aim was to construct a new force field that retains and improves the good agreement for the fluid phase and at the same time produces a gel phase at low temperatures, with properties coherent with experimental findings. The global bilayer tilt obtains an azimuthal value of 31◦ and is aligned between lattice vectors in the bilayer plane. It is also shown that the model yield a correct heat of melting as well as heat capacities in the fluid and gel phase of DPPC. / <p>QC 20140919</p>

Among the numerous beneficial effects of phospholipides can highlight their role in protecting the cardiovascular system and improving memory and learning. These effects can be partially explained by the fact that phospholipids are rich in polyunsaturated (eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids) or essential fatty acids. Thus, it is very significant to explore potential food sources containing polyunsaturated rich phospholipids for the development new food products supplemented with phospholipids.This work allowed a series method for the extraction, purification, separation and quantification of phospholipids in order to characterize the polyunsaturated phospholipid sources. Food supplementation with polyunsaturated phospholipids rises however the question of their stability during food processing at high temperature. Then we have developed methods to identify phospholipids degradation products and determine their kinetics of the oxidation during thermal treatment which is a widespread food processing.Phospholipids (PE and PC) are more stable than triacylglyceride, this is due to the presence of an amino group in the molecule.

Diss. (sammanfattning) Uppsala : Sveriges lantbruksuniversitet, 2007. / Härtill 4 uppsatser.

Chez les végétaux, peu de canaux ioniques sont identifiés moléculairement. Nos travaux, par l’apport de preuves fonctionnelles, mettent en évidence les propriétés électrophysiologiques d’une protéine de la membrane mitochondriale externe (MOM) de Phaseolus coccineus, VDAC32. Nous montrons que cette protéine forme un canal partageant plusieurs caractéristiques électrophysiologiques typiques des canaux anioniques voltages dépendants (VDACs) (cinétique d'ouverture et de fermeture, sensibilité au voltage, conductance relativement grande, courbe de voltage dépendance en forme de cloche). <p>Nous avons constaté que la concentration saline avait un effet sur la voltage-dépendance du canal. En effet, le VDAC devient insensible à la différence de potentiel appliquée lorsqu'il est reconstitué dans des concentrations physiologiques en sel. Nombreuses sont les expériences réalisées dans des conditions non physiologiques (1 M KCl), mais nous montrons dans ce travail que le canal ne se comporte pas de la même manière en conditions physiologiques (0,1 M KCl).<p>La première partie de notre travail a été consacrée à l’étude de l’effet du cholestérol et deux phytostérols les plus abondants (sitostérol et stigmastérol) sur la voltage-dépendance du VDAC. Dans ce chapitre, nous avons montré l’effet des stérols sur la fonction des canaux ioniques au niveau moléculaire. Le rôle des stérols sur la sélectivité et la voltage-dépendance du VDAC a été mis en évidence. L’étude des phytostérols a permis de comprendre comment les propriétés du VDAC peuvent être modulées avec le type de stérol et son abondance dans la membrane. De même, la réversibilité de l’effet des phytostérols sur le VDAC en présence de la Méthyle-β-cyclodextrine a été prouvée. La conductance unitaire n’était pas affectée par l’addition des stérols.<p>Le deuxième chapitre de cette thèse a été consacré à l’étude des deux principaux phospholipides membranaires ;la phosphatidylcholine (PC) et phosphatidyl-éthalamine (PE). Il a été montré qu’à des concentrations salines similaires à celles trouvées in vivo, la voltage-dépendance du VDAC est inhibée en présence de membrane formée de PC mais pas en présence de membrane formée de PE et/ou PE méthylé une fois et deux fois. De même, la voltage-dépendance est restaurée suite à l’ajout de 2% de phytostérol ou de 2% de PE ou lorsque le degré de méthylation de la choline diminue. L’effet des stérols sur la voltage-dépendance est réversible. Nous avons montré que la sélectivité aux anions augment lorsque le degré de méthylation de la choline diminue tandis que la conductance unitaire du canal est invariable.<p>Nos résultats indiquent que l’interaction lipide-protéine est essentielle pour la régulation de l’activité du canal VDAC. La nature de la tête polaire des lipides est déterminante pour cette régulation ce qui suggère qu’elle s’effectue au niveau de l’interface membrane-solution. <p>La suite de nos travaux nous a conduit à l’étude de l’effet du cation monovalent, divalent et trivalent sur le VDAC. Nous avons montré que la voltage-dépendance est perdue dans des concentrations faibles en KCl (100 mM) et que cette dernière est restaurée en présence de 800 mmolale en KCl ou 100 mM de calcium ou 30 mM de lanthane. Ces résultats suggèrent que la restauration de la voltage-dépendance à des faibles concentrations en sel (100 mmolale) impliquerait un effet électrostatique/In plants, only some ion channels are identified molecularly. By providing functional evidence, our work highlights electrophysiological properties of the outer mitochondrial membrane (MOM) protein of Phaseolus coccineus, VDAC32. We show that this protein forms a channel sharing several typical electrophysiological characteristics of voltages dependent anion channels (VDACs) (gating kinetics, voltage sensitivity, relatively large conductance, voltage dependence curve bell-shaped).<p>We found that the salt concentration had an effect on the voltage-dependence of channel. Indeed, VDAC becomes insensitive to the applied potential difference when it was reconstituted in physiological salt concentrations. The greater part of the experiments were performed under non-physiological conditions (1 M KCl), but we show in our work that the channel does not have the same behavior under physiological conditions (0.1 M KCl).<p>The first part of our work has been devoted to the study of the effect of cholesterol and the two most abundant phytosterols (sitosterol and stigmasterol) on the VDAC voltage dependence. In this chapter, we have shown the effect of sterols on ion channel function at the molecular level. The role of sterols on the selectivity and the voltage-dependence of VDAC was highlighted. The study of phytosterols helped us to understand how the properties of VDAC can be modulated with the type of sterol and its abundance in the membrane. Similarly, the reversibility of the effect of phytosterols on the VDAC in the presence of Methyl-β-cyclodextrin has been proven. The unit conductance was not affected by the addition of sterols.<p>The second chapter of this thesis was devoted to the study of the two major membrane phospholipids, phosphatidylcholine (PC) and phosphatidylethalamine (PE). It has been shown that in similar salt concentrations to those found in vivo, the VDAC voltage-dependence is inhibited in the presence of membrane formed by PC but not in the presence of membrane formed by PE and/or PE methylated once and two times. Similarly, the voltage-dependence is recovered following the addition of 2% of phytosterol or 2% of PE or when the degree of methylation of choline decreases. The effect of sterols on the voltage-dependence is reversible. We have shown that the anion selectivity increases when the degree of methylation of choline decreases while the unitary conductance of the channel is invariable.<p>Our results indicate that lipid-protein interaction is essential for the regulation of the activity of VDAC channel. The nature of the lipids polar head is crucial for this regulation suggesting that it occurs at the membrane-solution interface.<p>The rest of our work has led us to study the effect of monovalent, divalent and trivalent cation on VDAC. We have shown that the voltage-dependence is lost in low concentrations of KCl (100 mM) and it is restored in the presence of 800 mmolale of KCl or 100 mM of calcium or 30 mM of lanthanum. These results suggest that the restoration of the voltage-dependence at low salt concentrations (100 mmolale) involve an electrostatic effect.<p> / Doctorat en Sciences agronomiques et ingénierie biologique / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

La formation de métastases est la cause majeure des décès par cancer. Le développement de métastases est consécutif à une série d‟événements complexes tels que la migration, l‟invasion et la prolifération cellulaire. Le canal potassique SK3 (membre de la famille des SKCa) régule la migration des cellules cancéreuses du sein et favorise le développement de métastases osseuses. Le but du projet était d‟identifier et de caractériser les voies d‟entrées calciques associées à la migration cellulaire dépendante du canal SK3 dans différents cancers (sein, colon et prostate). Nous avons pu mettre en évidence que les canaux Ca2+qui étaient associés au canal SK3 variaient en fonction du cancer et régulaient la migration cellulaire dépendante du canal SK3. De plus, nous avons montré que la localisation de ces complexes KCa/Ca2+ dans les radeaux lipidiques était importante pour leur régulation et leur fonction. Ainsi, la délocalisation de ces complexes hors des radeaux lipidiques par des alkyl-phospholipides est un moyen permettant de moduler la migration des cellules exprimant le canal SK3 et le développement de métastases. / In most cases of cancer, metastasis and not the primary tumor per se is the main cause of mortality. To establish secondary growth in distant organs cancer cells must develop an enhanced propensity to migrate. The key objective of this thesis proposes that some actors of Ca2+ signaling (Orai, and TRPC, STIM) coupled to SK3 channel would form complexes that play a critical role in cell migration of various cancers (breast, colon and prostate). Furthermore we showed that the localization of these channels complexes in lipid-rafts is essential to their regulation and function. Thus, the delocalization of these complexes of lipid-raft outside by alkyl-phospholipids could be a new way to modulate the SK3/Ca2+ dependent cell migration and metastasis development.

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