The aims of this study were to describe the childbirth preferences of nulliparous women in early pregnancy and to develop a model of the predictors of those preferences. Participants were recruited with Facebook advertisements and data were collected from 344 women via online survey. Predictors were measured using the Utah Test for the Childbearing Year. Predictors of childbirth preferences (type of birth care provider, birth setting, mode of delivery, and use/avoidance of pain medication) were tested using structural equation modeling. Conventional content analysis was employed to analyze women’s reasons for selecting the type of provider and setting they expected for their delivery. Although the majority of respondents preferred physicians and hospital birth, the proportions of women who preferred midwifery care and planned home birth were higher than currently access those types of care in the U.S. More respondents preferred to use pain medication than to avoid it. Over 95% of respondents preferred vaginal delivery. Women who had an internal locus of control and perceived their childbearing role to be one of active participation were more likely than women who saw their role as a passive one to prefer midwifery care, home birth, vaginal delivery, and to avoid pain medication. Women who saw the provider’s role as dominant to their own were more likely to prefer physicians and hospital birth than those who viewed the provider’s role as a collaborative one. The more fearful/painful women expected birth to be, the more likely they were to prefer cesarean delivery.

Syftet med examensarbetet var att undersöka hur påtvingade brytpunkter, i detta fall nedläggning av en arbetsplats, upplevdes och vilka möjligheter individerna såg inför sina fortsatta karriärval. Den metod som användes var av kvalitativ art med ostrukturerade intervjufrågor riktat till sex respondenter som befann sig i samma situation. Resultatet visade att trots att de flesta respondenter kände chock och ilska när beskedet kom, så upplevde de ett år senare situationen som mer hanterbar och hade börjat strukturera i både tankar och handling vilka alternativ man såg som möjliga och åtkomliga. De slutsatser vi drog var att individens egen motivation har spelat stor roll och beslut som tagits har utgått ifrån den kontext man befunnit sig i. Flera var aktiva i sitt sökande efter nya möjligheter till sysselsättning och kunde med lite distans se denna oförutsedda händelse som ett tillfälle i livet att utifrån ett intresse finna en ny karriär. The purpose with the degree project was to investigate how forced turning points, in this case company closure, were experienced and what opportunities individuals could see concerning their continuous career choices. Method used was of qualitative kind with unstructured interview questions aimed to six respondents´ being in the same situation. Despite most of respondents´ feelings of chock and anger when information was recieved, the result proved one year later they experienced the situation as manageable and had started to structure in both thoughts and actions different possibilities and reachable alternatives. Conclusions made were in fact that the individual’s own motivation had made a big difference and decisions made were taken considering the context of their lives. Most of the respondents were active in seeking after new possibilities to occupation and were able to with some perspective see this unforeseen turning point as an opportunity in life to find a new career based on their interest.

Syftet med denna studie var att undersöka programmet Pedagogik med inriktning ungdoms – och missbruksvårds påverkan på studenters subjektiva beteende gentemot personer med missbruksproblematik. Som metod i denna kvantitativa uppsats användes frågeformulär för insamling av data. Respondenterna var utexaminerade behandlingspedagoger samt förstaårsstudenter vid programmet pedagogik med inriktning ungdoms- och missbruksvårds. Resultatet pekade på en påverkan av attityder, sociala normer samt tron på den egna förmågan, vilka tillsammans utgjorde grunden till beteende, bland majoriteten av de utexaminerade studenterna. Uppsatsens slutsatser visade på att Institutionen för Pedagogik (tidigare Institutionen för Pedagogik, psykologi och idrottsvetenskap), vilka tillhandahåller utbildningen haft framgång i arbetet med att nyansera och utveckla grundläggande synsätt för professionella inom missbruksvården. Trots detta bör den grupp av personer som inte påvisar en sådan subjektiv påverkan uppmärksammas för att förbättra resultatet än mer.

The Canadian C-Spine (CS) and CT-Head (CT) Rules are tools aimed at improving the accuracy and efficiency of radiography use in emergency departments. This study evaluated whether the Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB) could explain the inconsistent results from implementation studies of these two rules at 12 Canadian hospitals, where the same intervention resulted in a significant reduction in CS radiography but not CT radiography. It was demonstrated that the TPB model’s proposed relationships between constructs and behaviour could explain the ordering of CS but not CT radiography. However, after examining longitudinal changes of the TPB constructs, it was clear that these changes could not explain the changes in CS radiography ordering. Overall, TPB is unlikely to suggest important ways by which to improve radiography use, for CT because its constructs are not related to radiography ordering, and for CS because of high baseline levels of intention to clinically clear.

The Canadian C-Spine (CS) and CT-Head (CT) Rules are tools aimed at improving the accuracy and efficiency of radiography use in emergency departments. This study evaluated whether the Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB) could explain the inconsistent results from implementation studies of these two rules at 12 Canadian hospitals, where the same intervention resulted in a significant reduction in CS radiography but not CT radiography. It was demonstrated that the TPB model’s proposed relationships between constructs and behaviour could explain the ordering of CS but not CT radiography. However, after examining longitudinal changes of the TPB constructs, it was clear that these changes could not explain the changes in CS radiography ordering. Overall, TPB is unlikely to suggest important ways by which to improve radiography use, for CT because its constructs are not related to radiography ordering, and for CS because of high baseline levels of intention to clinically clear.

Consumers today are becoming more aware of how their behavior and use of resources affect the environment. It is becoming increasingly important for companies to understand consumer’s attitudes in order to predict their behavior. Extensive research has been conducted on the attitude-behavioral relationship in various fields of study. However, no research has been made on the attitude towards environmentally friendly automobiles and how it affects purchase intentions. Our research has been made in collaboration with Volvo Car Corporation, which in 2010 was acquired by Geely Automobile. The acquisition meant that an opportunity presented itself on the Chinese market, which today is the largest automobile market in the world. The thesis will focus on young Chinese consumer’s attitude toward the environment and how this may affect their purchase intentions towards environmentally friendly automobiles. The basis for our reasoning is that the factors environmental values, environmental knowledge and responsibility feelings make up an individual’s environmental attitude. The purpose of this thesis is to investigate how environmental values, environmental knowledge and responsibility feelings affect purchase intentions towards environmentally friendly automobiles among young Chinese consumers. We have used a quantitative approach in our collection of empirical data. With the help of a web-based self-completions survey we managed to send out the questionnaire to all Chinese students studying at Jönköping University and received a high response rate of 65%. We based the design of the survey on a model from Kaiser, Ranney, Hartig and Bowler (1999). The major findings from our research conclude that the used model does not substantially explain purchase intentions of environmentally friendly automobiles. Our research suggests that the factors environmental knowledge and responsibility feelings are not significant when predicting intentions to purchase environmentally friendly automobiles. However, the factor environmental values proved to be strongly correlated when predicting intentions to purchase environmentally friendly automobiles.

The present study employed Ajzen’s theory of planned behaviour (TPB) to understand the motivational factors associated with peoples’ intention to: (a) increase their physical activity levels in response to Vancouver 2010 Olympic Winter Games; (b) watch the event on television; and (c) purchase products or services from companies because they were sponsors of the event. According to the theory, behavioural intentions are determined by individuals’ attitude toward performing the behaviour (i.e., their overall evaluation of the behaviour); the subjective norms they associate with the behaviour (i.e., their beliefs about whether most people approve or disapprove of the behaviour); and perceived behavioural control (i.e., the perceived ease or difficulty of performing the behavior). As well, this investigation hypothesized that additional variables could predict intention. In particular, past behaviour and descriptive norms (i.e., people’s perceptions about the degree to which other people would perform the behavior) were examined in terms of their ability to explain significant proportions of variance in respondents’ intentions above and beyond TPB variables. Participants were enrolled in first and second year undergraduate classes at the University of Waterloo and the University of Victoria during the Fall 2009 and Winter 2010 term (n = 405). The questionnaire assessed each TPB construct (excluding actual behaviour) using standardized Likert-type scaling procedures suggested by Ajzen (2006). Additionally, the questionnaire assessed gender, geographic proximity to the event (i.e., whether students were enrolled at the University of Waterloo or the University of Victoria), past behaviour, and descriptive norms. Results from the regression analyses revealed that the TPB-based models accounted for 50.7%, 61.5% and 66.6% of the variance in respondents’ intentions to become more active in response to the event, watch the event on television, and purchase products or services from event sponsors respectively. Attitude toward the behaviour was the only TPB construct to play a prominent role in the prediction of all three responses of interest in the present investigation. The importance of the attitude construct in predicting such a diverse set of intentions suggests that sport consumer behaviour might be best understood in terms of expectancy-value cognitive theories such as the TPB. These theories suggest that people will be motivated to perform a particular behaviour (e.g., watching a sport event on television) when they expect to attain a valued outcome as a result of performing the behaviour (e.g., feelings of national pride). Descriptive norms and past behaviour explained an additional 29%, 9.3%, and 21% of the variance in respondents’ intention to become more active in response to the event, watch the event on television, and patronize event sponsors respectively. Among this sample of undergraduate students, responses to the event appeared to be strongly associated with beliefs about whether or not referent others would perform each behaviour. Additionally, much of what motivates sport consumer behaviour within this segment of the population may be related to notions of tradition and nostalgia. Implications for future research and the design of behaviour change interventions are discussed.

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From 2009¡AIndonesia has been Striving to Expand BRIC to BRIIC¡AFrom the growth of Indonesia these days, we can see that the demand of 3C product including Computer, Communications and Consumer-Electronics have been growing rapidly. According to Apkomindo in 21st of July 2010 stated that there has been a 167% of growth from past year of laptop demand in Indonesia, it because of the Indonesia¡¦s economy has been performing well in the many year. From the fascinating of Laptop demand growth, it has attracted many laptop companies to enter the Indonesia market. Asus, as the new entrant of Taiwanese Laptop company in Indonesia has to deal with the fierce competition among laptop companies, one of the tough competitor is Taiwanese laptop Company, Acer. If Asus wants to successfully expand into Indonesia Laptop market, Asus has to understand well on Indonesian Consumer behaviors, if Asus manage to understand well about what consumer need while consuming laptop, the Asus will manage to expand its market in Indonesia. Due to the situation above, The study research is about to understand the buying Intention of Indonesian people while purchasing Laptop. The Study research used the TPB(Theory of Planned Behavior) model of Ajzen as the research fundamental for studying the laptop buying intention of Indonesian people. The target of our study is the Indonesian consumer whether they currently in the region of Indonesia or in the foreign country. We manage to collect the effective- questionnaires of 126. In-order to test the adaptability of the construct models, we use regression analysis to analysis the collecting data and using Focus Group discussion both method as the study research analysis. The focus group discussion has involved six Indonesian students that currently studied in National of Sun-Yat-Sen University in Taiwan. According the result of this study, Consumer¡¦s Attitude, Social norm and Perceived behavior control, product characteristic and company marketing has a significant influence to Indonesian people on buying laptop. The research also figure it out that the different types of the purchased laptop of consumer has different influences effect on purchasing laptop.

Chinese people are keen on nutritional Supplements for decades. They will consume on anything that are good for their health, just like the Chinese old folk says, ¡§If we sick, we need to find the cure, but if we are not sick, we need to stay fit¡¨. Most of Chinese people who still under this traditional point of view will pay whatever it cost to acquire the supplements that are good for their health, especially on special recipe. Keeping fit is a trend in the past few years. Nowadays, functional food is acceptable in our society. But we still don¡¦t understand much about it. Besides, based from the event that occurred in 2008 which our government has changed ¡¨Centrum¡¨ from drugs into food product, we can see that The standard on distinguishing drugs, functional food and food product is still an obscure. And it left consumer in the middle of confusions. Actually, on the consumer point of view, ¡§Centrum¡¨ is a functional food to them. Hence, our study is based from consumer perspective to research the consumer recognition on functional food, and also performing a further research on consumer buying intention on functional food and the impact factors on buying the functional food products. Our Study using TPB model as our research fundamental for studying consumer acknowledgement on functional food and their buying intention. Our research sample is targeting citizen at Kaohsiung and Taichung city. We send out 120 questionnaires and 100 internet questionnaires and we manage to collect 220 samples. There are 194 effective questionnaire out of total sample of 220 that been collected, the sample effective rate is 88.19%. In-order to test the adaptability of the construct models, we use regression analysis and covariance analysis to analyze collected sample using SPSS version 14. The result of this study discovered that consumer behavior on functional food can be proved by the TPB model. But in Taiwan, the definition of functional food even though has been defined by law, but consumer still doesn¡¦t have much information about the definition of functional food. And yet has caused the irrational behavior of consumer while purchasing functional food. Though this research we suggest the government perfume action on informing its people on the definition of functional food and the proper way on differentiate and to consume the functional food. And also, the government must have started to emphasize about the preventive medical perspective to the public to ease the pressure on structural aging problem in our nation.