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This work is focused on communication improvement in tracheostomized and laryngektomized patients. I have chosen the topic because, according to my opinion, communication between people is very important. If there is an obstacle on communication, it brings about a lot of problems in human life which is very stressful indeed. By tracheostomy and laryngectomy performing, a barrier in spoken verbal communication arises and therefore it is important to address this issue and focus ourselves on the help to these patients. After tracheostomy the function of vocal cords is disabled and laryngectomy means a surgical removal of the larynx. In these clients, either temporarily or permanently, disruption in spoken verbal communication occurs. There are several ways how to compensate the spoken verbal communication. As a substitute, however, the most frequently used is the written verbal communication. According to my opinion it would be appropriate to include pictograms into the care of these patients. Pictograms are cards with pictures. When they are used for communication in hospital, they are supplemented with words or short phrases that clearly express the particular notion or feeling. The cards are supposed to help a client who has problems with verbal communication, but also health care workers. Therefore we set a goal to create pictograms and bring them into practice, then to determine whether the use of pictograms in practice contribute to a better communication between nurses and a tracheostomized or a laryngectomized patient and to find out whether the use of pictograms has an influence on cooperation between the family of a tracheostomized or laryngectomized patient and members of the health care team. We also wondered if patients and nurses would recommend or would not recommend the continued use of pictograms in practice.

Pictogramas e seu uso nas instruções médicas: estudo comparativo entre repertórios para instruções de uso de medicamentos. Esta pesquisa tem por objetivo analisar dois repertórios de pictogramas que representam instruções relacionadas ao uso e manipulação de medicamentos. A intenção é entender o seu processo de significação, adotando um protocolo qualitativo baseado nas dimensões semióticas da comunicação sígnica - pragmática, semântica e sintática - de Charles W. Morris. Para atingir este propósito, o estudo inicialmente resgata informações sobre os campos a que pertencem os pictogramas e os medicamentos - comunicação visual e área médica. Ele parte da elaboração de um panorama histórico dos principais fatos e pessoas que contribuíram com a produção e disseminação do uso de pictogramas para identificar as diferenças em sua utilização. Finalmente, verifica as aplicações e contribuições da comunicação visual na área médica. / Pictograms and their use in medical instructions: a comparative study between pictogram sets conveying instructions on the usage of medicine. This research aims to analyze two pictogram sets which represent instructions concerning the use and manipulation of medicine. The purpose is to understand their signification process by adopting a qualitative protocol, which is based on the signal communication semiotic dimensions - pragmatic, semantic and syntactic - by Charles W. Morris. In order to reach this goal, the study begins by presenting information about the fields where pictograms and medicine belong - visual communication and medical area. Then, with the intent to identify the differences in the use of pictograms, it formulates a historical panorama, which includes the main facts and people that contributed for the production and dissemination of these graphical symbols. Finally, it examines visual communication applications and contributions to medical area.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / Objective: To develop pictograms for counseling on the rational use of medication. Methods: A systematic review was conducted to evaluate the use of visual aids for counseling on the use of medication. After the development of the review was carried out a study which assessed the understanding of the pictograms of the United States Pharmacopeia - Dispensing Information (USP-DI) in the Northeast of Brazil. Then pictograms were developed culturally adapted (LEPFS pictograms) to Brazil's reality, with the participation of focus groups (users of medication) and the expert committee (pharmacists), and then inserted into pictograms software. After the development of pictograms, it was verified the acceptability comparing them with the pictograms of USP-DI. Therefore, both were presented in pairs and participants were asked to choose the preferred pictograms for each instruction. Results: A systematic review showed that the pictograms were the most prevalent images in studies and most of these were developed locally, according to the cultural aspects. In the study evaluating the understanding of pictograms, most USP-DI of pictograms was not well understood, highlighting the need to develop pictograms culturally adapted to the reality of Brazil. Regarding the development of pictograms, a total of 51 pictograms were developed (20 instructions). For each statement, the participants (drug users and pharmacists) selected a pictogram and were invited to suggest modifications to improve them. To this end, the pictogram chosen by the majority of participants were selected for the study. Moreover, for all the selected pictograms were necessary minor changes by graphic designer. In the acceptability analysis, most of the LEPFS pictograms was preferred compared to the USP DI. The LEPFS pictograms on the route and frequency of administration were better supported compared to the USP-DI. Pictograms on the use of medication with the meals were possibly preferred by having food on the dish, which is not observed in the pictograms of the USP-DI. Moreover, the presence of the clock frequency of administration of pictograms facilitated the understanding and acceptability. The USP-DI pictograms related to medication administration and route of administration were preferred compared to LEPFS pictograms. Conclusions: The systematic review showed that the pictograms were the most prevalent visual aids in the studies. In the analysis of the understanding of the pictograms of the USP-DI, these were not understood by the target population in the Northeast of Brazil. Thus, there is a need to develop pictograms culturally adapted to the reality of the country. In the analysis of the acceptability of the pictograms, it was found that most of the LEPFS pictograms was preferred compared to the USP-DI. However, some pictograms were not well accepted, which must be redesigned and retested. Furthermore, future studies should be conducted to assess the understanding of these pictograms to allow its use in Brazilian pharmaceutical practice. / Objetivo: Desenvolver pictogramas para orientação sobre o uso racional de medicamentos. Métodos: Foi realizada uma revisão sistemática a fim de avaliar a utilização de recursos visuais para orientação sobre o uso de medicamentos. Após o desenvolvimento da revisão, foi realizado um estudo o qual avaliou a compreensão dos pictogramas da United States Pharmacopeia - Dispensing Information (USP-DI) no Nordeste do Brasil. Em seguida, foram desenvolvidos pictogramas adaptados culturalmente (pictogramas LEPFS) à realidade do Brasil, com a participação do grupo focal (usuários de medicamentos) e do comitê de especialistas (farmacêuticos), e posteriormente inseridos no software de pictogramas. Após o desenvolvimento dos pictogramas, foi verificado a aceitabilidade comparando com os pictogramas da USP-DI. Para tanto, ambos foram apresentados em pares e os participantes foram convidados a escolher o pictograma preferido para cada instrução. Resultados: A revisão sistemática evidenciou que os pictogramas foram as imagens de maior prevalência nos estudos e a maioria destas eram desenvolvidas localmente, de acordo com os aspectos culturais. No estudo que avaliou a compreensão dos pictogramas, a maioria dos pictogramas da USP-DI não foi bem compreendida, ressaltando a necessidade de desenvolvimento de pictogramas adaptados culturalmente à realidade do Brasil. A respeito do desenvolvimento dos pictogramas, um total de 51 pictogramas foram desenvolvidos (20 instruções). Para cada instrução, os participantes (usuários de medicamentos e farmacêuticos) selecionaram um pictograma e foram convidados a sugerir modificações para aprimorá-los. Para este fim, o pictograma escolhido pela maioria dos participantes foi selecionado para o estudo. Além disso, para todos os pictogramas selecionados foram necessárias pequenas alterações pelo designer gráfico. Na análise da aceitabilidade, a maioria dos pictogramas LEPFS foi preferida em comparação com os da USP-DI. Os pictogramas LEPFS sobre a orientação do uso de medicamentos e frequência de administração foram melhores aceitos em comparação com os da USP-DI. Os pictogramas sobre o uso de medicamentos com as refeições foram possivelmente preferidos por possuirem comida nos pratos, fato este não observado nos pictogramas da USP-DI. Além disso, a presença do relógio nos pictogramas de frequência de administração facilitaram a compreensão e aceitabilidade. Os pictogramas da USP-DI referentes à administração de medicamentos e via de administração foram preferidos em comparação com os pictogramas LEPFS. Conclusões: A revisão sistemática evidenciou que os pictogramas foram os recursos visuais mais prevalentes nos estudos. Na análise da compreensão dos pictogramas da USP-DI, estes não foram compreendidos pela população-alvo no Nordeste do Brasil. Desse modo, verificou-se a necessidade de desenvolver pictogramas adaptados culturalmente à realidade do país. Na análise da aceitabilidade dos pictogramas, foi verificado que a maioria dos pictogramas LEPFS foi preferida em comparação com os da USP-DI. Todavia, alguns pictogramas não foram bem aceitos, os quais devem ser redesenhados e novamente testados. Além disso, pesquisas futuras devem ser conduzidas a fim de avaliar a compreensão destes pictogramas para permitir a sua utilização na prática farmacêutica brasileira.

Pictogramas e seu uso nas instruções médicas: estudo comparativo entre repertórios para instruções de uso de medicamentos. Esta pesquisa tem por objetivo analisar dois repertórios de pictogramas que representam instruções relacionadas ao uso e manipulação de medicamentos. A intenção é entender o seu processo de significação, adotando um protocolo qualitativo baseado nas dimensões semióticas da comunicação sígnica - pragmática, semântica e sintática - de Charles W. Morris. Para atingir este propósito, o estudo inicialmente resgata informações sobre os campos a que pertencem os pictogramas e os medicamentos - comunicação visual e área médica. Ele parte da elaboração de um panorama histórico dos principais fatos e pessoas que contribuíram com a produção e disseminação do uso de pictogramas para identificar as diferenças em sua utilização. Finalmente, verifica as aplicações e contribuições da comunicação visual na área médica. / Pictograms and their use in medical instructions: a comparative study between pictogram sets conveying instructions on the usage of medicine. This research aims to analyze two pictogram sets which represent instructions concerning the use and manipulation of medicine. The purpose is to understand their signification process by adopting a qualitative protocol, which is based on the signal communication semiotic dimensions - pragmatic, semantic and syntactic - by Charles W. Morris. In order to reach this goal, the study begins by presenting information about the fields where pictograms and medicine belong - visual communication and medical area. Then, with the intent to identify the differences in the use of pictograms, it formulates a historical panorama, which includes the main facts and people that contributed for the production and dissemination of these graphical symbols. Finally, it examines visual communication applications and contributions to medical area.

In today´s Swedish preschools, there are numbers of products in daily use that carry hazard warnings. Some of these products are more accessible than others to pupils. From a safety standpoint, it is important that children understand these hazard pictograms and what they stand for. The aim of this study is to make visible different understandings that children have of hazard pictograms based on their knowledge and individual experience. Within the framework of variation theory, the study surveys variations in five-year-olds´ perceptions and understandings of hazardous chemicals based on their understanding of hazard pictograms. An interview-activity was undertaken among five-year-olds in all the preschools of one selected Swedish municipality. In the interview-activity, four hazard pictograms were selected as the objects of learning. Interviews were conducted with the five-year-olds in order to gain insight into their perceptions and understandings of these pictograms. An analysis of the empirical data allowed for these perceptions and understandings to be distinguished, identified and categorized.  In the result, a total of 19 categories emerged. Only one category specifically emerged as common to all four hazard pictograms. The result also showed that the majority of the five-year-olds were able to relate all four hazard pictograms to warnings of various kinds. What the five-year-olds had previously experienced influenced on how they perceived the hazard pictograms in this study.  From a safety standpoint, it is vital that preschool teachers are aware that children perceive hazard pictograms in various individual ways. Teaching the actual meaning of hazard pictograms is therefore a necessary part of preschool education. / I Sveriges förskoleverksamheter finns ofta produkter märkta med farosymboler av olika slag. Några är mer lättillgängliga än andra i förskolans verksamhet. Det blir därför viktigt att barn har kunskap om faropiktogram och dess betydelse, sett ur en säkerhetssynpunkt. Det är ett problemområde som studien valt att lyfta fram och undersöka, då barns olika uppfattningar implicerar individuell kunskap utifrån vad de tidigare fått erfara. Syftet med föreliggande studie är att bidra med kunskap om olika sätt på vilka femåringar kan uppfatta kemikalier utifrån fyra hälsofarligt klassade faropiktogram. Det variationsteoretiska perspektivet har setts som ett ramverk vilket hela studien grundas utifrån. Frågeställningar har kunnat besvarats genom en intervjuaktivitet, vilket genomförts på alla förskolor i en och samma kommun någonstans i Sverige och berört endast dess femåringar. Faropiktogram är det lärandeobjekt som specifikt använts i intervjuaktiviteten som stöd för att synliggöra hur femåringen uppfattar och därmed erfar de fyra olika faropiktogrammen. Analys av empiri har möjliggjort en urskiljning och därmed en identifiering genom att kategorisera femåringars olika sätt att uppfatta kemikalier, sett utifrån de fyra hälsofarligt klassade faropiktogrammen. Totalt kunde 19 kategorier av uppfattningar genom studien synliggöras, men endast en kategori var återkommande för alla fyra faropiktogrammen. Sammantaget visar resultatet att femåringar i den här studien, övervägande relaterar alla fyra faropiktogrammen till varningar av olika slag. Vad femåringarna tidigare fått erfara påverkade hur de uppfattade symboliseringen av de fyra faropiktogrammen i studien. Barns olika uppfattningar innehåller viktig kunskap som det i förskolans verksamhet blir nödvändigt att se till. Ett faropiktogram kan bli den enda varning ett barn får för att själv kunna avvärja en eventuell fara.

L’objectif de cette thèse était d’étudier et développer une aide logicielle, nommée ComMob (communication et mobilité), permettant d’aider l’utilisateur lors de la saisie d’information en situation dégradée, en se centrant sur des utilisateurs à fort handicap moteur. La thèse se situe dans le domaine de l’interaction homme-machine, domaine particulièrement important puisque les interactions homme-machine se déroulent désormais continuellement et en tous lieux (domicile, lieux publics, travail…). Sous l’angle applicatif, cette recherche est plus particulièrement centrée sur la mobilité, en lien avec les transports collectifs, l’accès aux informations voyageur, l’incitation à utiliser ceux-ci, tout en faisant le lien avec des activités journalières. Mais dans ce cadre on s’intéresse plus particulièrement aux utilisateurs de profil Infirme Moteur Cérébral de type tétraplégique athétosique ; ces utilisateurs éprouvant des difficultés à effectuer des actions à l’aide de leurs membres supérieurs à cause de fréquents mouvements parasites. De plus, ces personnes ont un problème de dysarthrie. Le système ComMob exploite des pictogrammes pour accélérer la saisie des phrases ; différentes fonctionnalités sont proposées incluant une aide à la programmation. Plusieurs évaluations ont été effectuées, aussi bien en mobilité qu’en laboratoire. Différentes pers-pectives de recherche sont également proposées. / The objective of the thesis is the study and development of a software aid named ComMob (Communication and Mobility) aimed at assisting disabled users when inputting information, nota-bly those with high mobility impairment. The thesis is in the field of Human-Computer Interaction, a particularly important area given that user interfaces are present on every device used continuously in all places (home, public places, offices ...). This research targets increased public transport use, better access to traveler information, and also daily activities of users with athetoid quadriplegic cerebral palsy. These users have difficulties performing actions with their arms because of frequent uncontrolled movements. In addition, they also have a dysarthria problem. The ComMob system uses pictograms to accelerate the input of sentences via different functions, including a program-ming aid. Several evaluations have been conducted in mobility situations and in laboratory condi-tions. Different research perspectives are also proposed.

The aim of the thesis is to describe the development of the Prague metro's appearance and to study the application of a uniform visual style in its current environment. The theoretical section describes the history of the Prague metro and investigates the topic of visual communication and unified visual styles with a focus on information and wayfinding systems applied in public transport environments. The key topic examined in this work is the development of the visual style in Prague's metro from its opening to the present day. Preparatory studies of the metro's information and wayfinding systems and the finally applied systems are both described. This section includes a description of individual visual elements and important information about the authors of these systems, Jiří Rathouský and Rostislav Vaňek. The current visual communication style seen in Prague's metro is also described in this section. Planned and tested variants of new systems are also examined. The empirical section of the thesis investigates the currently applied visual style in Prague's metro. Elements from the graphic manual are described and adherence to a uniform visual style is analysed, including how certain elements have been applied at selected Prague metro stations.