Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. / Ever-increasing demands for accuracy and range in modern warfare have expedited the optimization of projectile design. The crux of projectile design lies in the understanding of its aerodynamic properties early in the design phase. This research first investigated the aerodynamic properties of a standard M549, 155mm projectile. The transonic speed region was the focus of the research as significant aerodynamic variation occurs within this particular region. Aerodynamic data from wind tunnel and range testing was benchmarked against modern aerodynamic prediction programs like ANSYS CFX and Aero-Prediction 09 (AP09). Next, a comparison was made between two types of angle of attack generation methods in ANSYS CFX. The research then focused on controlled tilting of the projectile’s nose to investigate the resulting aerodynamic effects. ANSYS CFX was found to provide better agreement with the experimental data than AP09.

L'étude développée dans cette thèse concerne le contrôle des performances et des lâchers tourbillonnaires au cours du cycle de rotation d'une hydrolienne à axe vertical de type Darrieus. L'élaboration d'une famille de lois de commande d'incidence de pales exploitant le principe de conservation de la circulation autour de profils en mouvement permet ici le contrôle du fonctionnement de l'hydrolienne ainsi que la maîtrise de son sillage tourbillonnaire afin de préserver l'environnement.L'écoulement 2D est simulé à l'aide du solveur incompressible de Star CCM+ afin de mettre en évidence l'effet de ce type de contrôle sur le rendement de la turbine pour différents points de fonctionnement. Ce modèle CFD a été utilisé pour améliorer l'analyse analytique en ce qui concerne l'extraction de l'énergie, la compréhension de l'écoulement autour de l'hydrolienne et le contrôle des tourbillons générés. La nouveauté de cette étude est l'élaboration de lois de commande de pales d'hydrolienne, basées sur des valeurs constantes et transitoires de la circulation, afin d'augmenter la puissance de la turbine tout en garantissant un contrôle efficace de la vorticité et ainsi prévenir de l'interaction entre les tourbillons et les pales. Une bonne comparaison est réalisée entre les résultats analytiques et numériques concernant les forces hydrodynamiques.En outre, une campagne d'essais a été menée afin d'acquérir des mesures quantitatives sur une hydrolienne de type Darrieus à pales fixes en terme de puissance, mais aussi des résultats qualitatifs pertinents comme la visualisation de l'écoulement autour des pales à différentes positions et pour différents points de fonctionnement. La mise en place complète d'un système PTV pour les mesures qualitatives et les étapes de traitement sont discutées et les divers paramètres obtenus à partir des études CFD sont validées en utilisant ces résultats PIV.L'étude expérimentale dans la présente recherche appo11e des informations détaillées sur les gradients de pression et de vitesse, les contours de vorticité et le critère Q qui ont servi à valider les visualisations obtenues numériquement. / With key applications in marine renewable energy. the vertical axis water turbine can use current or tidal energy in an eco-friendly manner. However, it is difficult to reconcile optimal performance of hydrokinetic turbines and compliance wilh the aquatic environment as the main drawback of the turbines is the formation of non-linear flow structures caused by the unsteady movement of the blades. Eddies in the flow are advected and can interact with other blades, which leads to a reduction in power output. To limit this phenomenon, the turbines operate at high speeds, which are likely to reduce the shaft power. High speeds of rotational so forbid the passage of aquatic animais, and are the cause of a suction effect on the sediments.The objective of this thesis work is twofold. First, it aims to develop a blade pitch control to get the flow adjusted around the blade profile at any given flow configuration by incorporatin.g the profile's motion with respect to incident flow. Such a system intends to achieve the objective of operating at reduced speeds without vortical releases, which should allow achieving a high torque without causing damage to the environment.This thesis work is mainly carried out in three phases. ln the first phase, the irrotational flow over an arbitrary profile is formulated using conforma] mapping. Prospective potential flow application on the basis of Couchet theory (1976) is involved in the development of a control law that decides the blade pitching in a constant circulation framework. In the second phase, a numerical validation of the developed analytical work is presented using CFD to examine how the theoretical fomulation can be effectively applied to Darricus turbines. In the final phase, two prototypes are developed, one is classical Darrieus turbine with fixed blades, and other is the turbine with pitching blades for experimental measurements of performance as well as flow fields(by PIV) in order to validate the computational results.

本論文の目的は，体表から無侵襲に肩甲骨運動を推定する方法を確立すること，肩甲骨運動を拡大する運動介入としての肩甲骨エクササイズを明らかにすること，そのエクササイズが投球動作中の肩甲骨運動に与える即時的な効果を検討することとした．その結果，本研究で考案した推定方法によって肩甲骨姿勢の推定精度は向上した．また体幹運動をともなった肩甲骨エクササイズによって投球動作中の肩甲骨後傾運動が増加した． / 博士(スポーツ健康科学) / Doctor of Philosophy in Health and Sports Science / 同志社大学 / Doshisha University

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The flow field and forces on an isolated oscillating NACA 0012 airfoil in a uniform flow is studied using viscous vortex particle method. The simulations are carried out at very low chord (c) based Reynolds number (Re=1000), motivated by the current interest in development of Micro Air Vehicles (MAV). The airfoil is forced to oscillate in both heave and pitch at different normalized oscillation frequencies (f), which is represented by the non-dimensional reduced frequency fc/U).( From the unsteady loading on the airfoil, the net energy transfer to the airfoil is calculated to determine the propensity for the airfoil to undergo self-induced oscillations or flutter at these very low Reynolds numbers. The simulations are carried out using a viscous vortex particle method that utilizes discrete vortex elements to represent the vorticity in the flow field. After validation of the code against test cases in the literature, simulations are first carried out for the stationary airfoil at different angles of attack, which shows the stall characteristics of the airfoil at this very low Reynolds numbers. For the airfoil oscillating in heave, the airfoil is forced to oscillate at different reduced frequencies at a large angle of attack in the stall regime. The unsteady loading on the blade is obtained at different reduced frequencies. This is used to calculate the net energy transfer to the airfoil from the flow, which is found to be negative in all cases studied. This implies that stall flutter or self-induced oscillations are not possible under the given heave conditions. The wake vorticity dynamics is presented for the different reduced frequencies, which show that the leading edge vortex dynamics is progressively more complex as the reduced frequency is increased from small values. For the airfoil oscillating in pitch, the airfoil is forced to oscillate about a large mean angle of attack corresponding to the stall regime. The unsteady moment on the blade is obtained at different reduced frequencies, and this is used to calculate the net energy transfer to the airfoil from the flow, which is found to be positive in all cases studied. This implies that stall flutter or self-induced oscillations are possible in the pitch mode, unlike in the heave case. The wake vorticity dynamics for this case is found to be relatively simple compared to that in heave. The results of the present simulations are broadly in agreement with earlier stall flutter studies at higher Reynolds numbers that show that stall flutter does not occur in the heave mode, but can occur in the pitch mode. The main difference in the present very low Reynolds number case appears to be the broader extent of the excitation region in the pitch mode compared to large Re cases studied earlier. region in the pitch mode compared to large Re cases studied earlier.

<p>The first force and moment measurements were conducted in the BAM6QT. Three 7-degree half-angle sharp cones were tested, one with base radius of 4.5 in. and two with base radius of 3.5 in. made out of different materials. Models were tested at 0 and 2 degrees angle of attack. Models were tested over a range of burst pressures and Reynolds numbers. Models were fitted onto a strain gauge, 6 component, internal, moment balance. Multiple assemblies were tested that mounted the balance in the BAM6QT. High-speed schlieren video was used to monitor flow conditions and track the movement of the tunnel and model. Three entries were performed in the BAM6QT. The improvement in data quality with each new entry is shown and the startup and running loads from entry 3 are analyzed.</p> <p>Startup loads were measured and are of importance in determining the load range needed to operate in the BAM6QT. Large startup loads up to 40X the running load were identified. Tunnel movement was measured and was used to approximate the inertial loading during startup and the run. The inertial loading was not found to be the cause of the large startup loads. Schlieren video was used to qualitatively review the startup flow. It was found the large startup loads in axial force were plausibly from the high-pressure subsonic flow evacuating the nozzle. For normal force and pitching moment, the startup loads peak at a different time than axial force and appear to be from a shock-shock interaction nearby the model. Trends in startup load with changing model geometry, AoA, and burst pressure were put together to form an empirical estimation for startup loads sharp cones. </p> <p>Running loads were profiled and found to be trending with burst pressure and model geometry similarly to Newtonian flow theory predictions. However, due to the lack of a base pressure measurement, the results are uncorrected for sting effects and differ from Newtonian flow theory by a scalar. A 5.3 Hz oscillation in axial force was identified. The frequency of the oscillation is the same as the frequency of the quasi-steady flow periods caused by the reflection of the expansion fan in the driver tube. Normal force during the running load was found to be measuring positive loads when at 0 degrees angle of attack. Both the axial and normal force phenomena were unexpected and were investigated but both require further research. </p> <p><br></p> <p><br></p> <p><br></p> <p><br></p>

Wave energy conversion technology has gained popularity due to its potential to be-come one of the most preferred energy sources. Its high energy density and low car-bon footprint have inspired the development of many wave energy converter (WEC) technologies, few of which have made their way to commercialisation, and many are progressing. The Floating Power Plant (FPP) device is a combined floating wind and wave converter. The company, Floating Power Plant, was established in 2004 and has developed and patented a floating device that consists of a semi-submersible that serves as a foundation for a single wind turbine and hosts four wave energy converters (WECs). Each WEC consists of a partially submerged wave absorber whose pitching motion generates energy from incoming waves. The wave absorbers are connected to an oil hydraulic power take-off system located in a dry “engine room” above the free water surface, where the mechanical energy in the absorber is converted to electricity. When undergoing pitching movements, there are interactions between individual wave absorbers and the surrounding platform. This thesis focuses on developing methods to improve the FPP WEC’s hydrodynamic interactions. The first part of this thesis optimises the wave absorber (WA) ballast. An ana-lytical model is developed to enable systematic selection of WA ballast combination with significantly less computational effort when compared with the more conven-tional means, such as using CAD software. The study suggests an algorithm with which the absorbed power and resonance frequency can be improved and adjusted by manipulating the ballasts’ mass, the position of its centre of gravity, placement and inclination of the WA. The proposed method is generic and can be applied to other WEC concepts or submerged bodies in general. The results show the feasibility of designing the absorber ballast to offer passive control for increased wave absorption. It demonstrates the effect of ballast on the WA inclination, resonance frequency and response amplitude operator (RAO). The second part focuses on the optimisation of the FPP platform geometry. The genetic algorithm optimisation technique is implemented to maximise the annual en-ergy produced by the relative pitch motion of the WA to the floating platform. The optimised variables are characteristic lengths of the floating platform, most of which are part of the immediate surrounding walls of the absorber. The objective function is a function of the WA’s annual energy production (AEP) and RAO. Results show the feasibility of improving the hydrodynamic interaction between the floating platform and its integrated wave absorbers for a given wave climate by using a heuristic search technique. The number of iterations to convergence tends towards increased values when considering more optimised variables. It is also observed that the computational time appears to be independent of the number of variables but is significantly impacted by the computational power of the machine used.

The purpose of this thesis is to determine what effects draft order, monetary earnings, and Tommy John Surgery (TJS) have on the perceived value of a pitcher in Major League Baseball (MLB). For the context of this thesis, value will be defined as a player's ability to contribute to their team's wins in a positive manner. TJS has become synonymous with MLB and baseball as a sport, and many are either skeptical of its effects or over-assuming of its benefits. The three aforementioned areas of concerns were used to structure the thesis, as each dependent outcome is analyzed in a chapter of its own. Multiple articles and studies pertaining to the effects draft order, financial earnings, and TJS may have on pitcher value were compiled and analyzed. Looking at studies between pitchers who underwent TJS prior to being drafted, their order by which they are picked by a team is not as affected as assumed, but the pitcher is more likely to return to the disabled/injured list during their career in MLB. A lens of economic value saw that pitchers who were paid more added to their teams' respective wins. However, the financial loss caused by a pitcher missing time to recover from TJS could outweigh the cost of wins. From a purely Tommy-John standpoint, there are significant changes both beneficial and detrimental to a pitcher's overall statistics. Further research and personal knowledge should be explored prior to receiving TJS as a pitcher. Overall, the factor of TJS seems to have a slightly negative influence on the other two factors and an overall stronger influence than draft order or monetary earnings.

No / Discoverability or visibility is a challenge that faces all researchers worldwide – with an ever increasing supply of good research entering the scholarly marketplace; this challenge is only becoming intensified as time passes. The global language of scholarly research is English and so the obstacle of getting noticed is magnified manyfold when the article is not written in the English language. Indeed, despite rapid advances in technology, the “tyranny of language” creates a segmentation inhibiting scholarly research and innovation generally. Mass translation of non-English language articles is neither feasible nor desirable. Our paper proposes a strategy for remedying this segmentation – such that, the work of non-English language scholars become more discoverable. The core piece of this strategy is a “reverse-engineering” [RE] application of Faff’s (2015, 2017) “pitching research” template. More specifically, we provide translated versions of the “cued” template across THIRTY THREE different languages: (1) Arabic; (2) Chinese; (3) Dutch; (4) French; (5) Greek; (6) Hindi; (7) Indonesian; (8) Japanese; (9) Korean; (10) Lao; (11) Norwegian; (12) Polish; (13) Portuguese; (14) Romanian; (15) Russian; (16) Sinhalese; (17) Spanish; (18) Tamil; (19) Thai; (20) Urdu; (21) Vietnamese; (22) Myanmar; (23) German; (24) Persian; (25) Bengali; (26) Filipino; (27) Italian; (28) Afrikaans; (29) Khmer (Cambodia); (30) Danish; (31) Finnish; (32) Hebrew; (33) Turkish. Further, we showcase illustrative dual language examples of the RE strategy for the Chinese, Japanese, Vietnamese and French cases.

Bats are some of the most agile flyers in nature. Their wings are highly articulated which affords them very fine control over shape and form. This thesis investigates the flight of Hipposideros Pratti. The flight pattern studied is nominally level and straight. Measured wing kinematics are used to describe the wing motion. It is shown that Proper Orthogonal Decomposition (POD) can be used to effectively to filter the measured kinematics to eliminate outliers which usually manifest as low energy higher POD modes, but which can impact the stability of aerodynamic simulations. Through aerodynamic simulations it is established that the first two modes from the POD analysis recover 62% of the lift, and reflect a drag force instead of thrust, whereas the first three modes recover 77% of the thrust and even more lift than the native kinematics. This demonstrates that mode 2, which features a combination of spanwise twisting (pitching) and chordwise cambering, is critical for the generation of lift, and more so for thrust. Based on these inferences, it is concluded that the first 7 modes are sufficient to represent the full native kinematics. The aerodynamic simulations are conducted using the immersed boundary method on 128 processors. They utilize a grid of 31 million cells and the bat wing is represented by about 50000 surface elements. The movement of the immersed wing surface is defined by piecewise cubic splines that describe the time evolution of each control point on the wing. The major contribution of this work is the decomposition of the native kinematics into canonical flapping wing physical descriptors comprising of the flapping motion, stroke-plane deviation, pitching motion, chordwise, and spanwise cambering. It is shown that the pitching mode harvests a Leading Edge Vortex (LEV) during the upstroke to produce thrust. It also stabilizes the LEV during downstroke, as a result, larger lift and thrust production is observed. Chordwise cambering mode allows the LEV to glide over and cover a large portion of the wing thus contributing to more lift while the spanwise cambering mode mitigates the intensification of LEV during the upstroke by relative rotation of outer part of the wing ( hand wing ) with respect to the inner part of the wing ( arm wing). While this thesis concerns itself with near straight-level flight, the proposed decomposition can be applied to any complex flight maneuver and provide a basis for unified comparison not only over different bat flight regimes but also across other flying insects and birds. / MS