The southern fox squirrel (Sciurus niger niger) has the northernmost part of its range in Virginia. For the past 100 years, southern fox squirrels have been declining due to habitat fragmentation, cover type conversion, and fire suppression. Decrease in growing season burns, hardwood encroachment and forest mesophication have transformed pine hardwood woodlands and pine (Pinus spp.) savanna habitats that southern fox squirrels prefer to hardwood dominant habitats that eastern gray squirrels (Sciurus carolinenisis) prefer. These habitat changes have the potential to increase competition among the two species. The main objectives of my study were to investigate the general resource needs, occupancy, and home range of southern fox squirrels as well as the impact of resource partitioning and possible competition with eastern gray squirrels in the Piedmont and Coastal Plain of Virginia. I captured, radio collared and tracked four individuals at Big Woods Wildlife Management area and Piney Grove Complex using 95% and 50% kernel density estimate. I found an average male home range 173.49 ha (SE = 25.73, N = 2) and 40.62 ha (SE = 5.87, N = 2) and an average female home range of 28.51 ha (SE = 0.49, N = 2) and 4.71 ha (SE = 0.34, N = 2). I then identified the second and third order habitat selection in which my top models identified selection for pine savanna cover types (β = 2.095, SE = 0.158), increasing number of burns since 2019 (β =1.24, SE = 0.098), and decreased time between burns (β = -0.233, SE = 0.097). I used two-species occupancy modeling which reflected that gray squirrel occupancy increased with increasing time since last prescribed burn. However, southern fox squirrel occupancy, in the absence of gray squirrels, decreased with increasing time since last burn. My informed single-season occupancy model confirmed that southern fox squirrel occupancy decreased with time since the last burn. Presence in the absence of gray squirrels suggests that southern fox squirrels are selecting habitats on BWPGC with respect to both resource needs and competition with gray squirrel. Additionally, my level-of-effort (LOE) analysis indicated that 7 consecutive days of camera trapping without a southern fox squirrel detection would provide 90% confidence of the species' absence in areas burned 2 or more years prior to sampling in southeastern Virginia. Further management for southern fox squirrels in the future should focus on high rotational (short fire return interval) burns in areas of savanna as well as pine-hardwood mixed areas and hardwood-pine savanna ecotones. / Master of Science / The southern fox squirrel (Sciurus niger niger) is a subspecies of fox squirrel that ranges from southeastern Virginia down to northern Florida. All throughout its range in the Southeast, southern fox squirrel habitat has been fragmented from natural mixed pine-hardwood woodland forests to agriculture and high rotation pine plantations. Additionally, habitat has been further transformed by the lack of prescribed fire as a management tool on the landscape. This has in turn created sparse and fragmented local populations of southern fox squirrels as well as possible competition with gray squirrels. Further, the southern fox squirrel has not been studied in Virginia in over 20 years and management recommendations are lacking. I studied the resource needs, occupancy, home range and competition of southern fox squirrels in two physiographic regions of Virginia: the Coastal Plain and Piedmont regions. The Coastal Plain field site was Big Woods Wildlife Management Area and The Nature Conservancy's Piney Grove- both adjacent to each other. The Piedmont field site was Military Training Center Fort Barfoot. Here I utilized camera trapping, nest box monitoring, live trapping, and radio tracking to assess the resources they are utilizing in each area through home range analyses. I found that southern fox squirrels are selecting areas that have low fire return intervals and are located in pine savanna habitats. Therefore, fire should be prioritized as a management tool for southern fox squirrel habitat in pine savanna areas. I also used camera trapping data to identify the possible competition among gray and fox squirrels and fox squirrel detection through occupancy modeling. My findings reflected that there is apparent competition between southern fox squirrels and eastern gray squirrels and that southern fox squirrels are selecting heavily burned areas not only for their resource needs, but also because gray squirrels are absent. I concluded through my studies that the southern fox squirrel currently occupies southeastern Virginia, particularly in the Coastal Plain, however at low numbers. This could be due to suitable habitat on Big Woods/Piney Grove, but the surrounding habitat is of marginal quality. Further, in documenting southern fox squirrels, multi day camera surveys in mixed pine-hardwood woodland and pine savannas should be prioritized. Also, in aims to increase the presence of southern fox squirrels on the landscape, short rotation prescribed burning should be prioritized as well as additionally considering meditation among gray squirrel and fox squirrel competition.

No description available.

No description available.

Introduktion: Dagens strålskyddsprinciper om gonadskydd är i grunden baserade på ALARA principen utöver de olika lagar och författningar som implementeras med tidens gång. Att uppnå diagnostisk kvalitet på bilden utan att ta bort vital information är därför av intresse för röntgensjuksköterskan. Felaktig placering av gonadskyddet kan leda till ökad stråldos samt informationsbortfall, eventuellt även omtag av bilden. Ökande stråldos ger högre risk för genetiska skador på arvsmaterialet samt risken att utveckla cancer. Syfte: Att undersöka förekomsten, mängden felplacerade gonadskydd samt effekten av felplacerade gonadskydd. Metod: En allmän litteraturöversikt baserat på kvantitativa artiklar genomfördes där elvavetenskapliga artiklar kvalitetsgranskades. Sökningar gjordes i databaserna PubMed, CINAHL och Google Scholar. Resultat: Resultat visar att felplacerade gonadskydd leder till omtag av röntgenbilder och patienter utsätts för mer stråldos. Det ökar risken för strålskador. Detta går emot ALARA-principen som ska tillämpas av röntgensjuksköterskor. Slutsats: Mycket av nyligt utkommen forskning pekar på att gonadskydd används ofta felaktigt och skapar då förutsättningar för ökad stråldos för patienten. Huruvida gonadskydd bör avskaffas är något som kräver mer forskning för att avgöra

Studies of diagnostic accuracy often report paired tests for sensitivity and specificity that can be pooled separately to produce summary estimates in a meta-analysis. This was done recently for a systematic review of radiographers' reporting accuracy of plain radiographs. The problem with pooling sensitivities and specificities separately is that it does not acknowledge any possible (negative) correlation between these two measures. A possible cause of this negative correlation is that different thresholds are used in studies to define abnormal and normal radiographs because of implicit variations in thresholds that occur when radiographers' report plain radiographs. A method that allows for the correlation that can exist between pairs of sensitivity and specificity within a study using a random effects approach is the bivariate model. When estimates of accuracy as a fixed-effects model were pooled separately, radiographers' reported plain radiographs in clinical practice at 93% (95% confidence interval (CI) 92-93%) sensitivity and 98% (95% CI 98-98%) specificity. The bivariate model produced the same summary estimates of sensitivity and specificity but with wider confidence intervals (93% (95% CI 91-95%) and 98% (95% CI 96-98%), respectively) that take into account the heterogeneity beyond chance between studies. This method also allowed us to calculate a 95% confidence ellipse around the mean values of sensitivity and specificity and a 95% prediction ellipse for individual values of sensitivity and specificity. The bivariate model is an improvement on pooling sensitivity and specificity separately when there is a threshold effect, and it is the preferred method of choice.

Many learners enter Grade 1 underprepared, because they have not had the chance to develop the necessary skills, values or attitudes expected of learners in this year. This results in academic backlogs and school underachievement, with many learners from poor socio-economic backgrounds in which poverty and unemployment are rife. Early identification of gaps in their learning as well as the support is crucial. Landsberg (2005, p.80) states that addressing early intervention implies not only a focus on the child and the needs of children but also facilitation of the environment in which they live. Against this background the study aims to investigate the needs and challenges of underachieving Grade R learners in a Mitchell’s Plain primary school. A phenomenological qualitative research approach was adopted, using purposeful sampling to obtain participants, and semi-structured interviews, observations and documents to collect data from two Grade R practitioners. A thematic document analysis of 20 underachieving Grade R learners followed to support the findings. The researcher argues that not enough support is being provided for these learners; hence the study seeks to determine their needs and challenges in the school. It is believed that the findings will contribute meaningfully by making recommendations for focused support for these learners. / Inclusive Education / M. Ed. (Inclusive Education)

Thesis (MTh)--Stellenbosch University, 2013. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The researcher’s purpose for writing this paper is first to tell the story of one particular community of faith called the Mount Hope church. In doing so, the spotlight would be placed on the plight and challenges of the Mitchells Plain township life, conditions and ministry. Secondly, the research was seeking to challenge the status quo of a serious lack of human dignity by showing how and why it needs to be restored. Lastly, to then answer the research question: “How does one minister to marginalized and outcast people in such a way that their human dignity is restored?” The researcher has furnished a definition and description of the background of the word township as well as follow four tasks of doing Practical Theology as reflected in the work of one scholar Richard R Osmer. The descriptive empirical section has highlighted the researcher’s life story as key to the research, provided statistical details of the research context as well as individual testimony accounts of lives that have been transformed. The normative section has shown the importance of the prophetic mandate to discern the will of God for the research context. In the interpretive section the researcher has facilitated a dialogue between the descriptive and the normative sections to clarify the importance of system sensitive leadership. The pragmatic section is the last of the four sections where the researcher has shown the strategic output of the Mount Hope church through its leadership. The researcher has concluded by bringing all the chapters together again for the purpose of answering the research question: “How does one minister to marginalized and outcast people in such a way that their human dignity is restored?” It is clear that once they discover the love and forgiveness of Jesus Christ and the acceptance and guidance of a faith community, they are on the road to restored human dignity. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die navorser se doel met die skryf van hierdie artikel was om die verhaal van 'n geloofsgemeenskap, die Mount Hope gemeente, te vertel. Sodoende is die klem geplaas op die uitdagings van Mitchell’s Plain se “township” lewe, toestande en die bediening. Tweedens was die doel van die navorsing om die ernstige gebrek aan menswaardigheid en die herstel daarvan, uit te beeld en aan te spreek. Die navorsing was gefokus om die volgende vraag te beantwoord: “Hoe bedien jy mense wat gemarginaliseer en verworpe is dat dit hul menswaardigheid herstel?” Die navorser verskaf 'n definisie en beskrywing van die agtergrond van die woord “township” sowel as vier take van Praktiese Teologie, soos weerspieël in die werk van die bekende praktiese teoloog, Richard R Osmer. Die beskrywende gedeelte van die navorsing beklemtoon die navorser se lewensverhaal as sleutel tot die navorsing. Empiriese gegewens wat in statistiese besonderhede die navorsing-konteks verreken sowel as individuele getuienisse van mense wie se lewens getransformeer is, word vertel. Dit illustreer die praktyk van die herstel van menswaardigheid. Die normatiewe afdeling het die belangrikheid van die profetiese mandaat om die wil van God vir die navorsing-konteks om te onderskei, aangetoon. In die interpretasie-afdeling het die navorser as 'n dialoog tussen die beskrywende en die normatiewe gedeeltes gehanteer om die belangrikheid van die sisteem sensitiewe leierskap aan te toon. Die pragmatiese artikel is die laaste van die vier afdelings waar die navorser die strategiese uitset van die Mount Hope gemeente deur sy leierskap aantoon en beskrywend vertel hoe mense opgevang, aanvaar en volgens bybelse beginsels ingeskakel word en op die wyse hulle menswaardigheid herontdek in die liefde van Jesus Christus en sy kerk. Die navorser sluit af deur al die hoofstukke byeen te bring om die navorsings vraag te beantwoord: “Hoe bedien jy mense wat gemarginaliseer en verworpe is dat dit hul menswaardigheid herstel?”

本論文的研究主體，為台東平原的阿美族，即馬蘭社阿美族。 和以往的阿美族研究不同的是，本文的焦點，集中在歷史研究，尤其由政治經濟學的取向，探討社會文化的貫時性變遷。由此，本文試圖從歷史進程，理解馬蘭社阿美族特別的文化脈絡與社會型態。 歷經各種不同的統治政權，本文歸納出馬蘭社阿美族特殊且一貫的重農傾向，並與相鄰的「武族」卑南族有政治經濟的合作共生關係，而越接近當代，我們會看到馬蘭社阿美族受到統治政權越廣泛深入的影響，無論在經濟處境、社會結構、政治角色與文化表現上，都感受到越來越明顯的壓力。 基於以上的概念，本文論述的取向，不僅是貫時性的，也是文化的比較研究。在不同時期，找出政治環境引入的不同人群，以及經濟環境上的重要變遷，以突顯台東平原，尤其是馬蘭社原住民的文化表現，尚武的卑南與重農的阿美兩種文化傳統，進入當代國民國家的體制內，其社會文化，從諸多面向來看──包括生產方式，社會地位，政治參予，經濟權利，與精神生活，都可以發現許多值得探討其脈絡的特殊表現。 本文第一章首先揭露，有足夠證據顯示，馬蘭社具備長久歷史。其次，本文提出卑南族與阿美族在臺東平原的共生關係，這個歷史淵源，作為本文的重要主軸，在接下來的篇章，會持續提示每個時期，兩族各自表現出不同的文化調適。最後強調馬蘭社阿美族的文化特色，即在於特重農業生產的傳統。 第二章討論日本統治初期，台東平原原住民，因其社會文化更適宜統治，以致於很快就被統治者識別，採取與島內其他原住民不同的統治方式，從稅收、產權與勞役等政策上，都可以發現較短的適應期與更早的公民化，然而也在生產勞力上出現更深廣的剝削。由此接續第三章以糖業生產為中心的探討。 第三章以日本推行糖業生產，導致台東平原民族關係的改變為探討主軸。在生產勞力重整的過程中，特意引進定居人口（內地人與本島人），同時加重原住民勞力負擔，抑制原住民地權，乃至經濟建設（卑南大圳）引起的農業環境改變，凡此皆是台東平原原住民經濟生活轉變的重要關鍵。 第四章由經濟轉向政治，分析日本帝國引進的公民政治，試圖在臺東平原建立一個本島人支配內地人與原住民的階級結構，其中原住民在文化上與經濟上最居劣勢，從而影響其政治生活，幾乎難以感受原住民精英的活力，自難期待從政治參予上整體增進原住民的社會地位。 第五章進入戰後，選擇了又一個興起二十年的農產經濟──罐頭鳳梨的生產外銷。不僅要成為國家公民，國民黨政府更要求同化，在這樣的背景下，原住民勞力投入鳳梨工廠的同時，文化也面臨毀滅，年輕一代向都市移動，原有的農耕傳統、家庭組織、宗教信仰都面臨嚴峻考驗。1970年代鳳梨加工產業走向黃昏的同時，馬蘭社阿美族文化似乎也走到一個臨界點。 最後，作為民族史的政治經濟比較研究，本文強調，社會文化的完整運作，才是經濟發展的穩固基礎，政治經濟的競逐，無論如何必須避免歷史文化上的短視，甚至忽視。 / The subject of this dissertation is the Taitung Amis, who are Falangaw Amis. The focus of this study is different from previous studies, because it is concentrated on their history and their social and cultural changes. Much is due to political economics. Falangaw Amis saw various government regimes. The cultural tendencies of Falangaw Amis are consistently related to agriculture. They cooperated with Puyuma who have high regard for the military Wu Zu武族 and lived next to them, in politics and economy. More recently, Falangaw Amis are more deeply influenced by various government regimes. No matter what their economics, society, political roles, and cultural performances were, this tribe received more and more pressure about those. This dissertation not only reveals long historical changes, but also studies cultural comparisons. In different periods, the changes of economic surroundings as well as the crowds led into Taitung by various government regimes, can revive the cultural performance of Falangaw Amis. The Puyumas have high regard for the military; the Amis stress agriculture. This can be a wide area of inquiry. These all affect the production, social status, political concerns, economic rights, and cultural life of Amis. The first chapter in this dissertation reveals that we have enough evidence to show that the Falangaws had a long history. It also suggests that the Puyuma tribe and Ami tribe had a cooperative relationship in the Taitung plain. This history is the main topic in this dissertation. The following chapters will mention the different changes in the two tribes in each period. Finally, it emphasizes cultural characteristics of Falangaw Amis, especially the tradition of agriculture. The second chapter shows that in the early period of Japanese rule, the aborigines who lived in the Taitung plain were more easily ruled by Japanese. Therefore, Japan adopted different ways to govern them, from others. With tax revenue, decrease of property rights, and forced labor, all evidence shows that aborigines had little time to adapt to the new government and be citizens. However, the government exploited the aborigines considerably in production work. The following chapter will discuss the sugar production industry. The third chapter mainly treats the fact that the Japanese promoted the sugar production industry. This caused changes in ethnic relations in the Taitung plain. Under the process of organizing production labor, the government brought in some special populations, and at the same time increased the aborigines' labor burden and suppressed their property rights. Furthermore, economic development (the ditches) made the agricultural surroundings change. These are all keys that made the aborigines' economic life change considerably. The fourth chapter shows that the Japanese brought in citizen politics and attempted to establish a class system. In this system some dominated others, including the aborigines. In cultural and economic status, the aborigines were inferior. Therefore it was difficult to get enthusiasm or support from aborigine leaders. No wonder that it's difficult to improve the social status of the aborigines by political means. . The fifth chapter mainly treats in the postwar period the export trade of pineapple can production, another hot agriculture industry. KMT government made the aborigines be citizen and adaption. The aborigines worked for those pineapple factories. The young men moved to big cities for work and life. Their traditional agriculture, family organization and religion faced a baptism of fire. In 1970, when the pineapple can production was downward, Falangaw Amis seemed to be at the juncture. Finally, as a ethnic history in politic economy compared research , the dissertation stress that the social culture should works well,then the economy development would have a steady foundation. Even the politics and economy can be successful. It is very important not to be shortsighted in criticizing history and culture.

Den här studien undersöker hur en tryckt broschyr kan anpassas till en webbplats. Syftet med arbete är att se hur en informationsrik text kan skrivas i klarspråk och hur tydlighet och struktur påverkar webbanpassningen av en text. Jag har i denna studie utgått från en informationsbroschyr om värmepumpar utgiven av Energimyndigheten. På uppdrag av Energimyndigheten har jag omarbetat några sidor av broschyren och förberett dem för digitalt format. Målgruppen för informationsmaterialet är villaägare och energi- och klimatrådgivare som arbetar med rådgivning om värmepumpar. Jag har utgått från teorier gällande klarspråk, läsning på skärm, hierarkier, komposition och disposition. Jag har gjort en textanalys på den befintliga broschyren, genomfört en enkätundersökning med energi- och klimatrådgivare, intervjuat en värmepumpsexpert på Energimyndigheten och sedan genomfört utprovningar med villaägare. De slutsatser jag kommit fram till är att webbtexter behöver vara konkreta och korta. Användande av vardagliga uttryck och förklaringar av krångliga ord och facktermer, underlättar för läsaren. Ett bra exempel är att inkludera en ordlista. Det ska vara enkelt att få en snabb överblick av webbplatsens innehåll och användaren vill inte behöva skrolla ner på skärmen, det försämrar översikten och sammanhanget. Men den absolut viktigaste slutsatsen är att försöka förstå målgruppen och utgå från deras förkunskaper. / This study examines how a printed brochure can be adapted to a website. The aim of this study is to see how an information-rich text can be adapted to a digital format with focus on plain language and how structure can contribute to web adaptation of a text. In this study I have worked with an information brochure about heat pumps, the brochure is a publication from the Swedish Energy Agency. On behalf of the Swedish Energy Agency I have revised some pages of the brochure and prepared them for a digital format. The target group of this information brochure is Swedish homeowners and energy and climate advisors. The advisors help and guide homeowners who are looking for information about heat pumps. I have focused on theories of plain language, reading on screen, hierarchy, composition and disposition. A text analysis on the existing brochure has been performed and I have conducted a survey where I gathered opinions from the energy and climate advisors. I have also interviewed a heat pump expert at the Swedish Energy Agency and conducted usability test with homeowners. The conclusions of my study are that web texts need to be concise and short. The usage of ordinary words is important and to always explain difficult phrases and technical words is of great help to the reader. A good example is to include a dictionary. It should be easy to get a quick overview of the site content and the user should see the full page info, having to scroll down complicates the overview and context. But the most important conclusion is that the writer needs to understand the target group and their previous knowledge.

As comunidades florestais periféricas às florestas que recobrem o sopé e as médias encostas da Serra do Mar apresentam uma convergência de fisionomias e aspectos xeromórficos, sustentada por floras que estão relacionadas quanto às suas origens. Como estas semelhanças podem indicar condições ecológicas similares, o trabalho investigou qualitativa e quantitativamente se as semelhanças fisionômicas, entre a Floresta do Topo dos Morros da Serra do Mar e a Floresta Seca de Restinga no Estado de São Paulo, são acompanhadas por semelhanças florísticas e estruturais. Esta investigação teve como objetivos: caracterizar e comparar, em termos fitossociológicos, as florestas secas de restinga e as florestas do topo das escarpas atlânticas; e analisar as relações entre possíveis padrões florísticos e estruturais do componente arbóreo destas florestas e condições edáficas e climáticas de seus ambientes. A amostragem foi realizada a partir de 10 parcelas de 10 m X 10 m em cada uma das seis áreas de estudo. Para o topo da Serra do Mar considerou-se a floresta nas seguintes Unidades de Conservação: Estação Biológica de Boracéia; Núcleo Curucutu do PESM e Parque Estadual Intervales. Para a floresta seca de restinga, as áreas de estudo foram: Núcleo Picinguaba do PESM, Estação Ecológica Juréia-Itatins e Parque Estadual Ilha do Cardoso. Através da descrição fitossociológica das comunidades e de técnicas de análise multivariada para classificação e ordenação, observou-se que as áreas de floresta do topo das encostas são pouco similares florística e estruturalmente em relação às florestas secas de restinga. As pequenas semelhanças entre as florestas estudadas dizem respeito às espécies de grande plasticidade ecológica e que, por isso, possuem ampla distribuição geográfica. As diferenças florísticas e estruturais foram determinadas pelas espécies oriundas das florestas que recobrem as encostas da Serra do Mar, sendo que nehuma das espécies consideradas importantes é endêmica de um dos tipos florestais, não sustentando, assim, a convergência ecológica. / Plant communities at the periphery of the Atlantic rainforest that recover the lower and middle slopes of Serra do Mar presents a convergence of physiognomy and xeromorphycs aspects, supported by floras that are related on its origins. As these convergence can indicate similar ecological conditions, this present work investigated if the similarities between Upper Slope Forest and the Restinga Forest in the State of São Paulo, Brazil, are followed by floristic and structural similarities. This inquiry had two objectives: characterize and compare the Upper Slope Forest and the Restinga Forest in its phytosociological aspects; analyze the relationships between edaphic and climatic conditions and floristic and structural patterns of the arboreal component of these forests. To characterize the Upper Slope Forest was considered forests in the following Conservation Units: Estação Biológica de Boracéia, Núcleo Curucutu do Parque Estadual da Serra do Mar and Parque Estadual Intervales; and to characterize the Restinga Forest the study areas were in the following Conservation Units: Núcleo Picinguaba do PESM, Estação Ecológica Juréia-Itatins and Parque Estadual Ilha do Cardoso. For structural vegetation analysis, were used 10 plots of 10 x 10 m in each area. The phytosociological description and multivaried analysis of classification and ordination showed that areas of Upper Slope Forest and Restinga Forest have low similarity. The resemblances are based on occurrence of broad ecological plasticity species and, therefore, of wide distribution. On the other hand, the floristic and structural heterogeneity is consequence of the predominance, in each forests type, of different species from the Atlantic rainforest that recover the lower and middle slopes of Serra do Mar, not supporting the ecological convergence hypothesis.