No presente trabalho analisam-se os aspectos geomorfológicos de três setores da bacia hidrográfica do rio Cotia, localizada a oeste da Região Metropolitana de São Paulo. Foram elaborados mapas com esboço geomorfológicos de cada setor a partir de base cartográfica na escala 1:25.000, imagens de satélite e fotografias aéreas. A análise das fotografias áreas e imagens de satélite, juntamente com a revisão bibliográfica da área de estudo, permitem a identificação e caracterização das feições geomorfológicas, bem como a sua dinâmica no intervalo de 40 anos (1962-2002). A planície fluvial é entendida como um sistema que reflete as mudanças ocorridas na bacia hidrográfica. As feições geomorfológicas estão localizadas na planície de inundação. Considera-se a planície fluvial como leito regular (leito maior). Essa delimitação estabelece o critério para aplicação de Área de preservação Permanente (APP). Os setores (A,B e C) estudados apresentam características geomorfológicas semelhantes. A expansão urbana sobre a planície fluvial dos setores é crescente. Faz-se necessário o estabelecimento de áreas de proteção na planície. A dinâmica fluvial estabelece os limites de expansão da urbanização. / This paper analyses the geomorphological features from three sectors in the Cotia Rivers basin, located in the western part of the metropolitan area of Sao Paulo. Some Maps have even been drawn starting from a cartographic base on the scale of 1:25.000, satellite images and aerial photographs. The scan of the aerial photographs andsatellite images, with a bibliographic review in this study area, allow the identification and characterization of the geomorphological features, as well as their dynamic during 40 years (1962 2002). The fluvial plain is understood how a system that reflects the changes occurring in the basin. The geomorphological features are located at the flood plain. The fluvial plain is considered like a regular riverbed (flood prone width). This delimitation provides criteria to the application of a Permanent Preservation Area (APP). The sectors (A, B and C) were studied contains similar geomorphological characteristics. The urban sprawl on the fluvial plain in the sectors is increase. It is necessary the establishment of protection areas at the plain. The fluvial dynamic establishes the urban sprawl limits.

O sistema fluvial meândrico do Rio Pinheiros em São Paulo (SP) tem passado por muitas mudanças geomorfológicas devido a intervenções antrópicas decorrentes da urbanização. A hipótese motivadora é a de que estas mudanças apresentam magnitudes maiores ou equivalentes àquelas registradas em condições naturais ou não urbanizadas. A pesquisa foi realizada por meio de técnicas oriundas da geomorfologia antrópica e histórica, do mapeamento geomorfológico e da análise de geoindicadores de mudanças nas formas da Terra, nos materiais superficiais e nos processos. Por meio da elaboração de três cartas geomorfológicas na escala de 1:25.000 representativas de distintos estágios de perturbação antrópica (pré-perturbação, perturbação ativa e pós-perturbação), foi possível identificar e dimensionar as mudanças históricas no sistema hidromorfológico desde 1930. Os resultados revelaram a elevada magnitude e alta eficiência das intervenções humanas diretas e indiretas nas morfologias e processos hidromorfológicos. Mudanças esperadas para ocorrer em condições naturais ou não urbanas em intervalos de 1 em 10³ a 1 em 104 anos podem se tornar eventos mais frequentes e instantâneos devido à urbanização (1 em 100 a 1 em 10² anos), fazendo as fontes históricas bastante adequadas para a sua identificação. Em apenas 21 anos, o canal meândrico pré-urbano foi substituído por um canal artificial retilíneo, seu comprimento foi reduzido em 44,9% e sua largura foi aumentada em 184,9%. O canal anterior transportava sedimentos finos e matéria orgânica num fluxo dágua constante para jusante. O canal atual tem uma vazão baixa e controlada artificialmente por estruturas de engenharia, que podem reverter o fluxo dágua para montante, fazendo com que o antigo sistema fluvial fosse transformado em um sistema próximo ao lacustre. A maioria dos sedimentos, matéria orgânica e poluentes é depositada no leito do canal, gerando problemas ambientais e de assoreamento. Nos últimos 80 anos, a antiga planície de inundação foi suprimida e novos níveis de terraços foram criados pela atividade humana, especialmente por aterros, cujo volume foi estimado em 16,28x106 m3. As inundações por extravasamento do canal foram reduzidas por causa das estruturas de controle de cheias, e ficam restritas às suas margens imediatas. Entretanto, a capacidade de atenuação das inundações da planície de inundação e baixos terraços foi perdida, e a frequência e magnitude das inundações foram potencializadas por causa da rede de drenagem urbana deficiente, da obstrução por aterros e pela construção de avenidas de fundo de vale nos rios afluentes. Compreender mudanças de tal magnitude auxilia na gestão dos rios e planícies urbanas, nos levantamentos geotécnicos e na identificação das possibilidades de recuperação ambiental, onde as funções ecológicas, hidrológicas e sociais dos sistemas fluviais devem ser restauradas. / The urbanised meandering fluvial system of River Pinheiros in Sao Paulo, Brazil, has undergone many geomorphological changes due to human interventions during the urban development. The central hypothesis is that geomorphological changes related to urbanisation over a fluvial plain in tropical humid environment present magnitudes higher than, or similar to, natural or non-urban systems. These changes can be explained by using such techniques as anthropic and historical geomorphology, geomorphological mapping, and geoindicators of change in landforms, materials and processes. Three 1:25,000 geomorphological maps of representative stages of intervention (pre-disturbance, active disturbance and post-disturbance) helped to establish, measure and compare historical changes in the hydromorphological system since 1930. The results revealed the great magnitude and high efficiency of direct and indirect human interventions on fluvial landforms and hydromorphological processes. Changes that might be expected to occur at intervals of 1 in 10³ to 1 in 104 years in natural conditions can become much more frequent events (1 in 100 to 1 in 10² years) due to urbanisation, making the historical sources quite suitable for the identification of these modifications. In just 21 years the pre-urban meandering channel was replaced by a straight and artificial canal, with the length being reduced by 44.9%, the width being increased by 184.9%. The previous fluvial channel carried fine sediments and organic matter in a constant downstream water flow. The current canal has the water flow artificially controlled by engineering structures which can be reversed upstream and, nowadays, behaves as a series of lakes with negligible flow. Most of sediments, organic matter and pollutants are deposited in the canal bed, generating siltation and environmental problems. During the last 80 years the previous floodplain level was eliminated and new terrace levels were created by human activity, particularly by landfills whose volume was estimated to be 16.28x106 m3. Floods by channel overflow were reduced by the engineering structures and are restricted to the nearest banks. However, the flood attenuation capacity of the floodplain and lower terraces was lost and the flood frequency and magnitude was enhanced due to deficient urban drainage, landfill blockage and where the tributaries were recovered by roads. Understanding changes of this magnitude can assist in river and flood management in urban areas, in geotechnical surveys and in the landscape reclamation.

Abstract The purpose of this study was to describe the process of learning to perform plain x-ray examinations, and to interpret the learning culture during radiography students’ studies. The aim was to understand how the students learned. Learning was understood as being collaborative and was examined from the perspective of interpretive ethnography. The data were collected during 2004‒2007 from documents, interviews and by observing 17 radiography students as they studied the theory of plain x-ray examinations, performed lab exercises and completed their practical training. The data were analysed using the constant comparison method. A model of the process of learning to perform plain x-ray examinations was created from the results. Based on the results, different learning views prevailed in the contexts of learning how to perform plain x-ray examinations. These governed the formation of five different learning styles, where the link between theory and practice gained different meanings and the learning outcomes varied. In academic studies, learning took place through acquisition of basic professional knowledge. In lab exercises, the students learned by model-based experimentation. In practical training, learning took the form of progress towards expertise through collaboration, active solo work, and working in the background, following instructions. The styles and outcomes of learning were both supported and impeded by factors dependent on the learning contexts and the students. The process of learning to perform plain x-ray examinations was governed by a learning culture that required the ability to interpret and adapt to the learning contexts. Students needed to identify the learning views that prevailed in the learning contexts and adjust their learning style accordingly. It can be concluded that the learning culture provided a varying degree of support to the students' progress towards expertise as they learned to perform plain x-ray examinations. The study produced new information on the learning of health care students from the socio-cultural viewpoint. The results can be exploited when developing the curriculum and the collaboration between Universities of Applied Sciences and trainee job providers towards cooperative learning. Future studies should focus on the learning culture of professional radiographers to develop the education and the field. / Tiivistelmä Tämän tutkimuksen tarkoituksena oli kuvata natiivitutkimusten oppimista ja tulkita oppimisen oppimiskulttuuria röntgenhoitajaopiskelijoiden opinnoissa. Tutkimuksen tavoitteena oli ymmärtää opiskelijoiden oppimista. Oppiminen ymmärrettiin yhteisölliseksi ja sitä tutkittiin tulkinnallisen etnografian avulla. Tutkimusaineisto tuotettiin vuosien 2004–2007 aikana 17 röntgenhoitajaopiskelijan natiivitutkimusten teoriaopintojen, laboraatioharjoittelun ja harjoittelun havainnoinnista, kirjallisista dokumenteista ja haastatteluista. Aineisto analysoitiin jatkuvan vertailun menetelmällä. Tuloksista muodostettiin malli natiivitutkimusten oppimisesta. Tulosten mukaan natiivitutkimusten oppimisen oppimiskonteksteissa vallitsivat erilaiset oppimisnäkemykset. Nämä ohjasivat viiden erilaisen oppimistavan muodostumiseen, joissa teorian ja käytännön välinen yhteys sai erilaisia merkityksiä ja oppimisen tulokset vaihtelivat. Teoriaopinnoissa oppiminen tapahtui ammatillista tietoperustaa omaksuen. Laboraatioharjoittelussa oppiminen eteni oppimisena mallin mukaan kokeillen. Harjoittelussa oppiminen ilmeni oppimisena kohti asiantuntijuutta yhdessä toimien, aktiivisuutta osoittaen yksin toimien ja ohjeita noudattaen taustalla toimien. Oppimistapoja ja oppimisen lopputuloksia tukivat ja estivät oppimiskonteksteista ja opiskelijoista johtuvat tekijät. Natiivitutkimusten oppimista ohjasi oppimiskontekstin tulkintakykyä ja siihen mukautumista edellyttävä oppimiskulttuuri. Opiskelijan oli tunnistettava oppimiskontekstien oppimisnäkemykset ja muokattava oppiminen niiden mukaiseksi. Tulosten mukaan johtopäätöksenä voidaan todeta, että oppimiskulttuuri tuki vaihtelevasti opiskelijan asiantuntijuuteen kasvua natiivitutkimuksia opiskeltaessa. Tutkimus tuotti uutta tietoa terveysalan opinnoissa oppimisesta sosiokulttuurisesta näkökulmasta. Tuloksia voidaan hyödyntää opetussuunnitelman sekä ammattikorkeakoulun ja harjoittelupaikkojen välisen yhteistyön kehittämisessä kohti yhteistoiminnallista oppimista. Jatkossa on syytä tutkia työssä olevien röntgenhoitajien oppimiskulttuuria koulutuksen ja alan kehittämiseksi.

Master of Landscape Architecture / Department of Landscape Architecture/Regional and Community Planning / Eric A. Bernard / This study is an integration of GIS, the Arc Hydro data model and tools, and hydrologic models to solve land use planning issues in the Little Kitten Creek watershed, Riley County, Kansas. Every day designers plan and design in watersheds. These designs alter the land use cover and change the hydrologic regime. Generally the design and development process does not consider upstream/downstream impacts on water quality and quantity. As a result development often increases flooding and water pollution. With the advent of the geodatabase, and the Arc Hydro geodatabase data model, designers have a flexible new tool for rapid simulation of a watershed. Arc Hydro allows the incorporation of traditional hydrologic data into linked modeling software together enabling users a “one-stop” approach for assimilating and modeling water resource systems. Once hydrologic data is in the Arc Hydro format it can be incorporated into assessment models, such as the Map to Map model. This case study assessed the floodplain analysis capabilities of the Map to Map model in the Little Kitten Creek (HUC 14) watershed. Steps to accomplish this goal were: data collection (digital and field surveys) and processing, geodatabase construction, linking the geodatabase with hydrologic modeling programs and, analysis of land uses within the watershed using the Map to Map model with the intent to produce flood maps based on land use changes.

Hypotheses on the efficiency of evidence-based printed materials can be directed by health communication concepts. These concepts can provide a general framework that goes beyond the traditional vulgarization point of view: instead, it points towards a strategy to obtain health outcomes and provoke behavior change, from a disease prevention, management and health promotion perspective. The present study proposes a comprehensive framework based on concepts from health risk communication, Tarde's theory of social values, usability, readability and plain language. Using the mapping approach, an evaluation grid was applied to printed evidence-based materials with proven effectiveness, in order to reveal the underlying strategy and isolate the characteristics of effective materials. The results allowed us to define two types of printed evidence-based materials, according to the robustness of the evidence they contain and the target audience. It was also possible to identify indicators of notions that are translated into operationalized items, frequent in those materials that might be responsible for their efficiency: clear purpose of the documents, limited scope, learning motivation and correspondence to the logic, experience and language of readers. Effectiveness of printed evidence-based materials could also be correlated to numeracy, objectiveness, standard definitions, constant timeframes and denominators, risks enumerated in order of importance, effective response, and high degree of threat, urgency, novelty and visibility of the disease. It was also possible to identify some missing communication concepts: cultural diversity, narrative, increased easiness of procedures and aesthetic advantage for the patient. In the process of work, the theory of social values emerged as a dynamic component that can bring together and explain many concepts, as well as physician’s acceptance of the guidelines. Value in terms of usefulness and truth plays a major role in cognitive appreciation of the documents. This concept gives a strategic meaning to the whole work and allows us to better understand attitude and behavior change.

Na bacia do Arroio Chuí, localizada na região sul da Planície Costeira do Rio Grande do Sul no município de Santa Vitória do Palmar, geralmente nas margens constituídas de barrancas, são encontrados grande quantidade de fósseis de mamíferos integrantes da megafauna pleistocênica. Os estudos até então realizados tinham escopo basicamente na identificação taxonômica dos fósseis e os aspectos biológicos e ecológicos dessa fauna. No presente trabalho, foi elaborado um banco de dados contendo informações relativas às assembleias fossilíferas do Arroio Chuí, tafonomia e a distribuição espacial no sistema de coordenadas da superfície verdadeira terrestre, em um ambiente de Sistema de Informações Geográficas (SIG). A base de dados foi elaborada a partir do acervo analisado do museu Coronel Tancredo Fernandes de Mello, gerando tabelas de dados contendo informações sobre o material fossilifero, georreferenciando os sítios contendo fósseis e desenvolvendo análises estatísticas. A localização precisa das ocorrências de fósseis permitiu a observação de sua distribuição espacial, o que constituiu uma ferramenta na avaliação paleogeográfica da região e permitiu gerar subsídios que auxiliaram para colaborar na compreensão da evolução geológica da porção sul da planície costeira. / In the Chuí Creek basin, located in the southern Coastal Plain of Rio Grande do Sul state, in the Santa Vitoria do Palmar county, usually in the banks, great number of fossils of mammals of the Pleistocene megafauna is found. The studies developed so far focused on the taxonomic identification and biological and ecological aspects of this fauna. In the present work a database containing informations regarding the fossil assemblages of Chuí Creek, taphonomy and spatial distribution in the true Earth surface coordinate system, was elaborated in a Geograpgic Information System (SIG) environment. The database was elaborated from the collection of Coronel Tancredo Fernandes de Mello museum, producing data tables with informations regarding the fossil material, georeferencing the fossil sites and generating statistical analyses. The precise location of the fossils showed their spatial distribution, which turned out to be a tool for evaluate the regional paleogeography and aided to understand the geological evolution of the southern portion of the coastal plain.

Magister Artium - MA / Due to tremendous stigma attached to HIV/AIDS, revelation of HIV positive sero-status of an individual has become a significant risk in communities of South Africa (Kalichman el al., 2003;Deacon et al., 2004; Kalichman et al., 2005, Simbayi et al., 2007). Several researchers have argued that HIV/AIDS stigma poses severe problems which include that it delays HIV testing;stops people living with HIV and AIDS (PLWHA) from seeking care; inhibits incorporation of prevention behaviours; increases violence against HIV-positive people; and extends beyond PLWHA to families, providers and volunteers. HIV/AIDS stigma is widespread, and it is widely accepted that it does not only reflect but also is exacerbated by co-existing stigmas related to poverty, race, gender, substance use, and sexual behaviour (Parker et al., 2002; Parker & Aggleton, 2003; Holloway, Seaton, Taylor, 2004).This study aimed to understand whether HIV/AIDS as a social construct and those living with HIV/AIDS are understood and responded to differently by males and females and those previously classified by the apartheid divisive policy as African and Coloured participants in the context of their daily encounters. Hence, the study investigated whether there is a relationship between race, gender and HIV/AIDS stigma among participants and whether this relationship is mediated by age, educational level, and participants’ household situation. In addition, the study explored whether gendered stigmatization is subscribed to by participants, while it further sought to assess the extent to which participants were exposed to HIV and AIDS; and whether there were gender and racial differences with respect to participants’ perceptions about PLWHA.Finally, the study scrutinized participants’ perceived levels where they believe interventions to eliminate stigma could be prioritized. This study utilized a survey questionnaire drawn up on the basis of qualitative findings in earlier studies on stigma and HIV/AIDS in both ‘African’ and ‘coloured’ communities. Two hundred participants were recruited through a convenience sampling method in the Mitchell’s Plain area of Cape Town, South Africa. The sample was stratified by ‘race’ and gender with the majority between the age of 35 and 49 years; 50.3 % of the respondents in the sample were males, while 49.7 % were females. The majority of the respondents were Africans of Xhosa speaking descent(49.2 %) and coloureds (48.2 %) with a small proportion of whites (2.5 %). All standard ethical procedures for research with human participants were adhered to and the project was registered with the UWC Research & Ethics Committee. All participants responded on the basis of informed consent and consent forms were signed to confirm ethical assurances. Confidentiality of the data was observed and the data was kept in a locked up and secure place for a period of five years after the study. Completed survey questionnaires were coded, and analyzed quantitatively using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences version 17.0 (SPSS) and SAS.Inferential statistics showed highly significant gender differences in participants’ personal stigmatization. More so, personal stigma attitudes were more likely to be found among older males and with means to support their households. Descriptive results showed these older males were less likely to know someone with HIV. The study acknowledged that HIV and AIDS as well as PLWHA are socially constructed and intersected with existing social inequalities on difference and hence, recommends that interventions to address HIV/AIDS stigma need to take cognizance of the contexts in which it occurs. It seems important to address de-stigmatization efforts at coloured families since descriptive results reflect some denial that HIV is a challenge and/or that PLWHA are stigmatized in families and community at large. Gendered constructions of stigma, while impacting on both men and women (since both appear to be stigmatized differently), are clearly still salient and it is recommended that efforts be continually made to raise the way in which gender, class, racialised and other differences of power are being played in community responses to HIV and those living with HIV/AIDS.

Klarspråket som begrepp är väl känt inom Sverige, och arbetet med det har utförts systematiskt under lång tid. I Polen är klarspråket, eller prosty język, ett relativt nytt begrepp och arbetet med att göra myndighetstexter begripliga i Polen har just börjat. En jämförelse mellan de två länderna är alltså mycket intressant – arbetet kommer att fokusera på en jämförelse mellan skattemyndigheter, en specifik typ av myndighet som mig veterligen inte har varit föremål för en sådan komparativ studie mellan Sverige och Polen i fråga om klarspråk tidigare. Även klarspråkets historik, ledande myndigheter och rekommendationer kommer att tas upp i uppsatsen.

This master’s thesis deals with mechanical losses in turbochargers. The theoretical part provides general information of the methods of support the turbocharger rotor, then focuses on hydrodynamic bearings. The thesis analyzes the occurrence of mechanical losses and the effects that affect them. An important part of this thesis focuses on the determination of mechanical losses and their possibilities. A test stand was compiled for the possibility of experimental measurement of mechanical losses. Several test measurements were performed on this test stand at different operating modes. Simultaneously, the determination of mechanical losses was performed using two other methods. Based on these measurements, it was also possible to perform an evaluation and analyze the occurrence of mechanical losses depending on the set operating conditions. A comparison of individual methods for determining mechanical losses performed in the experimental part was performed. At the end of the thesis, the possibilities of the test stand were defined based on the performed measurements.

Philosophiae Doctor - PhD / The increase in overweight and obesity worldwide is described as a global health epidemic. A great proportion of this epidemic is now found in low- and middle-income countries with higher levels of prevalence, particularly in emerging economies. In sub-Saharan Africa, South Africa ranks high in the prevalence of obesity at all levels. Since the inception of democracy in 1994, the government is yet to overcome the burden of poverty and inequality routed in its apartheid past. Apartheid systematically and unjustly disintegrated and segregated black Africans and people of Colour, denying them access to economic opportunity, thus leaving them on a dependency status. Khayelitsha and Mitchells Plain are the relics of apartheid policies. Obesity and associated diseases are highly correlated with gender dynamics, economic conditions, nutritional status, poverty, and urbanisation. It is increasingly evident that poor urban dwellers, especially women and children are at risk of obesity-related factors such as diabetes, hypertension, and heart diseases. The increasing incidence of obesity especially amongst children is concerning. The prevalence of child poverty is in South Africa is a cause for concern. Over 18.5million children are in South Africa, 64% of which are dependent on CSG. With poverty and inequality affecting millions of households, access to food and quality food has reached crises level. Yet, it is a basic human right that has received little empirical response amongst policymaker in South Africa. The South African food system is complex, poverty is endemic and poor households are most vulnerable to unhealthy eating habits. This research critically analysis the link between food choices, overweight and obesity in adults and children living in urban peripheral communities in Cape Town. The study was designed to interrogate the kinds of food eaten by urban peripheral dwellers, their socioeconomic status and how the policy of the BIC addresses the problem of child obesity in South Africa. This research aimed to empirically explore the relationship between BMI and food choices of adults and children living in urban peripheries in Cape Town. The study also aimed at evaluating the BIC in urban townships in Cape Town in the context of child obesity, to understand the views of the children and to understand how poor households are ensuring the BIC in relation food access, food availability and child protection from obesity. The study further aimed at comparing the and contrasting the socioeconomic dynamics of the two population to understand the progress and gaps in their economic and health status. Empirical data were collected from households in Khayelitsha and Mitchells Plain using a two-stage sampling technic to identify clusters and households. A sample of about 4300 individuals in 1052 households was sampled. A 24H dietary recall was used to capture food types of the population. The World Health Organisation guidelines for BMI adults and children were applied through the study. A BIC Index was developed to assess the right to food from the views of the child. First, the study found significant differences in the socioeconomic and demographic profiles of the population. Poverty and the risk of falling into poverty were higher in Khayelitsha than in Mitchells Plain. Two-third of the population (65%) of adults we found to be overweight and obese. Overweight and obesity amongst children was 29% and 68% of children reported that they buy food at school or on their way to school. Over 83% children stated that their parents give them money to take to school. There was a significant association between children buying food and parents giving money at X2 91.4643, P<= 0.000. Carbohydrate represents 40% and sugar 35% of food types children eat away from home. In terms of the BIC, 43% of the children