Submitted by Maike Costa (maiksebas@gmail.com) on 2017-02-24T14:21:28Z No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivo total.pdf: 7731405 bytes, checksum: 68a495488b791e03507898e6666f5361 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-02-24T14:21:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivo total.pdf: 7731405 bytes, checksum: 68a495488b791e03507898e6666f5361 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-08-31 / The genus Piper is the largest the family Piperaceae, its species are distributed especially in neotropical region of the globe. The phytochemical research of Piper species originated numerous scientific papers in many parts of the world, which led to the isolation of many bioactive compounds such as kavalactones, lignoids, chromones, flavonoids and chalcones, terpenes, steroids, prenylated benzoic acids, aristolactams, phenylpropanoids and amides. Piper arboreum is an erect shrub with about 4.0 meters high. It is popularly known as “fruto de morcego”, “alecrim-de-Angola”, “pau-de-Angola” or “beto-preto” and used in Brazil, in the form of decoction for the treatment of rheumatism, bronchitis, flu and colds and used against venereal and urinary tract diseases. This work reports the phytochemical study of the leaves and stem of P. arboreum Aublet. Using usual chromatographic methods and spectroscopic techniques of IR, MS, 1H and 13C NMR and comparison with the literature data it was possible to isolate and identify from the leaves and stem of Piper arboreum, a mixture of steroids: β-sitosterol and stigmasterol, four aristolactams: Piperolactam A, Piperolactam B, Piperolactam C and Cefaronone B, three phenylpropanoids: 3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl-propanoic acid, 3,4-dimethoxyphenyl-propanoic acid and 3,5-dimethoxy-4-hydroxyphenyl-propanoic acid and three amides: Arboreumine, N-(12,14-dimethoxy-13-hydroxydihydrocinamoil)-3-pyridin-2-one and N-[12-(15,16-methylenedioxyphenyl)-8( E),10 (E) -heptadienoil-pyrrolidine. The last two compounds are being reported for the first time in the literature. / O gênero Piper é o maior da família Piperaceae, suas espécies estão distribuídas especialmente na região neotropical do globo terrestre. A investigação fitoquímica de espécies de Piper originou inúmeros trabalhos científicos em várias partes do mundo, o que levou ao isolamento de diversos compostos bioativos tais como cavalactonas, lignoides, cromonas, flavonoides e chalconas, terpenos, esteroides, ácidos benzoicos prenilados, aristolactamas, fenilpropanoides e amidas. Piper arboreum é um arbusto ereto de aproximadamente 4,0 metros de altura. Popularmente é conhecida como fruto de morcego, alecrim-de-Angola, pau-de-Angola ou beto-preto e utilizada no Brasil na forma de decocto para o tratamento de reumatismo, bronquite, gripe e resfriado e empregada contra doenças venéreas e do trato urinário. Este trabalho reporta o estudo fitoquímico das folhas e caule de P. arboreum Aublet. Utilizando-se métodos cromatográficos usuais e técnicas espectroscópicas de IV, EM e RMN de 1H e 13C uni e bidimensionais e a comparação dos dados com a literatura foi possível isolar e identificar das folhas o e do caule de Piper arboreum, uma mistura de esteroides: β-sitosterol e estigmasterol, quatro aristolactamas: Piperolactama A, Piperolactama B, Piperolactama C e Cefaronona B, três fenilpropanoides: Ácido 3,4,5-trimetoxifenil-propanóico, Ácido 3,4,-dimetoxifenil-propanóico e Ácido 3,5-dimetoxi-4-hidroxifenil-propanóico e três amidas: Arboreumina, N-(12,14-dimetoxi-13-hidroxidihidrocinamoil)-3-piridin-2-ona e N-[12-(15,16-metilenedioxifenil)-8(E),10(E)-heptadienoil-pirrolidina. Os dois últimos compostos estão sendo relatados pela primeira vez na literatura.

Orientadores: João Ernesto de Carvalho, Mary Ann Foglio / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-16T06:52:37Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Longato_GiovannaBarbarini_M.pdf: 3207604 bytes, checksum: 101ab74753d736c58751655cdb930feb (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010 / Resumo: O câncer é um conjunto de doenças que atinge milhões de pessoas, sendo a segunda causa de morte da população mundial. Caracteriza-se pelo desenvolvimento de células instáveis que passam a não responder aos estímulos internos e externos que controlam a proliferação, diferenciação e morte celular. Apesar da grande quantidade de estudos relacionados ao gênero Piper e suas espécies, não há descrição sobre a atividade antiproliferativa in vitro e antitumoral in vivo da espécie P. regnellii (Miq.) C. DC. var. regnellii. O presente estudo avaliou a atividade antiproliferativa in vitro desta espécie, coletada em três épocas diferentes: junho e outubro de 2008 e fevereiro de 2009. Dentre as coletas realizadas, o extrato bruto diclorometânico de junho e suas frações de média polaridade apresentaram atividade citotóxica in vitro com boa correlação entre concentração e efeito e também seletividade para as linhagens hormônio-dependentes de ovário (OVCAR-3) e mama (MCF7), bem como para as linhagens de melanoma (UACC- 62) e próstata (PC-3). De acordo com os nossos estudos, uma das substâncias responsáveis por esta atividade é uma neolignana denominada eupomatenóide-5. Os efeitos observados in vitro pela fração rica em lignanas foram comprovados em modelo in vivo de tumor sólido de Ehrlich. Além disso, o extrato bruto diclorometânico de P. regnellii reduziu o edema de pata produzido por carragenina sugerindo uma correlação entre câncer e inflamação. Este é o primeiro trabalho que relata o efeito antiproliferativo e antiinflamatório de P. regnellii e os resultados obtidos incentivam a continuação dos estudos visando a elucidação do mecanismo de ação e identificando outros princípios ativos que, em sinergismo com o composto eupomatenóide-5, potencializem a atividade de P. regnellii. / Abstract: Cancer is a pool of many diseases diagnosed in thousands of people all over the world and represents the second major cause of death worldwide. The loss of normal cell growth control is the main event in the development of cancer and includes specific steps known as cell proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis. Despite numerous studies related to Piper genus, there is no description of any antiproliferative (in vitro) or antitumoral activity (in vivo) of Piper regnellii (Miq.) C. DC. var. regnellii. The present study evaluated the antiproliferative activity of this species, collected in three different periods: June and October, 2008 and February 2009. Among the plants evaluated, the medium polarity fractions obtained from the dichloromethanic crude extract of the plants collected in June presented concentration-effect correlation and also selectivity towards hormonedependent ovary (OVCAR-3) and breast (MCF7) cell lines, as well as melanoma (UACC- 62) and prostate (PC-3). According to our studies, one of the compounds responsible for this activity is classified as eupomatenoid-5, that is a neolignan. Effects observed in vitro for the lignans enriched fractions were confirmed through the Ehrlich solid tumor model in mice. In addition, preliminary results with dichloromethane crude extract of P. regnellii in anti-inflammatory experimental model of paw edema induced by carrageenan suggest the connection between cancer and inflammation. The present study represents the first report of both antiproliferative and anti-inflammatory promising activities of this species indicating the benefits of further studies in the search of more purified compounds and active principles that in synergism with eupomatenoid-5 can potentiate anticancer activity's result, as well as their mechanisms of action. / Mestrado / Biologia Celular / Mestre em Biologia Celular e Estrutural

O extrato bruto (DCM:MeOH 2:1) das raízes de Piper crassinervium foi submetido a fracionamentos cromatográficos resultando no isolamento e identificação de oito substâncias, sendo estas uma flavanona (5,4\'-diidroxi-7-metoxiflavanona [isosakuranetina]), duas hidroquinonas preniladas (1,4-diidroxi-2-[3\',7\'-dimetil-1\'-oxo-2\'-E-6\'-octadienil]-benzeno e 1,4-diidroxi-2-[3\',7\'-dimetil-1\'-oxo-2\'-Z-6\'-octadienil]-benzeno), um cromeno (ácido-2-metil-2-[4\'-metil-3\'-pentenil]2H-1-benzopirano-6-carboxílico), um derivado prenilado do ácido benzóico (ácido 4-hidroxi-3-[3\',7\'-dimetil-1\'-oxo-octa-2\'-E-6\'-dienil]-benzóico), uma amida isobutílica (piperlonguminina) e duas amidas piperidínicas (piperina e diidropiperina). As substâncias isoladas tiveram suas estruturas químicas determinadas por experimentos de espectrometria de massas, RMN de 1H e 13C e comparadas com os dados da literatura. / The crude extracts of the roots of Piper crassinervium was submitted to chromatographic steps yielding eight compounds including a flavanone (5,4\'-dihydroxy-7-methoxyflavanone [isosakuranetin]), two prenylated hydroquinones (1,4-dihydroxy-2-[3\',7\'-dimethyl-1\'-oxo-2\'-E-6\'-octadienyl]-benzene and 1,4-dihydroxy-2-[3\',7\'-dimethyl-1\'-oxo-2\'-Z-6\'-octadienyl]-benzene), one chromene (2-methyl-2-[4\'-methyl-3\'-pentenyl]-2H-1-benzopyran-6-carboxylic acid), one prenylated derivative of benzoic acid (4-hydroxy-3-[3\',7\'-dimethil-1\'-oxo]2\'-E-6\'-octadienyl-benzoic acid), one isobutyl amide (piperlonguminine) and two piperidine amides (piperine and dihydropiperine). The structures of the isolated compounds were determined by mass spectrometry, 1H and 13C NMR data by comparison with the literature data.

O extrato bruto da planta inteira (Peperomia trineura) foi submetido à cromatografia de adsorção em sílica gel, cromatografia em camada delgada preparativa (CCDP) e CLAE semipreparativa, resultando no isolamento de cinco policetídeos inéditos em função do comprimento ou presença da insaturação na cadeia alquílica. A elucidação estrutural destes policetídeos foi realizada com base nas analises espectroscópicas de RMN 1D e 2D, infravermelho e espectrometria de massas de baixa e alta resolução. As frações provenientes do extrato bruto foram testadas frente a duas linhagens de células leucêmicas (K-562 e Nalm 6), apresentando atividades consideráveis. Já os policetídeos tiveram seu potencial antifúngico avaliado frente a duas espécies de fungos fitopatogênicas - Cladosporium cladosporioides e C. sphaerospermum - e apresentaram atividade fraca e média variando de acordo com suas estruturas. / The crude extract of whole plant (Peperomia trineura) was subjected to adsorption chromatography on silica gel, preparative thin-layer chromatography (CCDP) and semi-preparative HPLC, resulting in the isolation of five novel polyketides with variable chain lenght or presence of unsaturation in the alkyl chain. The structural elucidation of these compounds was based on spectroscopic techniques for 1D and 2D NMR, infrared and low and high resolution mass spectrometry. The fractions from the crude extract were tested against the two leukemic cell lines (K-562 and Nalm 6), showing considerable activities. The polyketides were evaluated against the phytopathogenic fungi - Cladosporium cladosporioides and C. sphaerospermum - and displayed low and medium activity.

O estudo químico das folhas e dos frutos de P. richardiaefolium resultou no isolamento de oito lignanas, sendo duas lignanas furofurânicas (sesamina e kobusina), quatro lignanas dibenzilbutirolactônicas (hinokinina, kusunokinina, arctigenina e haplomirfolina), duas lignanas dibenzilbutirolactólicas (cubebina e 3,4- dimetoxi-3,4-desmetilenodioxicubebina), dois cinamatos de bornila (ferulato de bornila e cumarato de bornila) e na identificação de duas amidas (piplartina e diidropiplartina). Das folhas de P. richardiaefolium foi extraído e analisado o óleo volátil. As estruturas das substâncias isoladas foram identificadas através de métodos espectroscópicos (RMN de 1H e de 13C e espectrometria de massas). O estudo de análise de componentes principais (PCA) das espécies Piper (P. truncatum - k 616, P. richardiaefolium - k 290, P. richardiaefolium - k 350, P. richardiaefolium - k 593, P. truncatum - k 597, P. pseudopotifolium - k 598, P. richardiaefolium - k 854, P. richardiaefolium - k 610, P. truncatum - k 112, P. pseudopotifolium - k 211 e P. cernuum - k 137) permitiu agrupar as espécies em dois grandes grupos e quatro subgrupos em relação à similaridade entre elas. Ligninas do caule de seis espécies de Piper foram extraídas utilizando o método de degradação de Klason e método de Bjorkman, e analisadas por métodos espectroscópicos (IV, RMN de 1H e de 13C). O método de degradação por oxidação por nitrobenzeno foi o escolhido para determinar a relação entre os monolignóis siringila e guaiacila. Os principais metabólitos das espécies estudadas foram comparados com os tipos de ligninas das mesmas espécies e os resultados sugeriram uma independência entre as vias biossintéticas de ligninas e lignanas. / The chemical study of leaves and the fruits of P. richardiaefolium resulted in the isolation of eight lignans, being two furofurânics lignans (sesamin and kobusin), four dibenzylbutirolactonics lignans (hinokinin, kusunokinin, arctigenin and haplomirfolin), two dibenzylbutirolactolics lignans (cubebin and 3\',4\'-dimethoxy-3,4- desmethylenedioxicubebin), two cinnamates (bornyl ferulate and bornyl cumarate) and in the identification of two amides (piplartine and dihydropiplartine). Of leaves of P. richardiaefolium was extracted and analyzed the volatile oil. The structures of isolated substances had been identified using the spectroscopic methods (1H and 13C NMR) and mass spectrometry. The study of principal components analysis (PCA) of the species Piper (P. truncatum - k 616, P. richardiaefolium - k 290, P. richardiaefolium - k 350, P. richardiaefolium - k 593, P. truncatum - k 597, P. pseudopotifolium - k 598, P. richardiaefolium - k 854, P. richardiaefolium - k 610, P. truncatum - k 112, P. pseudopotifolium - k 211 and P. cernuum - k 137) allowed the separation in two groups and four sub-groups. Lignins of stem of six species of Piper had been extracted using the method of degradation of Klason and method of Bjorkman, and analyzed for spectroscopic methods (IR, 1H and 13C NMR). The degradation method by nitrobenzene oxidation was chosen to determine the relationship between monolignols syringil and guaiacyl moieties. The major metabolities of the Piper species were compared to the lignins types of the same species and the results suggested independence between the biosynthetic pathways of lignins and lignans.

Evolution of Piperales – matK gene and trnK intron sequence data reveal lineage specific resolution contrast. Piperales are one of the largest basal angiosperm orders with a nearly worldwide distribution. The order includes three species rich genera, Piper (ca. 1,000 species), Peperomia (ca. 1,500-1,700 species), and Aristolochia s. l. (ca. 500 species). Sequences of the matK gene and the non-coding trnK group II intron are analysed for a dense set of 105 taxa representing all families (except Hydnoraceae) and all generic segregates (except Euglypha within Aristolochiaceae) of Piperales. A large number of highly informative indels are found in the Piperales trnK/matK dataset. Within a narrow region approximately 500 nt downstream in the matK coding region (CDS), a length variable simple sequence repeat (SSR) expansion segment occurs, in which insertions and deletions have led to short frame-shifts. These are corrected shortly afterwards, resulting in a maximum of 6 amino acids being affected. Furthermore, additional non-functional matK copies were found in Zippelia begoniifolia, which can easily be discriminated from the functional open reading frame (ORF). The trnK/matK sequence data fully resolve relationships within Peperomia, whereas they are not effective within Piper. The resolution contrast is correlated with the rate heterogenity between those lineages. Parsimony, Bayesian and likelihood analyses result in virtually the same topology, and converge on the monophyly of Piperaceae and Saururaceae. Lactoris gains high support as sister to Aristolochiaceae subf. Aristolochioideae, but the different tree inference methods yield conflicting results with respect to the relationships of subfam. Asaroideae. In Piperaceae, a clade formed by the monotypic genus Zippelia and the small genus Manekia (=Sarcorhachis) is sister to the two large genera Piper and Peperomia. Systematics of pipevines – Combining morphological and fast-evolving molecular characters to investigate the relationships within subfamily Aristolochioideae (Aristolochiaceae) A combined phylogenetic analysis of the Aristolochioideae was conducted based on 72 morphological characters and molecular datasets (matK gene, trnK intron, trnL intron, trnL-trnF spacer). The analysis sampled 33 species as the ingroup, including two species of Thottea and 30 species of Aristolochia and the monotypic genus Euglypha, which represent all the infrageneric taxa formally described; Saruma henryi and Asarum caudatum were used as the outgroup. The results corroborate a sister-group relationship between Thottea and Aristolochia, and the paraphyly of Aristolochia with respect to Euglypha that consequently should be included into Aristolochia. Two of the three subgenera within Aristolochia (Isotrema and Pararistolochia) are shown to be monophyletic, whereas the signal obtained from the different datasets about the relationships within subg. Aristolochia is low and conflicting, resulting in collapsed or unsupported branches. The relationship between the New World and the Old World species of subgenus Aristolochia is conflictive because morphological data support these two groups as monophyletic, whereas molecular data show the monophyletic Old World species of Aristolochia nested within the New World species. A sister group relationship is proposed between A. lindneri and pentandrous species, which suggests that a group of five species from central and southern South America (including A. lindneri) could be monophyletic and sister to Aristolochia subsection Pentandrae, a monophyletic taxon consisting of about 35 species from southern USA, Mesoamerica, and the West Indies. Colonisation, phylogeography and evolution of endemism in Mediterranean Aristolochia (Aristolochiaceae). This study provides evidence for a multiple colonisation of the western Old World from Asian ancestors within Aristolochia section Diplolobus (subsection Aristolochia and Podanthemum). Within subsection Podanthemum it is assumed, that the colonisation of the African continent happened at least two times independently. In contrast, for subsection Aristolochia, a rapid morphological radiation in the Near East (or close to this area) with subsequent star like colonisation of the different current distribution areas, which is not paralleled on the molecular level, appears to be more likely. Phylogenetic tree reconstruction is unsupported for these clades, but most clades are highly supported as monophyletic. Interestingly the Mediterranean and temperate Eurasian species, which are morphologically distinct (A. pistolochia, A. clematitis) are not clustering within the main clades, but are independent lineages. Analogue, A. rigida a species from Somalia is well-supported sister to the subsection Aristolochia. Within subsection Podanthemum the colonisation event from an Asian ancestor is clearly traceable, whereas in subsection Aristolochia the path is not traceable, since the ancestors are extinct or not present in the connecting areas. Within the Mediterranean, Near East and Caucasian species of subsection Aristolochia two morphologically and biogeographically well supported groups can be identified: the Near East/Caucasian species and the West Mediterranean species. The previous groupings for the latter, based on morphological characters, could be substantiated only partly by our results. This study provides the first phylogeny of all West Mediterranean species. In addition an independent complex is established including some micro endemic species. The phylogenetic results are discussed with respect to biogeography, and morphology, to give a first insight into the radiation and colonisation of the genus Aristolochia in the Mediterranean region. Universal primers for a large cryptically simple cpDNA microsatellite region in Aristolochia. We provide a new and valuable marker to study species relationships and population genetics in order to trace evolutionary, ecological, and conservational aspects in the genus Aristolochia. Universal primers for amplification and subsequent sequencing of a chloroplast microsatellite locus inside the trnK intron are presented. Utility of the primers has been tested in 32 species representing all clades of Aristolochia, including population studies within the A. pallida complex, A. clusii and A. rotunda. The microsatellite region is characterized as a (AnTm)k repeat of 22–438 bp containing a combination of different repeats arranged as ‘cryptically simple’. Trapped! Pollination of Aristolochia pallida Willd. in the Mediterranean A first study of the pollination biology of a Mediterranean Aristolochia species in its natural habitat is presented. 183 flowers of Aristolochia pallida were investigated, which in total contained 73 arthropods, dominated by two groups of Diptera, Sciaridae (37%) and Phoridae (19%). However, only Phoridae are regarded as potential pollinators, since pollen has been found exclusively on the body surfaces of these insects. All Phoridae belong to the genus Megaselia and are recognised as four undescribed species. The measurements of flower and insect dimensions suggest that size is an important constrain for successful pollination: 1) the insects must have a definitive size for being able to enter the flower and 2) must be able to get in touch with the pollen. Only very few insect groups found in Aristolochia pallida fulfil these size requirements. However, size alone is not a sufficient constrain as too many fly species of the same size might be trapped but not function as pollinators. Instead, specific attraction is required as otherwise pollen is lost. Since all trapped Phoridae are males, a chemical attraction (pheromones) is proposed as an additional constrain. Since A. pallida flowers are protogynous, the record of Megaselia loaded with pollen found in a flower during its female stage proves that this insect must have been visited at least one different flower during its male stage before. Further on, this observation provides strong evidence that the flowers are cross-pollinated. All these factors indicate a highly specialised pollination of Aristolochia pallida by Megaselia species.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This work describes the seasonal analysis of the yield and chemical composition of the essential oil (EO) for the native species Piper gaudichaudianum Kunth in a population of Santa Maria, in order to determine the best time for collection. The effect of leaves drying on the yield and chemical composition of EO was also verified, in order to evaluate the possible influence of this post-harvest process on the extractive features. The EO oil and its major constituent had their fungitoxicity assessed against phytopathogenic and wood decay fungi. EO from fresh and dried leaves, and reproductive organs (inflorescences and fruits) were extracted separately by hydrodistillation, and then had their yields determined (w/ w %). The chemical composition was analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and gas chromatography with flame ionization detector (GC-FID). Additionally, fungitoxic assays were performed by the agar dilution method using PSA (potato-sucrose-agar). The presence of reproductive organs (RO) did not affect the leaves (L) EO of P. gaudichaudianum on the observed year, with a minimum value of 1.32% and a maximum of 1.61% without significant difference (p > 0.05). Chemical analysis of L and RO EO revealed that these are predominantly formed by phenylpropanoid dilapiolle (59.2 to 87.8%), while myristicin was identified only in the EO of the RO. The chemical composition of EO oils had no influence of seasonality and phenophases, being possible to collect the plant material at any time of year. Drying of the leaves did not affect the yield and composition of EO. The L and RO EO of P. gaudichaudianum presented fungitoxic activity for phytopathogenic fungi (Fusarium moniliforme and Botryosphaeria rhodina) and also for wood decay fungi (Pycnoporus sanguineus and Gloeophyllum trabeum) at concentrations of 0.25-1.0 uL / mL. The results indicated that the major constituent dilapiolle is responsible for the activity. / Este trabalho descreve a análise sazonal do rendimento e composição química do óleo essencial (OE) da espécie nativa Piper gaudichaudianum Kunth em uma população de Santa Maria, RS, com o objetivo de determinar a época mais adequada para coleta. Também foi verificado o efeito da secagem de folhas sobre o rendimento e a composição química dos OE, a fim de avaliar a possível influência desse processo pós-colheita sobre estas características do extrativo. O EO bem como seu constituinte majoritário tiveram sua atividade fungitóxica avaliada contra fungos fitopatogênicos e apodrecedores da madeira. Os OE de folhas frescas, secas e órgãos reprodutivos (inflorescências e frutos) foram extraídos separadamente através do método de hidrodestilação e em seguida foram determinados seus rendimentos (m/m %). A composição química foi analisada por cromatografia gasosa acoplada a espectrometria de massas (CG-EM) e cromatografia gasosa com detector de ionização em chama (CG-DIC). Adicionalmente, os testes fungitóxicos foram realizados através do método de diluição em Ágar usando BSA (batata-sacarose-ágar). A presença de órgãos reprodutivos (OR) não alterou o rendimento do OE de folhas (F) de P. gaudichaudianum no ano observado, apresentando valor mínimo de 1,32% e máximo de 1,61% sem diferença significativa (p > 0,05). A análise química dos OE de F e OR evidenciou que estes são formados preponderantemente pelo fenilpropanóide dilapiol (59,2-87,8%) enquanto que a miristicina foi identificada apenas para os OE de OR. A composição química dos OE não teve influência da sazonalidade e das fenofases, sendo possível a coleta do material vegetal em qualquer época do ano. A secagem das folhas não alterou o rendimento e composição química dos OE. Os OE de F e OR de P. gaudichaudianum apresentaram atividade fungitóxica para os fungos fitopatogênicos (Fusarium moniliforme e Botryosphaeria rhodina) e também para os apodrecedores da madeira (Pycnoporus sanguineus e Gloeophyllum trabeum) em concentrações de 0,25-1,0 μL/mL. Os resultados indicaram que o constituinte majoritário dilapiol é o responsável pela atividade.

O estudo químico das folhas e dos frutos de P. richardiaefolium resultou no isolamento de oito lignanas, sendo duas lignanas furofurânicas (sesamina e kobusina), quatro lignanas dibenzilbutirolactônicas (hinokinina, kusunokinina, arctigenina e haplomirfolina), duas lignanas dibenzilbutirolactólicas (cubebina e 3,4- dimetoxi-3,4-desmetilenodioxicubebina), dois cinamatos de bornila (ferulato de bornila e cumarato de bornila) e na identificação de duas amidas (piplartina e diidropiplartina). Das folhas de P. richardiaefolium foi extraído e analisado o óleo volátil. As estruturas das substâncias isoladas foram identificadas através de métodos espectroscópicos (RMN de 1H e de 13C e espectrometria de massas). O estudo de análise de componentes principais (PCA) das espécies Piper (P. truncatum - k 616, P. richardiaefolium - k 290, P. richardiaefolium - k 350, P. richardiaefolium - k 593, P. truncatum - k 597, P. pseudopotifolium - k 598, P. richardiaefolium - k 854, P. richardiaefolium - k 610, P. truncatum - k 112, P. pseudopotifolium - k 211 e P. cernuum - k 137) permitiu agrupar as espécies em dois grandes grupos e quatro subgrupos em relação à similaridade entre elas. Ligninas do caule de seis espécies de Piper foram extraídas utilizando o método de degradação de Klason e método de Bjorkman, e analisadas por métodos espectroscópicos (IV, RMN de 1H e de 13C). O método de degradação por oxidação por nitrobenzeno foi o escolhido para determinar a relação entre os monolignóis siringila e guaiacila. Os principais metabólitos das espécies estudadas foram comparados com os tipos de ligninas das mesmas espécies e os resultados sugeriram uma independência entre as vias biossintéticas de ligninas e lignanas. / The chemical study of leaves and the fruits of P. richardiaefolium resulted in the isolation of eight lignans, being two furofurânics lignans (sesamin and kobusin), four dibenzylbutirolactonics lignans (hinokinin, kusunokinin, arctigenin and haplomirfolin), two dibenzylbutirolactolics lignans (cubebin and 3\',4\'-dimethoxy-3,4- desmethylenedioxicubebin), two cinnamates (bornyl ferulate and bornyl cumarate) and in the identification of two amides (piplartine and dihydropiplartine). Of leaves of P. richardiaefolium was extracted and analyzed the volatile oil. The structures of isolated substances had been identified using the spectroscopic methods (1H and 13C NMR) and mass spectrometry. The study of principal components analysis (PCA) of the species Piper (P. truncatum - k 616, P. richardiaefolium - k 290, P. richardiaefolium - k 350, P. richardiaefolium - k 593, P. truncatum - k 597, P. pseudopotifolium - k 598, P. richardiaefolium - k 854, P. richardiaefolium - k 610, P. truncatum - k 112, P. pseudopotifolium - k 211 and P. cernuum - k 137) allowed the separation in two groups and four sub-groups. Lignins of stem of six species of Piper had been extracted using the method of degradation of Klason and method of Bjorkman, and analyzed for spectroscopic methods (IR, 1H and 13C NMR). The degradation method by nitrobenzene oxidation was chosen to determine the relationship between monolignols syringil and guaiacyl moieties. The major metabolities of the Piper species were compared to the lignins types of the same species and the results suggested independence between the biosynthetic pathways of lignins and lignans.

O extrato bruto da planta inteira (Peperomia trineura) foi submetido à cromatografia de adsorção em sílica gel, cromatografia em camada delgada preparativa (CCDP) e CLAE semipreparativa, resultando no isolamento de cinco policetídeos inéditos em função do comprimento ou presença da insaturação na cadeia alquílica. A elucidação estrutural destes policetídeos foi realizada com base nas analises espectroscópicas de RMN 1D e 2D, infravermelho e espectrometria de massas de baixa e alta resolução. As frações provenientes do extrato bruto foram testadas frente a duas linhagens de células leucêmicas (K-562 e Nalm 6), apresentando atividades consideráveis. Já os policetídeos tiveram seu potencial antifúngico avaliado frente a duas espécies de fungos fitopatogênicas - Cladosporium cladosporioides e C. sphaerospermum - e apresentaram atividade fraca e média variando de acordo com suas estruturas. / The crude extract of whole plant (Peperomia trineura) was subjected to adsorption chromatography on silica gel, preparative thin-layer chromatography (CCDP) and semi-preparative HPLC, resulting in the isolation of five novel polyketides with variable chain lenght or presence of unsaturation in the alkyl chain. The structural elucidation of these compounds was based on spectroscopic techniques for 1D and 2D NMR, infrared and low and high resolution mass spectrometry. The fractions from the crude extract were tested against the two leukemic cell lines (K-562 and Nalm 6), showing considerable activities. The polyketides were evaluated against the phytopathogenic fungi - Cladosporium cladosporioides and C. sphaerospermum - and displayed low and medium activity.

Call number: LD2668 .T4 1986 R35 / Master of Science / Horticulture, Forestry, and Recreation Resources