O sucesso de um projeto depende, em grande parte, da escolha e uso de ferramentas adequadas para o seu desenvolvimento. Como no caso de qualquer outra ferramenta, é de suma importância o conhecimento das características, funções e do desempenho dos programas de computador que se pretende empregar na solução de problemas de qualquer natureza. Tendo por base esta constatação e voltando-se apenas para uma área específica, o objetivo deste trabalho de pesquisa é comparar três software de SIG (Sistemas de Informação Geográfica) aplicados ao planejamento de transportes quanto às suas características funcionais e desempenho. Os software UfosNet, TransCAD e ArcView foram comparados quanto a alguns aspectos descritivos, tais como: tempo de aprendizado e possibilidades de customização, entre outros; características operacionais básicas de SIG; rotinas avançadas de SIG e rotinas específicas de transportes. Para uma análise mais efetiva do potencial dos mesmos como ferramentas de planejamento de transportes foi proposta a solução de um problema envolvendo o cálculo de uma medida de acessibilidade. Através dos resultados encontrados com as diversas avaliações realizadas foi possível concluir que os três sistemas atendem perfeitamente à configuração mínima desejada para um software SIG, mas que apenas o TransCAD e o UfosNet enquadram-se de fato na categoria de SIG-T, uma vez que o ArcView praticamente não fornecia as principais ferramentas necessárias à solução de problemas de transportes específicos. Embora os resultados deste trabalho possam ajudar diretamente aos usuários na escolha do software mais adequado à aplicações específicas na área de transportes, a sua maior contribuição está na metodologia de avaliação em si. Isto se deve à evolução extremamente rápida dos programas de computador, que torna qualquer resultado de uma análise comparativa efêmero e não conclusivo. Neste sentido, a metodologia de avaliação pode ser útil tanto para grandes empresas que desejam aplicar soluções de geoprocessamento, como para usuários individuais ou autônomos, pois em ambos os casos pode contribuir para um máximo aproveitamento do SIG como uma ferramenta auxiliar na solução de problemas de transportes. / The success degree of any project is largely determined by the use of adequate tools to its development. Like any other tool, it is of utmost importance the knowledge of characteristics, functions and performance of the computer program one intends to use to solve any particular problem. Bearing it in mind and turning towards an specific area, the objective of this research work is to compare three GIS (Geographic Information Systems) software applied to transportation planning, concerning its functional and performance characteristics. The computer packages UfosNet, TransCAD, and ArcView were compared regarding some descriptive aspects, such as: learning time and customization possibilities, among others; basic GIS operating characteristics, advanced GIS routines and transportation routines. In order to conduct a more effective analysis of their potential as a transportation planning tool they were all applied for finding a solution of a problem involving the calculation of an accessibility measure. The results found suggest that all three systems comply with the minimum configuration desired for a GIS software. However, only TransCAD and UfosNet fit in the GIS-T category, since ArcView did not supply the main necessary tools to solve the specific transportation problems proposed. Although the results of this work may directly help users in their choice of more adequate software, its biggest contribution lies in the evaluation methodology itself. It is so due to the extremely fast evolution of computer programs that makes any result of a comparative analysis ephemeral and non-conclusive. In this sense, the evaluation methodology might be useful to big companies seeking GIS solutions as well as to individual users, since in both cases it can contribute to the maximum use of GIS as a supporting tool for solving transportation problems.

Depuis la Réforme économique en 1986, Hô Chi Minh-ville (HCMV) et particulièrement son centre (correspondant à l'ancienne Saigon) connaissent un boom de la construction, dans lequel les interventions du secteur privé jouent un rôle primordial. Or, Saigon, désormais partie de la métropole du Sud du Vietnam, possède un cadre bâti riche, formé par les modes de construction résultant d'une accumulation de cultures urbaines variées qui ont chacune laissé dans la ville leurs traces matérielles ; mais cet espace urbain complexe se trouve aujourd'hui mis en question par l'intense mouvement de construction que les institutions d'urbanisme vietnamiennes avec leurs outils (plans et projets d'urbanisme, documents législatifs et administratifs, programmes urbaines) semblent avoir peine à maîtriser. L'étude des mutations urbaines de cet espace à partir de leurs acteurs et vecteurs conduit cette recherche à une confrontation des outils d'urbanisme à leurs effets sur les transformations typo-morphologiques introduites par les initiatives privées dans le centre de HCMV, à travers l'histoire de sa construction urbaine depuis l'époque coloniale jusqu'à nos jours / Since the Economic Reform in 1986, Ho Chi Minh City (HCMC) and its center (corresponding to the ancient Saigon) have in particular experienced a boom in construction, in which the private sector plays the key role. In addition, the city of Saigon, now part of the metropolis of south of Vietnam, has a rich urban structure formed by methods of construction which result from an accumulation of various urban cultures, each of them leaving material traces - a complex urban space now challenged by intense movement of construction which the Vietnamese planning institutions with their tools (plans and urban projects, legislative and administrative documents, urban programs) have not been effective in controlling. By studying the urban change of this space through its actors and vectors, this research leads us to a comparison of planning tools and their effects on the typo-morphological transformations introduced by private initiatives in the center of HCMC, through its history of urban construction since the colonial period until today

Estate planning is an important exercise aimed at increasing, preserving and protecting assets during a person's lifetime and providing for the disposition and continued utilisation of these assets after his death. The minimisation of estate duty, however, often dominates the motivation behind estate planning and many of the tools, structures and techniques used as part of the estate planning exercise are aimed at reducing or avoiding estate duty. One of these tools is the trust. In the 2010 Budget Review National Treasury suggested that taxes upon death should be reviewed. Such review may result in estate duty being abolished. Should this happen, the motivation behind many estate plans will dissipate and many estate plans that mainly focussed on estate duty will become ineffective. The question that comes to mind is whether trusts have a future as estate planning tools. Estate planning involves many different objectives and many of these objectives can be achieved through the use of trusts. Trusts have multiple benefits and only if a trust was set up solely to reduce or avoid estate duty, will such trust become superfluous. When looking at the use of trusts in countries that do not levy estate duty (such as Australia, Canada and New Zealand), it is clear that trusts remained useful and popular in these countries even after estate duty had been abolished. This is a strong indication that trusts have a future in South Africa and that the abolishment of estate duty will not affect the usefulness and popularity of trusts. / Thesis (M.Com. (South African and International Taxation))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2012.

Estate planning is an important exercise aimed at increasing, preserving and protecting assets during a person's lifetime and providing for the disposition and continued utilisation of these assets after his death. The minimisation of estate duty, however, often dominates the motivation behind estate planning and many of the tools, structures and techniques used as part of the estate planning exercise are aimed at reducing or avoiding estate duty. One of these tools is the trust. In the 2010 Budget Review National Treasury suggested that taxes upon death should be reviewed. Such review may result in estate duty being abolished. Should this happen, the motivation behind many estate plans will dissipate and many estate plans that mainly focussed on estate duty will become ineffective. The question that comes to mind is whether trusts have a future as estate planning tools. Estate planning involves many different objectives and many of these objectives can be achieved through the use of trusts. Trusts have multiple benefits and only if a trust was set up solely to reduce or avoid estate duty, will such trust become superfluous. When looking at the use of trusts in countries that do not levy estate duty (such as Australia, Canada and New Zealand), it is clear that trusts remained useful and popular in these countries even after estate duty had been abolished. This is a strong indication that trusts have a future in South Africa and that the abolishment of estate duty will not affect the usefulness and popularity of trusts. / Thesis (M.Com. (South African and International Taxation))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2012.

A constante ausência de planejamento urbano nos países em desenvolvimento é um dos principais fatores responsáveis pela ineficiência da infraestrutura pública de suas cidades, o que é agravado pelo fato de que muitas dessas cidades permanecem em processo de crescimento. Essa falta de planejamento gera inúmeros problemas, principalmente com relação à mobilidade e ao transporte, que por sua vez desencadeiam uma série de outros problemas. Dentre as principais limitações do planejamento sob tais condições, destaca-se a falta de ferramentas apropriadas. Propõe-se assim a caracterização de um modelo para o planejamento estratégico do uso do solo e transportes, com o qual é realizada uma aplicação na cidade de São Carlos, utilizando dados e ferramentas disponíveis. Dessa forma, são analisados os procedimentos executados tanto do ponto de vista técnico do planejamento, quanto do ponto de vista operacional das ferramentas e programas utilizados. Com isso, busca-se construir uma base referencial no sentido de auxiliar o uso, adaptação e desenvolvimento de ferramentas computacionais de planejamento urbano, principalmente para aplicações em cidades médias de países em desenvolvimento e com enfoque no transporte por ônibus. Baseando-se nas principais técnicas de planejamento compatíveis com essa abordagem, o modelo foi definido através de etapas sequenciais, desde a preparação dos dados reunidos, a projeção geográfica de futuros usos do solo, até a previsão e visualização da demanda por transporte urbano. Desse modo, utilizando apenas dados de fácil obtenção, como as informações do Plano Diretor, dados censitários e levantamentos de outras fontes confiáveis, é possível avaliar o impacto do crescimento urbano sobre o sistema de transportes. Para executar o modelo, fez-se uso dos programas What if? e TransCAD, trabalhando os dados através de seus Sistemas de Informações Geográficas e com o eventual auxílio de planilhas eletrônicas. Através da aplicação, o modelo produziu dois cenários distintos, representando diferentes padrões de ocupação e viagem, de acordo com as respectivas hipóteses consideradas. A grande diferença entre os resultados obtidos em cada cenário pode ser explicada principalmente pela falta de políticas de incentivo e controle da ocupação do solo. Entretanto, ambos os cenários apresentaram resultados semelhantes em alguns pontos da cidade, representando tendências bastante prováveis para os próximos anos. As ferramentas e procedimentos utilizados mostraram um bom desempenho do modelo, apesar de eventuais detalhes que podem ser aprimorados. / The absence of a regular urban planning practice in developing countries is one of the main causes of an inefficient use of the public infrastructures. That is aggravated by the fact that many cities of those countries are still growing. That lack of planning generates many mobility and transportation issues, which in turn result in many other problems. One of the constraints faced by planners to cope with that reality is the unavailability of suitable planning tools. As a consequence, a model for strategic land use-transport planning is proposed in this study. The model is then applied in the city of São Carlos, making use of available data and tools. The procedures applied are analyzed in two ways: from a planning standpoint and also regarding the operational performance of the planning tools and computer packages used. The purpose of the process was to build a reference framework for the use, adaptation and development of computer tools for urban planning, with a clear focus on medium-sized cities of developing countries that rely on buses for urban public transportation. The model was based on available and intensely used planning techniques compatible with the proposed approach. It was defined in sequential steps, from the data collection and treatment, the estimation and spatial distribution of projected urban land uses, to the evaluation and visualization of future urban transport demand. In such a way, it is possible to evaluate the impacts of urban growth on the transport system with data available in the city\'s Master Plan, census data files and other reliable sources. As the model was implemented in the computer programs What if? and TransCAD, the data used was treated in Geographic Information Systems and electronic spreadsheets. The model application produced two distinct scenarios, which represent different land use distributions and travel patterns resulting from the adopted hypotheses. The main difference found in the results obtained in the scenarios can be explained by the lack of policies for incentive and control of the urban land uses. However, both scenarios have shown similar results in specific points of the city, what suggests some likely trends for the near future. The tools and procedures used have indicated a good overall model performance, although there are details in which improvements can be done.

The aim of my graduation theses is the analysis of spatial planning legislation in the Czech Republic between 1945 and present. In the theoretical part I have explained basic terms and the legal regulation of spatial planning and I have presented individual concepts of spatial planning legislation since 1945. Besides the comparison of the basic concepts of spatial planning, the practical part mainly deals with the analysis of the relation of spatial and strategic plans. I have defined the main differences between these documents and compared whether it is advantageous for the municipality to start with a spatial plan or a strategic plan. Furthermore, I have focused on the creation and the content of the spatial plan of Domažlice, focusing on the compliance of legislation in the area of spatial planning, as well as the advantages and disadvantages of current legislation and the weaknesses of the spatial plan in Domažlice. Finally, I have indicated my own suggestions on how to improve the situation.

Examensarbetet redogör för byggproduktionsplanering med en fördjupning inom tidsplaneringsmetoder- och verktyg, vilka kan användas som hjälpmedel inom området.  Inom fördjupningen gjordes två praktiska försök och intervjuer genomfördes för att få en verklig bild av hur planeringen fungerar, samt för att få feedback på försöken.  Arbetet resulterade i slutsatsen att olika planeringsmetoder bör användas i olika skeden av byggproduktionsplaneringen, samt att de olika planeringsmetoderna är till olika nytta för de varierande arbetsrollerna i en byggorganisation.  Man kan med fördel använda sig av en kombination av planeringsmetoderna, CPM, LOB och den relativt okända ”Kontinuitetsmetoden” när man planerar och styr sin byggproduktion. Till sin hjälp bör Microsoft Excel och det mer produktionsanpassade programmet PlanCon + väljas.  Efter ett försök i arbetet att upprätta en 3D APD-plan med hjälp av verktyget Google Sketch Up, rekommenderas det varmt. Ett kostnadseffektivt verktyg som skapar en mer än det kostar. / The thesis describes the construction production planning, with focus in planning methods- and tools that can be used as an aid in the field. Within the recess, two practical tests and a couple of interviews were conducted to get an actual picture of how the planning works in the field, and to get feedback on the tests. This work resulted in the conclusion that different planning methods, should be used at various stages of the construction production planning, and that diverse methods have different benefits for different actors in the construction organization. One can usefully use a combination of the planning methods, CPM, LOB and the relatively unknown “Continuity method” when planning and controlling a construction project. For support in this work, Microsoft Excel and the more customized program PlanCon + should be used. After an attempt to create a 3D WPA-plan, using the Google SketchUp software, we strongly recommend it. SketchUp is a cost effective tool that creates more than it costs.

Alors que les bienfaits des parcs et espaces verts sont largement démontrés dans la littérature, la pandémie de COVID-19 a mis en lumière la nécessité de ces espaces auprès de la population, notamment en milieux urbains denses. Malgré cela, des recherches indiquent que dans les villes où la densité est importante, ces dernières peinent à offrir une quantité suffisante de ces espaces à leurs citoyens. Des recherches illustrent le rôle clé des outils d’aménagement et d’urbanisme pour planifier l’offre en parcs et espaces verts dans un contexte de densification urbaine, mais sans offrir de réponse complète quant aux façons dont les municipalités devraient utiliser ou combiner ces outils. Alors que le Québec a planifié la consolidation des municipalités déjà développées pour accueillir la croissance démographique anticipée, les outils qu’il met à la disposition des municipalités et la façon dont elles les utilisent pourront-ils lui permettre de planifier adéquatement l’offre en parcs et espaces verts dans ces milieux à densifier ? En s’appuyant sur la perspective de 15 professionnels de l’aménagement œuvrant pour des municipalités québécoises, cette recherche approfondit l’utilisation et l’influence des outils d’aménagement et d’urbanisme sur la planification de l’offre en parcs et espaces verts dans les milieux à consolider. La recherche a pour objectif de comprendre de quelles façons ces espaces sont planifiés, quels sont les outils utilisés, les pratiques porteuses et les facteurs de succès. Les résultats suggèrent que les outils québécois peuvent permettre aux municipalités de planifier adéquatement les parcs et espaces verts de leurs citoyens s’ils sont utilisés en synergie, en support à la négociation, et de manière concertée et innovante. Toutefois, les défis pour y arriver demeurent nombreux. Cette recherche contribue à l’avancée des connaissances en documentant la création de parcs et espaces verts dans un contexte de consolidation et de densification d’espaces urbains au Québec. Elle permet également de conscientiser les acteurs à l’importance et aux enjeux des parcs et espaces verts et aux spécificités des outils et des pratiques existantes en amont de la consolidation urbaine à venir. / While the benefits of parks and greenspaces are widely demonstrated in the literature, the COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted the need for these spaces among the population, particularly in dense urban environments. Despite this, research indicates that cities with high densities struggle to provide adequate amounts of these spaces to their citizens. Research illustrates the key role of planning and development tools in planning the supply of parks and greenspaces in the context of urban densification but does not provide a comprehensive answer as to how municipalities should use or combine these tools. While Quebec has planned the consolidation of already developed municipalities to accommodate anticipated population growth, will the tools it makes available to municipalities and the way they use them allow it to adequately plan the supply of parks and green spaces in these densifying environments? Based on the perspective of 15 planning professionals working for Quebec municipalities, this research examines the use and influence of planning tools on the planning of parks and green spaces in areas to be consolidated. The objective of the research is to understand how these spaces are planned, what tools are used, what practices are effective and what factors contribute to their success. The results suggest that Quebec's tools can enable municipalities to adequately plan parks and greenspaces if they are used in synergy, in support of negotiation, and in a concerted and innovative manner. However, the challenges to achieve this remain numerous. This research contributes to the advancement of knowledge by documenting the creation of parks and greenspaces in a context of consolidation and densification of urban spaces in Quebec. It also allows us to raise awareness of the importance of parks and greenspaces and the specificities of the existing tools and practices upstream of the urban consolidation to be carried out.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Water is a precious resource, it is essential to the life of any living being, being used in multiple uses. Speaking of water is also addressing the issue of quality of life in a population, so it is important to reflect on the management and management of water resources in Brazil and Rio Grande do Sul (RS), so that it can guarantee the quality and quantity adequate water to the people, being aware that water is finite and vulnerable. Water resources are regulated by specific legislation in Brazil, Law nº. 9433/97, and the Rio Grande do Sul state, Law nº. 10350/94, which refer to management of water resources is through effective implementation of instruments provided in the laws cited. In the RS state instruments are classified in Planning: Water Plan State, Watershed Plan and enquadramento; the Management: granting and collection; and the Strategic: Information System on Water and Environmental Education. The organs of the State Water Resources (SERH) are responsible for the implementation of planning tools, management, and strategic are the indicators of water management in the state. The proposal discussed the current situation of planning tools, and strategic management in the RS State, noting that the proposed legislation, which instruments are implemented or under implementation, the relationship between them to become effective and which practices and actions that are being developed by agencies SERH. Identifying and understanding the barriers and prospects for water management in the state, contributing to the discussion and preservation of water. The investigative techniques used were: interviews with representatives of the State Department of Water Resources (DHR) Division of Planning, Division of Grant, Division of Environmental Education and the Director of DRH, and surveys conducted with the River Basin Committees (CBH). At the end we can see that even the RS state being a pioneer in the creation of Water Resources Legislation and discussions on the subject, does not have the structure of the consolidated SERH and little was done about the implementation of the instruments of water resources legislation. The barriers that are present lack: Agencies Hydrographic Region, the consolidation of planning tools that are the basis for other instruments, the poor implementation of management tools and the perceived need to develop strategic tools to be informed and mobilize society to participate actively in the planning processes in the watershed (BH) together with CBH, among others. Among the perspectives highlight the need for effective water resources legislation to remedy the obstacles presented, ensuring management water through the consolidation of the instruments of planning, management and strategic so that we can really protect this right so precious and vulnerable resource, water. / A água é um precioso recurso, pois é indispensável a vida de qualquer ser vivo, sendo utilizada em usos múltiplos. Falar de água é também tratar da questão da qualidade de vida de uma população, por isso é importante refletir sobre a gestão e o gerenciamento dos recursos hídricos no Brasil e no Rio Grande do Sul (RS), para que esta possa garantir a qualidade e quantidade adequada das águas às populações, estando ciente de que a água é vulnerável e finita. Os recursos hídricos estão regulamentados por uma legislação específica no Brasil, lei nº 9433/97, e no Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, lei nº 10350/94, que se remetem a gestão e o gerenciamento dos recursos hídricos que ocorre mediante a efetivação dos instrumentos previstos nas legislações citadas. No estado do RS os instrumentos estão classificados em Planejamento: Plano Estadual de Recursos Hídricos, Plano de Bacia Hidrográfica e Enquadramento; de Gestão: outorga e cobrança; e os Estratégicos: Sistema de Informações sobre recursos hídricos e Educação Ambiental. Os órgãos do Sistema Estadual de Recursos Hídricos (SERH) são responsáveis pela implementação dos instrumentos de planejamento, gestão, e estratégicos que são os indicadores do gerenciamento das águas no estado. A presente proposta discutiu a atual conjuntura dos instrumentos de planejamento, gestão e estratégicos no Estado do RS, observando o que a legislação propõem, quais os instrumentos estão implementados ou em fase de implementação, a relação existente entre os mesmos para que se efetivem e quais as práticas e ações que estão sendo desenvolvidas pelos órgãos do SERH. Identificando e compreendendo os entraves e perspectivas ao gerenciamento das águas no estado, contribuindo para a discussão e preservação da água. As técnicas de investigação empregadas foram: entrevistas realizadas com representantes do Departamento Estadual de Recursos Hídrico (DRH) na Divisão de Planejamento, Divisão de Outorga, Setor de Educação ambiental e com o Diretor do DRH, e questionários realizados com os Comitês de Bacia Hidrográfica (CBH). Ao final pode-se verificar que mesmo o estado do RS sendo pioneiro na constituição da Legislação de Recursos Hídricos e discussões sobre o tema, ainda não possui a estrutura do SERH consolidada e pouco se fez quanto a implementação dos instrumentos da Legislação de Recursos Hídricos. Os entraves que se apresentaram são a falta: das Agências de Região Hidrográfica; da consolidação dos instrumentos de planejamento que são a base para os demais instrumentos; a implementação precária dos instrumentos de gestão e a necessidade eminente de se desenvolver os instrumentos estratégicos para que se informe e mobilize a sociedade para que participem ativamente dos processos de planejamento das bacias hidrográficas (BH) junto aos CBH, entre outros. Entre as perspectivas salienta-se a necessidade de efetivação da legislação de recursos hídricos a fim de sanar os entraves apresentados, garantindo a gestão e o gerenciamento das águas, mediante a consolidação dos instrumentos de planejamento, gestão e estratégicos para que se possa realmente proteger este bem tão precioso, finito e vulnerável, a água.

A producer of dairy products intends to improve planning work by utilizing a simulation model. Dairy production has specific requirements that consequently means that planning is a complex task because of factors such as changeovers of production which limits production flexibility. The purpose of the thesis is thus to create a discrete event simulation for dairy production and to document the specific circumstances and approaches that the simulation project includes to support the producer's development of the planning work. To achieve the purpose, two questions have been formulated that aim to answer for the theoretical work as well as the practical work in establishing a simulation model. The project utilizes a conceptual model and follows a twelve-step model for work sequence. Theory intends to form the basis for answering questions and covers methodological approaches, discrete event simulation, programming methods based on continuous and discrete data and the meaning of stops and changeovers in production. The steps in the methodological approach are limited to problem formulation, setting a project plan and goals using the conceptual model, model building, data collection, coding, verification and validation. The work resulted in a theoretical methodological approach, a conceptual model and a partly verified simulation model for planning based on discrete event simulation. / En mejeriproducent ämnar förbättra sitt planeringsarbete med hjälp av en simuleringsmodell. Mejeriproduktion innebär särskilda krav som leder till att planeringsarbetet blir komplext på grund av omställningsvillkor vilket hämmar flexibiliteten av produktionen. Syftet med examensarbetet är därmed att upprätta en diskret händelsesimulering för mejeriproduktion och dokumentera de särskilda omständigheter och tillvägagångsätt som simuleringsprojektet innefattar för att stödja producentens utveckling av planeringsarbetet. För att uppnå syftet har två frågeställningar formulerats, vilka svarar dels för den teoretiska aspekten av att genomdriva ett sådant projekt, dels för hur en simuleringsmodell kan utformas i praktiken. Simuleringsmodellen upprättas med hjälp av en konceptuell modell samt ett metodologiskt tillvägagångsätt här omnämnt Banks metod. Teoriavsnittet avser att ligga till grund för besvarande av frågeställningar och innefattar metodologiska tillvägagångssätt, diskret händelsesimulering, programmeringsmetoder baserade på kontinuerliga och diskreta data samt innebörden av stopp och omställning i produktion. Det metodologiska tillvägagångssättet används i begränsad utsträckning. Projektet avgränsas till problemformulering, upprättande av projektplan och mål med hjälp av den konceptuella modellen, insamling av data, modellering och verifiering. Arbetet resulterade i ett teoretiskt metodologiskt tillvägagångssätt, en konceptuell modell samt en delvis verifierad simuleringsmodell för planering baserad på diskret händelsesimulering.